Kines 111 Study Guide Exam #1 SM
What was Coubertin's view on professionalism and amateurism in the Olympics
Coubertin planned for the Olympics to be amateur participation only. He did not allow professionals because it was in his belief that they were of lower-class since they needed the money. Amateurs were seen as people of high-class who only participated in sports on their leisure time and don't need the money.
What did the 1908 London Organizing Committee defined a country as
"Country" - Any territory having separate representation on the IOC is considered a country
Describe the origins of the various Olympic symbols: Doves
"Doves of Peace" are released. The doves are to be released after the Cauldron is lit so they don't get burned.
Describe Olympia
-A remote area at the mouth of the Alpheus River in the state of Elis; It's not a village or town and it's not where Mt. Olympus is located -1st temple erected at Olympia was to honor Hera, sister-wife of Zeus, 200 years before the Olympic Games; Hera was worshiped as the Earth-Mother before the Greeks Gods came to live on Mt. Olympus -All structures in this area occupy an area called the Altis
Alice Milliat
-Alice Milliat would force her way onto the international athletic scene and become one of the most influential women in sports -Milliat was inspired by the post-suffrage enthusiasm that had gripped the world (19th amendment to the US Constitution) -Milliat and 5 other women would establish the International Women's Sport Federation (FSFI) in the early 1920s -This was a reaction at the failure of the IOC and the IAAF to include women's track & field events in the Olympics
Why were the specific events chosen for the Ancient Olympics
-All of the games have some sort of correlation/connection to people who were soldiers e.g. endurance, strength, fighting
Douglas MacArthur
-American delegation was led by Douglas MacArthur -MacArthur thought Europeans were spying on the U.S. teams so he had the U.S. team confined to ships when not competing -3rd best performance at the academy -Colonel in WWI -Lead Allied forces in the Pacific WWII -President of the AOC -Got American athletes to say Americans don't quit
Describe the issues related to professionalism in the Ancient Games
-Ancient Greek athletes were all professionals, there was no concept of amateurism
Identify the date, location, and the reason for the selection of each location of the modern Olympic Games up to and including 1932
-Athens 1896 *Delegates to the congress liked the idea of an international sporting event so much, the Games were moved to Athens, Greece in 1896 because the Olympics was founded by the Greeks in the first place so they wanted the first modern games to start there too -Paris 1900 *This is where Coubertin originally wanted the first Olympic Games to give France a reason to be prideful again after the Franco-Prussian War -St Louis 1904 *It was held as part of the St Louis World's Fair and b/c of this the events were spread of 4 and a half months. -London 1908 *1908 Games were supposed to be in Rome, Italy, however, MT. Vesuvius erupted devastating the city of Naples and since Rome couldn't divert their funds from rebuilding the city to continue staging the Games the new location became London, which was held in another fair (Franco-British Exposition) -Stockholm 1912 *The 1912 Games were awarded to Stockholm, Sweden as there were no other candidate cities for the 1912 Games -Antwerp 1920 *1920 Games were awarded to Antwerp, Belgium; Amsterdam, Netherlands and Lyon, France were the other candidate cities for the Games; Before 1914, Budapest, Hungary was a candidate for the 1920 Games; By giving Antwerp the 1920 Games this would send a message to Germany and The Hapsburg empire; This was retribution for invading Belgium and starting WWI; Antwerp was also a major seaport with secure railways and economic ties to America and East Asia; This makes it easier for teams to come in and be apart of the Olympics -Chamonix 1924 *The first winter Games was awarded to Chamonix, France; no other candidate cities; Was called the "international Sports Week 1924" and didn't receive Olympic status until it was proven successful -Paris 1924 *Coubertin played upon the sympathies of the IOC (he was retiring) so he continued to push for Paris, but the league of nations wanted a neutral country; Amsterdam, Barcelona, Los Angeles, Prague, and Rome were candidate cities -Amsterdam 1928 *The 1928 Games were awarded to Amsterdam, Netherlands; LA was a candidate; Was chosen because it