KIN 168 Midterm Study Guide
Why does punishment often work in the short term? What does it often cause or elicit?
-Can take feedback as a threat rather than a challenge -Create/Cause a FEAR OF FAILURE, Resentment of coach, and decreased self-efficacy (they won't feel like they can accomplish the task) -While not explicitly stated, it works in the short term IN SPITE of the method. Punishment may be a bad method, but coaches can still succeed due to: -Talent, -Overwhelming skill of athletes -team cohesion (against coach) -Coaches can still communicate that they CARE in some shape or form.
Why should we have a class on the psychology of coaching?
-Current/Contemporary Coaching is INTERDISCIPLINARY -Politics of coaching were revealed in post-60s era (I guess meaning coaching psych is still an EARLY/YOUNG FIELD?) -Too little AASP consultants, too many coaches -Main one: RESEARCH FINDINGS DO. NOT. SUPPORT MANY COMMON COACHING PRACTICES (When they do, mechanics are sketchy) -(Ex. Pre-game pep talk. Common amongst teams, but is there research to back up that it really works?) -Coaches are not wrong, but COULD BE BETTER by making them legit experts. -Without psychology of coaching, YOUTH SPORT IS HURTING.
What is the effect of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation ("Participation Trophies)?
-DETRIMENTAL IF SEEN AS CONTROLLING OR MESSING WITH SELF-DETERMINATION Ex: coach refers/offers intercollegiate scholarship to coax athlete to play for the team. When the athlete performs poorly, if the coach says "How can you play poorly if we're paying you to perform?" athlete might think of his or her participation as work and less likely as an enjoyable activity. This could lead to motivational difficulties. -GOOD IF IT INFORMS/SHOWS LEVEL OF COMPETENCE (WALK-ONS) Ex. When receiving a reward is contingent on personally controlled aspects of performance and athlete obtains the reward, this can increase the athlete's perceived ability while not undermining self-determination. As a result, this may foster self-determination.
What are the Critical current issues in applied sport psychology and coaching?
-Diversity/SJ Issues -Feminism and role of women in field + Coaching -TECHNOLOGY -Video Databases/VR -PDAs for players -Biofeedback -General dispositions for things like attention, personality -SOCIAL MEDIA!!!!!!!!!!
Who was Dorthy Hazeltine Yates?
-One of first sport psychologists to apply concepts. -Utilized psychology of adjustment and practiced on SJSU BOXERS. -Active in 1940s-50s
According to Carron, how are groups characterized?
1. COLLECTIVE IDENTITY (US) 2. COMMON GOALS/OBJECTIVES 3. SHARED PURPOSE or COMMON FATE 4. STRUCTURED PATTERNS OF INTERACTIONS (can go either way: drills, hazing, rules, etc.) 5. STRUCTURED METHODS OF COMMUNICATION (Eg Language) 6. PERSONAL AND TASK INTERDEPENDENCE (Some degree of "my goals are connected to team goals", "my role will help contribute to team")
What is the Expectation-performance model and what are the steps?
1. Coach develops expectation on HOW each athlete will perform over year/season 2. Expectations INFLUENCE coach's treatment of individual athletes 3. Coach's treatment affects athlete performance (learning motor skill, self-efficacy, aspirations, motivation, etc.) 4. Athlete behavior/performance CONFORMS to COACH'S EXPECTATIONS.
How do coaches evaluate their own CBAS related behaviors? Accurately? Inaccurately?
1. Coaches have LITTLE AWARENESS of their CBAS behaviors and percieve their behavior LESS ACCURATELY THAN THE CHILDREN THEY COACH 2. Coaches need AWARENESS on how they are CURRENTLY BEHAVING. 3. Must use INTERVENTIONS to increase coach self-awareness
From step 2 of the Expectation-Performance model, coaches show different behavior to Low- and High-expectancy athletes in regard to:
1. FREQUENCY and QUALITY of INTERACTIONS 2. QUALITY and QUANTITY of INSTRUCTION 3. TYPE and FREQUENCY OF FEEDBACK
What are the drawbacks of High Ego Orientation?
1. Get BORED ON GOOD TEAMS (If you're only out to prove you're the best, but have no ego, then you get bored from winning) 2. EGO-PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS (Higher ego = Lead to Self-handicapping) 3. ANXIETY! (Pressure to uphold image, not look bad) Others: -Belief that deception is the cause of success -Ability considered to be an important determinant of success (i.e. sport competence is stable and a "gift"
What are the names of the major international sport psychology organizations? (Organizations + Journals)
1. INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SP (Sport Psychology?) 2. NATIONAL AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PSYCH OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (NASPSPA) JOURNALS: 1. International Journal of Sport Psych (IJSP) 2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (JSEP)
What are the 3 key functions of feedback?
1. MOTIVATION: Shows effort, worth to system, goal setting/evaluation 2. REINFORCEMENT & PUNISHMENT: -Reinforcement = Increases likelihood behavior will be repeated (can be both positive and negative -Punishment: Decreases likelihood behavior will be repeated 3. ERROR CORRECTION: Main goal of feedback with respect to learning process. -Clear feedback = Way to the "Goal" -Too much = Over-reliance + Distract athletes from INTRINSIC feedback cues.
What was the major emphasis of recent research in coaching psychology?
1. More QUALITATIVE studies in nature 2. Focus on BOTH INDIVIDUAL and TEAM SPORTS 3. Focused on both ATHLETES AND COACHES PERSPECTIVES (Basically, focused on getting ideas from both sides to see how their views differ)
What are the 3 categories to form expectations?
1. PERSON CUES (Socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, family background, etc.) 2. PERFORMANCE INFORMATION (Scores on physical tests, what the athlete has achieved in the past) 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS -Confidence levels, Anxiety level, how "Coachable" they are, personality All of those help form the coachs' expectations of an athlete.
What are the 6 determinants of Self-efficacy?
1. Past Performance 2. Vicarious Experience (WATCHING OTHERS) 3. Verbal Persuasion ("Wow, you have really improved") 4. Physiological State( Arousal, perception of readiness, butterflies vs panic attack or "Yo, lets do this) 5. Emotional State (confidence, thought stopping) 6. Imaginal Experiences (Successful Imagery, visualizing success)
What are the Qualities of effective leadership?
1. STABLE FACTORS/ANTECEDENTS -Situational factors, leadership characteristics/personalities, group member characteristics 2. LEADER BEHAVIORS: Best outcome = Behaviors are APPROPRIATE TO SITUATION and ACTIONS MATCH PLAYERS' PREFERENCES (Think CBAS) 3. Consequence of the other 2! -Player satisfaction + Performance satisfaction.
When can punishment be counterproductive? How can we execute punishment properly?
1. When feedback is seen as a THREAT than a CHALLENGE (Inverted-U, Hardy, and Kobasa) 2. Punishing failure can lead to FEAR OF FAILURE (Know "WHO" can take it!) 3. RESENTMENT (HATE) and DECREASED SELF EFFICACY Punish the BEHAVIOR, NOT THE ATHLETE.
What are the Tasks of the Team Leader?
1.PROVIDE DIRECTION (through vision & insight)E.g. new schemes, moves, goals 2.Nurture team culture through: a)Tradition b)Basic operating procedures c)Control flow of information d)Define nature of team (Honestly, I think one could just think about it)
In what ways is a humanistic approach to coaching supported by research?
Apprantly there are a lot of research that supports it Humanist: athletes are individual people, not just group -want to facilitate uniqueness, independence, agency, citizenship -not just following orders, allow levels of self expression -demonstrate interest in outside endeavors -improves intrinsic motivation and attention, loyalty, leader charisma -not preferred for complex decisions at higher levels
What is the difference between the art and science of coaching? Is coaching a science or art according to Butryn?
Art: "GUT FEELING", "INSTINCT" (This training method will work because I have a good feeling about it/I did it back in my day. Not really backed by research or science Science: Spreading of Information based on RESEARCH, on DEVELOPMENT/REFINEMENT of PHYSICAL SKILLS (Ex. training techniques, psychological/physiological preparation, etc. COACHING PSYCH = SCIENCE because it's associated to Kinesiology
What sorts of athletes are most likely affected by coach's expectation? Which athletes are more RESISTANT to pygmalion (coach's expectation)?