was a neutral country; was considered for 1924 Games -St Moritz 1928 *Winter Games awarded to St. Moritz, Switzerland; Davos and Engelberg (SUI) was the only other candidate city for the Games; Considered the first official winter games because chamonix was only declared olympic status after the fact; Starting from the 1928 Games there will be a summer and winter Games -Los Angeles 1932 *No other candidate cities for the Games as this was predetermined in 1923 in the event the 1924 Games had to be relocated; These games were presided over by Vice-President Charles Curtis; Politically "inadvisable" for president Herbert Hoover to "celebrate" the Games while so many were suffering during the depression; The 1932 Games were the beginning of the 15-18 day Games -Lake Placid 1932 -1932 Winter Games were awarded to Lake Placid, USA (New York) which was located in the Adirondack Mountains; Other candidates included Bear Mountain, Lake Tahoe, Yosemite, Duluth, Minneapolis, Denver, Montreal; Presided over by Governor of the State of New York - Franklin D. Roosevelt
Identify the estimated dates of the beginning of the Ancient Games and the end of the Ancient Games
-Began in 776 B.C. and ended in 393 A.D. -The Ancient Olympic Games was abolished in the 4th-century by Emperor Theodosius I (first Christian Roman emperor) who felt that the games were pagan rituals -1200 years without interruption
What were the six events held in Chamonix 1924
-Bobsleigh -Biathlon -Curling -Ice hockey -Skiing -Skating
1906 Athens Games
-Called the "Intercalated Games" -With the disasters of events for the 1900 and 1904 Games the future of the Olympic movement was in doubt. Coubertin, the IOC, and The Greek Government hoped to recapture the enthusiasm of the 1896 Games in Athens by holding the "Interim Games" which celebrated the 10 year anniversary of the Modern Games
What was Coubertin's view on women in the Olympics
-Coubertin did not want women to participate in the Olympics. He believed that the only real Olympic hero was the individual man. -However, Coubertin begrudgingly agreed to allow women to participate in the 1900 Paris Games in which they were allowed to compete only in tennis, golf, and croquet* (croquet had mixed teams).
Describe the origins of the various Olympic symbols: Rings
-The 5 rings being linked together symbolizes the bond and unity that ties all the elements of the meaning of the rings -First few Olympic games didn't have the Olympic rings until 1914 -The founder of the modern games, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, comes up with the symbol -5 rings symbolized the 5 continents that send athletes (lumped north and south America because back then not a lot of south Americans went to participate in the Olympics); no participants from Antarctica
Identify and describe the importance of the Festival of Hera
-The Festival of Hera was one of the few festivals that allowed the participation of women -For the festivals that allowed women, they could only participate if they were unmarried; These were held near the Temple of Hera at Olympia -The Festival of Hera had 3 foot-races categorized by age which was approximately 500 feet in length and the women wore tunics
The IOC and Greek gov. agreed to hold these "Intercalated Games" every 4 years in Greece
-The Greek gov felt this would mean the Greek would finally take possession of their heritage -Coubertin saw this as a "mutiny" (Greeks are trying to take over his thing)
Why did the number of participants from a NOC in individual events was limited to 3 during the 1932 LA Games
helped control costs and include more diversity
What events were women included in track and field in the 1928 Games
*Women had 5 track & field events -100m -4 x 100m relay -800m -Discus -High Jump
Describe the importance of the following issues as they pertain to the founding of the Modern Olympic movement: Spread of the British Empire in the 1800's
-Coubertin is going to look at the very successful country in Great Britain and is going to see how their physical education/sport effected them and made them more powerful -Coubertin wanted to model their education system (France) to Great Britain -Coubertin's concept of a greater France came from a greater youth. How do you get a greater youth? From an education system that could enhance not only how great the citizens become but boost the morale of the country
William Garland
-Coubertin made a private arrangement with William Garland to move the Games to L.A., if necessary *Garland was a U.S. businessman and IOC member -Because of the willingness of Garland to create a backup plan for these Games, as a reward to Garland, L.A. received an early nomination of the 1932 Games
What was Coubertin's view on team sports in the Olympics
-Coubertin opposed team sports because he believed it didn't follow the philosophy of individual effort and wouldn't promote as much national rivalry. -However, team sports would be allowed to enter the Games with soccer at the 1900 Paris Games
Identify the names of the presidents of the IOC in order of service up to and including the 1932 Games
-Demtrius Vikelas who was responsible for convincing the 1894 delegation to hold the Games in Athens in 1896 -Pierre, Baron de Coubertin (1896-1925) -Henri, Comte de Baillet-Latour (1925-1942)
LA Games turnout
-Despite the depression, record crowds attended the Games; 100,000 attendees on opening day and was a diversion from problems at the time -First Games to last 16 days; No Games were shorter than 79 days except Athens 1896; All Games since have lasted 15-18 days
The 1928 Amsterdam Games was the first time women were able to participate in the Olympics athletically
-First time women were allowed to compete in athletics (track and field) and gymnastics -The number of women participation doubled
Describe the origins of the various Olympic symbols: Olympic torch
-Flame is symbolic of peace and dates to the burning of a flame during the ancient games at the Temple of Zeus -Torch and the torch relay were introduced at the 1936 Berlin Games - invented by the Nazis -Flame is lit from the sun at the site of the Temple of Hera at Olympia, Greece
Jim Thorpe
-Gold medals in decathlon and traditional pentathlon -Medals taken away in 1913 and returned in 1982 -Played professional baseball
Describe the origins of the various Olympic symbols: opening ceremony parade
-Greece always marches in first -the host country marches last -What about the 2004 Olympics in Athens? the flag bearer comes in and does a lap leading all the countries then the greeks athletes came in last. -the other countries enter in alphabetical order (in the language/alphabet of the host country) -"Doves of Peace" are released
How did Coubertin sell the Olympic idea
-He organized a "Conference" on amateur sport in Paris in 1894 (31 y.o.) at the university of Paris-Sorbonne in which delegates from 34 countries came. As the delegates arrived, Coubertin changed the name of the conference to "Congress to Revive the Olympic Games." At the conference, Coubertin brought up the idea of the Paris Games and how it would be the first Olympic Games. Originally planned for 1900, the Delegates to the congress liked the idea so much, the Games were moved to Athens, Greece in 1896 -He changed the name last minute because he didn't want the word to get out just in case someone steals his idea or doesn't like his idea and doesn't attend the conference. -They wanted the first Games to be in Greece because the Olympics was founded by the Greeks in the first place
IOC (International Olympic Committee)
-IOC members were wealthy, influential, aristocratic men w/ a passion for sport; the last thing he wanted to happen was what happened to Zappas where political issues ended his Games -Members were representatives of the IOC to their countries; Countries would not send a delegate to the IOC -The IOC is an independent body that chose its own membership; countries don't decide who their delegates are and send them to represent the country at the IOC, rather, they're members of the IOC and are representatives of the IOC to the countries
Baillet Latour
-In 1925, at an IOC meeting in Prague, Czechoslovakia, Count Henri de Baillet-Latour was selected as the next president of the IOC after Coubertin's retiring in 1925 -Baillet-Latour was the head of the Belgium Olympic Organizing Committee to stage Antwerp; His presidency lasted 17 years -Established the Belgian Olympic Committee in 1904 and organized Belgian participation in the Olympic Games in 1908 and 1912 -Director of the Antwerp Organizing Committee for the 1920 Games -Oversaw 1922 Latin American Games*First "regional" Games under the Olympic Umbrella -Was a liaison between the IOC and separate sports federations
What is the current Olympic Charter about defining a country
-In the Olympic Charter, the expression "country" means an independent state recognized by the international community (i.e. United Nations) -Essentially, athletes do not compete for countries. They compete for a National Olympic Committee e.g. Peurto Rico is a territory for the U.S., but since they have a National Olympic Committee they represent Peurto Rico