Athletes that need or are more DEPENDENT OF COACH's FEEDBACK/INSTRUCTION are most likely to be affected. Athletes who are: 1) Higher achieving 2) Have other informational sources (coaches, teachers, etc.)
What is Bandwidth feedback and Faded Feedback?
BANDWIDTH: Feedback given when athlete falls out of acceptable range/standards (Basically, when athletes start suckin) -Ex. Phil Jackson FADED: Feedback is gradually REDUCED as athletes skills INCREASE (Basically as athletes reach higher levels of mastery, they might not need as much feedback)
What kind of "science" did Dr. Gearity say relies on no real knowledge?
BROSCIENCE
What is Leadership?
Behaviorial process of INFLUENCING ACTIVITIES OF ORGANIZED GROUP toward specific goals and achievement of these goals.
What is the relationship between performance and cohesion and sacrifice?
Bi-directional (2-way) relationship where: -SACRIFICE leads to COHESION, and MORE COHESION = MORE SACRIFICE, creating a loop -If more are willing to sacrifice, there will be more positive cohesion, which could mean more team chemistry and in turn could elevate performance.
What are the Two tasks involved in the development of coaching philosophy (self-awareness & objectives)
COACHING PHILOSOPHY: Comprehensive statement about beliefs/behaviors that characterize coach's approach. Philosophy can reflect deeply held values (taking a fat shit before a game), knowing externally imposed expectations 1. Must be CONSISTENT WITHIN CERTAIN TIME FRAME (Game to game) 2. Being too INFLEXIBLE/STAGNANT = May not be productive in long term -Ideally should be aligned with CURRENT SOCIETAL VALUES (If they are worth emulating)
How do coaches affect psychological growth?
Can: LOWER SELF CONCEPT & EFFICACY, PERCEIVED COMPETENCY, INTRINSIC MOTIVATION INCREASE COMPETITIVE TRAIT ANXIETY (BAD)
Humanistic practices (following Carl Rogers, Seligman). What is UPR? Know what this is, what it involves, the characteristics of a humanist approach to coaching, and what positive psychology is.
Carl Rogers: Followed UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (UPR) -Help athlete focus on SELF-DISCIPLINE, resist using THREATS -EQUALLY Value each athlete's contributions -Allow athlete to gain knowledge from all places -Help athlete know performance is NOT only PHYSICAL. Focus on creating wellness in ALL DOMAINS -Create an environment that builds respect for opponents and athletic identity -Athletes should develop/grow OUTSIDE OF SPORT, and engage in LIVES OF OTHERS -Using ideas of peace/social justice
What is the name of the certification given from the AASP?
Certified Mental Performance Consultant (CMPC)
What are the 4 contexts in which norms exist? What are the norms within these contexts?
Competition Practice Off-Season Social Max effort Support each other Continue to maintain contact with each other Attend Social Events RESPECT EACH OTHER
What is the difference between direct and indirect motivation?
DIRECT: "I win, I will get prize/praise/money, etc" -Identification "If you care about the team, you will do this -Internalization: Appeals to players own beliefs and values (You've worked hard and you deserve this) INDIRECT: Changes in environment or structure (Not directly at athlete, but will still affect them) 1. Change locations of practice 2. Change personnel 3. Change Coach's attitude 4. Giving athlete's sense of control (more involvement)
What are the 4 components of cohesion?
Environmental factors Leadership factors Personal factors Team factors
What is the "I'm Ok, you're Ok" Model? How does it work?