Inter-allied Games
-Inter-allied Games of 1919 were staged in Paris, however, it was not affiliated with the Olympic movement although a similar format -This was celebrated by the victorious Allied Powers (in response to the cancellation of the 1916 Games) -U.S. dominated -These Games represented a new intermingling of International politics and sport that would persist -Coubertin endorsed these Games -In the aftermath of WWI, issues would persist within the structure of the Games for generations to come
What are the requirements to participate in the ancient Olympic games
-Male and Free Greek Citizen -Have not committed murder or heresy -Had to go to Olympia and train for one month while being observed by officials; If deemed unworthy, you would not be allowed to compete -Men performed naked
What did the men try to demonstrate in the ancient Olympic games
-Men used sport to demonstrate total excellence in mind, body, and spirit -Winning was everything, there was no praise for losing even if you got 2nd place
Describe the importance of the following issues as they pertain to the founding of the Modern Olympic movement: Franco-Prussian War
-One of the biggest things that happened that not only effected France but influenced Coubertin was France's loss to Prussia during the Franco-Prussian war. He looked towards an international sporting event to divert the shame that followed Frances loss from the war -Germans distrusted Coubertin because he was French who was involved with the Franco-Prussian War
What was "Olympism"
-Seeks to create a way of life based on the joy in effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental principles -This idea of culture and education was much prevalent during the Ancient Games than it is now
What was sport used for during the ancient Games time period
-Sport was used to train young men to strive for "arete" or excellence -It's the job of leaders and fathers to train sons to be heroic, godlike, and to become leaders in society -Achieve excellence; qualities of strength, skill, bravery, heroism, -those possessed by warriors-Later, Christian values of humility, humbleness would conflict with the value of arete
Describe the religious underpinnings for the holding of the Ancient Games and for the abolishment of the Ancient Games
-The Olympic Games began as part of a religious celebration in honor of the God Zeus; Greece at the time was a pagan culture that worshiped many Gods and Goddesses -In 2nd century B.C., Greece fell to Rome, however, the Games continued for several more centuries under Roman Rule; The fact that the Romans became Catholics and Christians is what ended the Games not the fact that Rome conquered Greece -Athletic contests were held between ritual sacrifices, banquets, altar rituals, and processions
Describe the origins of the various Olympic symbols: Flag
-The Olympic Rings contain 5 colors; the flag of every nation contains one of the colors
Describe the importance of the following issues as they pertain to the founding of the Modern Olympic movement: Industrialization of Western Europe in the 1800's
-The idea of socioeconomic maneuverability and capitalism being based on merit -A meritocratic system is based truly on how you perform e.g. capitalism and athletics -Being birthed into wealth and status is not based on merit -The idea that we can build ourselves from nothing -More people with money = more leisure time to participate in physical activity and things like the Games
Who was Pierre de Coubertin
-The modern Olympic Games was founded in 1894 by Baron Pierre de Coubertin -The first Games of the modern era were held in Athens, Greece in 1896
Identify and describe the role of Dr. William Penny Brooks to the Modern Olympic movement
-The most influential piece towards Coubertin's Olympic Games was the Much Wenlock Games which was held every year in Shropshire, England. Dr. William Penny Brookes was the one who founded these Games. -Coubertin met Brookes and Brookes gave tips to Coubertin on where to start
Describe the Greek perspective on team sports and competition for women in the ancient Games
-There wasn't any team sports in the Ancient Games because they wanted to see who the best was
LA Games profit
-These Games made a 1 million dollar profit; 1984 LA Games were the only other Games to report a profit -Almost every Game is losing money for the country hosting
Identify the name of the location of the Ancient Olympic Games