Exercise that describes SELF-ESTEEM in relation to PERCEPTIONS OF OTHERS 4 options: I'm ok, I'm not ok, You're Ok, You're NOT ok I'm ok + You're ok = VALUE YOURSELF AND OTHERS I'm ok + You're not ok = EGOCENTRIC, MAY REJECT SUPPORT (Won't to keep the image, so even if you don't feel ok you won't admit it) I'm not ok + You're ok = NEED SUPPORT + RECOGNITION, You DOUBT YOURSELF I'm not ok + You're not ok = LOW SELF-ESTEEM, Give up hope being content
What did Dr. Gearity say was a central part of understanding coaching? (Think his example of the prison and surveillance)
Explains through the PANOPTICON (Prison guard in a tower): -The coach is doing surveillance on the athlete, and the athlete is unaware. Outside of that: Believes CARE is important to coaches, which Dr. Gearity believes is also another form of control.
When comparing Ego vs Task/mastery orienation, what is the most ADAPTIVE?
Having a HIGH TASK/MODERATE EGO
What are the Primary Components of the Transformational Leadership Theory?
IDEALIZED INFLUENCE: Leading by example. (Team leaders succeed in skills test, maintaining their credibility as captain/leader of team) INSPIRATIONAL MOTIVATION: Motivating those around you INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION: Creating ways to intellectually engage athletes INDIVIDUALIZED CONSIDERATION: Leaders paying attention to each individual athlete's needs for achievement and growth.
With both Internal and External Locus of control, and what happens when you succeed or fail at a task
ILOC: Within my control. ELOC: Outside of control ILOC: Succeed? MORE SELF-EFFICACY Fail? I CAN CHANGE. It's within MY power to change ELOC: Succeed? NO REAL INCREASE IN SELF-EFFICACY Fail? ANYTHING COULD HAPPEN, DECREASE IN MOTIVATION (Everything falls out of control. Getting bad luck events happening to oneself can create hatred and sadness.)
What is the difference between INTRINSIC and EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION? What is the golden rule for both?
INTRINSIC: Participating for one's own sake, pleasure of experience (For the love of the game) EXTRINSIC: External sources (I do "x", I get "y". People will recognize me. I will get money, etc.) WE WANT TO GO FROM EXTRINSIC TO INTRINSIC. Why? MORE STABLE OVER TIME.
What is the difference between Intrinsic vs. extrinsic/augmented feedback
INTRINSIC: Sensory. Physical feel of movement, and what is felt/experienced by athlete themselves EXTRINSIC: NOT a natural consequence, Provided by external source (Coach, teammate, judge's score, videotape, etc.)
How does the players' perception of leader relate to the importance of actual behaviors of a coach?
Idk. If they see the leader as someone they can trust (not taking into account actual practices) then they will still be more unified for the cause.
When was the association for applied sports psychology founded? Who found it?
JOHN SILVA from UNC found AAASP in 1985 (The 80s)
What were Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968) research findings?
METHOD: Told "Late Bloomer" students that they would make huge academic gains (But were really selected at random) RESULTS: False information led teachers to hold higher expectations on selected students, and did BETTER THAN THOSE WHO WERE NOT SELECTED/TOLD CONCLUSION: -Rosenthal and Jacobson found that the expectations created a SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY -This was done by setting off events that ultimately caused fulfillment of expectations -Basically, being told that they will succeed in the future made them believe they had potential, and they did what they could to meet the expectations.
Who do sport psychologists work with the most (at least, most important)?
MILITARY
What are the 5 interconnected factors of the current context of Coaching Psychology?
Me Too Movement Trump Era Mental Health Crisis Surveillance Techno-millennial coaching
What is the Sandwich method, and how does it work?
Method for feedback on error correction COMPLIMENT > CRITICISM > COMPLIMENT 1. Positive statement ("That was a great effort") 2. Positive corrective, constructive and FUTURE-ORIENTED (tell them what should be improved/corrected) feedback -"Next time, do it like this..." 3. Another positive statement ("I can see you're improving, stick with it!") This approach enhanced INTRINSIC MOTIVATION, as it centers on EFFORT AND MASTERY
What is the (Humanistic) Coaching Philosophy Triad?
Model in the form of a triangle that is comprised of: -Optimal EXPERIENCE/DEVELOPMENT/PERFORMANCE -May not matter, but P = Top left, D = Top right, E = Bottom
How does the Model of response consequences of feedback work? What are the 5 response consequences?
Model that shows 5 response consequences based on by: -PRESENTATION OF POSITIVE OR AVERSIVE (NEGATIVE) STIMULI -REMOVAL OF STIMULI 5 response consequences: -Positive Stimuli Present? POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT (strengthens behavior -Aversive/Negative Stimuli Present? AVERSIVE PUNISHMENT (Supresses/Weakens behavior. Late for practice? You get less playing time in the next game. Knowing this, the athlete will try not to be tardy next time, decreasing the behavior) -Positive Stimuli removed? EXTINCTION and RESPONSE COST PUNISHMENT -EXTINCTION: Weakens behavior. If athlete stops getting attention for cursing, the behavior will likely decrease -RESPONSE COST: Weakens behavior by REMOVING SOMETHING POSITIVE. (Play poorly? Get benched. Get into a fight with a fan? Get fined 10k.) -Aversive/Negative Stimuli removed? NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT (Strengthens behavior. Remove self from cause of stress. Bad because removing oneself from the source can cause even more stress)
What is the Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MML)? What must coaches and athlete leaders be aware of?
Model where both COACHES and ATHLETE LEADERS (CAPTAINS) must balance the demands of the situation (winning) with the preferences of team members to take the right actions to win. (DANG) Coaches and athletes must be aware of: -THEMSELVES (Mental states, biases, etc.) -Others' preferences (motivation, way to communicate, action, etc) -Current situation (dynamic and always changing in sport) and how to approach it
What are the group norms for productivity? What happens when there is High Cohesion and Low productivity?
Norms = STANDARDS OF EXPECTED BEHAVIOR Group Norms (PRODUCTIVITY norms): -STANDARDS ARE SET -Under AND Overachieving = LOOKED DOWN UPON (related to team culure) -MORE group cohesion = MORE PRESSURE TO CONFORM TO NORMS (For better or worse -MORE COHESIVENESS = MORE NORMS High Cohesion + Low Productivity = WORST -If whole group is cohesive in fooling around/doing poorly, everyone will suck.
Who gets to be a "Sport Psychologist"?
Only a LICENSED PSYCHOLOGIST
What is Pygmalion? What is Golem effect? What sorts of coaches are most prone to Pygmalion?
Pygmalion: Having High Expectations = BETTER PERFORMANCE Golem: Low expectations = WORSE PERFORMANCE Pygmalion Prone Coaches: -"Good athletes are just born that way" -"Ill be successful if I recruit good athletes" -"My team failed? I did not have good athletes" -Assumes those of a certain stereotype (gender, race, socioeconomic status, etc) will determine coach's belief of them -Controlling coaches -Creates competitive climate where athletes outdo each other to get attention and rewards. Mistakes are punished
What is the Significance of the article "From smocks to jocks" by Reiner Martens? (Remember, he said: Why not ASK expert coaches!)
Reiner Martens: Wrote article in 1979 titled "Smocks and Jocks" SIGNIFICANCE: -Criticized department for mainly doing LAB -BASED research, when better questions and findings would result from FIELD RESEARCH -Caused an increase in conducting FIELD RESEARCH/APPLIED SPORT PSYCHOLOGY. -Basically, more QUALITATIVE vs QUANTITATIVE
What are the goals of Sport psychology and Applied Sport Psychology (AASP)?
SPORT PSYCHOLOGY: Discover how psychological factors affect participation/performance in sport and is psychologically felt through activities (obviously, sport) APPLIED SPORT PSYCHOLOGY (AASP): AASP = Finding out how concepts in theory could be used in the real world to improve performance + well being of athletes. GOALS: 1. Create better mental "climate" to perform optimally/at their best. 2. Improve athlete's mental health and well-being. 3. Overall Excellence (Life skills, proficiency in sport)
What are the benefits and liabilities of disclosure to a team? What does it depend on?
Self-Disclosure: Giving (Disclosing) PERSONAL INFORMATION to others (athletes, coaches, parents, etc.) DEPENDS ON RELATIONSHIP TO ATHLETES (Are you attached or distant?) BENEFITS: -If attached, then it is allowed but should be RELEVANT and APPROPRIATE -Allows athlete to open up anything that is bothering them LIABILITIES: -If NOT attached, ATHLETE WILL NOT CONNECT and WILL BE HESITANT TO DISCLOSE THEMSELVES, which is bad -If hesitant to open up, then it could affect their mental state and therefore their performance
Who was Coleman Griffith? What has he done?
Sport Psychologist considered to be the FOUNDER of sport psychology. He, along with books Psychology of Coaching (1926) and Psychology of Athletics (1928) -Created first Sport Psychology lab/facility @ University of Illinois (1925-1938) -Worked with Chicago Cubs
Who was Jerry Lynch and how did he contribute to Sport Psychology? What is Mindfulness? What is the "Sponge" example
Sport Psychologist from Santa Cruz who used ZEN principles, and contributed to Mindfulness. Mindfulness: Lets information "MARINATE" in the nervous system -Puts oneself PRESENT and "IN THE MOMENT". Does not judge the moment, but accepts it -"Do this and Excellence will occur" SPONGE 1. Coaches can overload athletes with information/pressure/NEGATIVE THOUGHTS, similar to how a Sponge gets full from taking in all of the liquid/fluid 2. Obviously, athletes staying in "Full Sponge (Overwhelmed with pressure, etc) is bad, but with mindfulness, the sponge can slowly get the fluid squeezed out of them. In other words, taking pressure off of the athlete.
Who was Bruce Ogilive and Tom Tutko? What book did they write?
Sport Psychologists from SJSU. Created first of sport psychology scales Ogilvie = GRANDFATHER/FATHER of AMERICAN SPORT PSYCHOLOGY (Applied as well) Book = PROBLEM ATHLETES AND HOW TO HANDLE THEM (1996)
What are the Transformational Models?
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY -BOTH leaders and athletes try to raise each other to higher levels of MOTIVATION, MORAL REASONING, and SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS -Appeals to social and community values -Every participant has the potential to lead
T/F: Avoid random positive feedback (or feedback in general)
TRUE Unless it is for SELF-EFFICACY/MOTIVATION, this is not favorable (Just think about how consistently trying to correct and help an athlete can overwhelm and eventually become a detriment to them)
Explain Fiedler's Contingency Model
Trait Situational Leadership model -Focused on LEADERSHIP STYLE -Relationship vs Task motivation -Situational Favorableness: Control over external factors -Personal relations with group members -Task structure roles & objectives are defined -Position power. MORE does not equal BETTER -All about putting members in their best roles FIEDLER DID NOT BELIEVE TRAINING PROGRAMS HELPED
What are the leadership theories? (4 different models PLUS newer ones in notes and boo)
UNIVERSAL TRAIT THEORIES: "Great man" People believed the leader was a good leader because he was a "great man" -Traits transcend any task or concept (Stick feathers up butt does not make you a chicken) UNIVERSAL BEHAVIOR THEORIES: Focus on RESEARCH OF BEHAVIORS and the TEACHING OF THEM -From this came 1) Consideration (friendship, mutual trust) 2) Initiating Structure (Management issues) TRAIT SITUATIONAL (AKA FIEDLER'S CONTINGENCY MODEL): Depends on 1) Leadership Style 2) Maintaining a favorable/good situation SITUATIONAL-SPECIFIC: Leadership success BECAUSE of Leader BEHAVIOR + SITUATION -Used Path-goal theory: Focus on NEEDS AND GOALS OF ATHLETES
How do newer theories of Leadership differ from older theories (we discussed in class and I rambled about it!)
Very focused on how athlete interprets feedback, and overall it is more democratic and humanistic
What is the Importance of role clarity and lack of role ambiguity?
With Role Clarity, athletes must understand: 1. Responsibilities (Scope of it) 2. Behaviors necessary to fulfill role responsibilities 3. HOW role performance will be evaluated (Individually recognizeable = better) 4. Consequences of Unfulfilled role responsibilities (Not doing their job) -Should be obvious