-They were held at the sanctuary of Olympia which is located at the Elis prefecture (district) on the peninsula of Peloponnesus -Usually held in July/August
Describe the importance of the following issues as they pertain to the founding of the Modern Olympic movement: Greek revival in the 1800's
-This is a world-wide interest in all things classic Greek -This Greek revival happened during the second French empire; Napoleon III -This influences the Olympic Games because since there was a lot of interest in all things classic Greek more people will be interested in something like the Olympic Games b/c it's related to the ancient Greeks
Boxer Rebellion of China (1898-1900)
-This occurred b/c there were people inside china known as Boxers that wanted to drive out foreign influence which was passively allowed by the Manchu Government -France, Britain, Italy, Russia, Germany, Japan, U.S. agreed upon an "open door" trade policy with China (foreign countries would come to China to trade with the Chinese population and amongst each other) -Foreign country troops were sent to push back against the boxers who were giving them problems -When these foreign countries sent troops, the Chinese government began to align with the Boxer rebellion -Boxer rebellion squashed, ended Manchu dynasty or Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) -Climate of instability would endure until communist takeover
Were the 1924 Paris Games in doubt because of conflicts between France and Germany
-Yes -Coubertin made a private arrangement with William Garland to move the Games to L.A., if necessary *Garland was a U.S. businessman and IOC member -France and Germany managed to resolve their differences -Because of the willingness of Garland to create a backup plan for these Games, as a reward to Garland, L.A. received an early nomination of the 1932 Games
Describe the origins of the various Olympic symbols: Olympic oath
-introduced in the 1920 at the Antwerp Games -Symbolic gesture of sportsmanship and fairness amongst both the referees and athletes -Spoken by one athlete from the host country on behalf of all athletes while holding the corner of the Olympic flag -In 2000, Sydney Games, a phrase was added that athletes will avoid doping
Percentage of women in these games for the 1928 Amsterdam Games
10% - there was a dramatic increase of women participation in these games
Although Coubertin opposed team sports soccer was included in the Olympic when
1900
When did WWI begin
1914
Identify the various athletic events associated with the Ancient Games
By the 5th century B.C. - other events were added and lasted 5 days: -2 other foot races besides the stade; diaulos, dolichos -Foot race in armor (signaled end to the games) -Pentathlon *long jump, javelin, discus, stadion foot race, wrestling *jump, javelin, discus = triad disciplines; only contested in pentathlon
Describe the political and social influences that influenced the revival of the modern Games
Class system -merit v. birth-right; people born into wealth -Decline of the aristocracy Franco-Prussian war; Hundred Years War British Educational System -merit -physical education, sports, games -one of the biggest reasons as to why the Games revival came to fruition Neo-classical Greek revival Industrialization -Agrarian v. urban culture; people going from being farmers to city centers -leisure time; people now having the chance to participate in things like yachting, rowing, swimming Capitalism and Republic style government -Opportunity for upward socioeconomic mobility rather than just being born into wealth Church/Religion -Catholic faith -Muscular Christianity (Physical health and well-being associated w/ Christian ideals)
James Sullivan
Leader of the American Olympic Committee who was the founder of the committee died in 1914; The Sullivan Award - Given to the top amateur athlete in the U.S.; Since 1930 -As a result of Sullivan's passing, the Americans were in disarray and disorganized
How did the Olympic athletes during the Ancient Olympic Games honor Zeus
Not only was the festival for Zeus himself, but the athletes also honored him by putting all of their effort and energy into their athletic events to show that they're giving everything to him.
Each Games athlete participation
Paris 1900: 24 NOC, 997 athletes, 22 women (first time women can compete) St. Louis 1904: 12 NOC, 651 athletes, 6 women Athens 1906 (intercalated): 21 countries, 884 athletes, 7 women London 1908: 22 NOC, 2008 athletes, 37 women Stockholm 1912: 28 NOC, 2407 athletes, 48 women Antwerp 1920: 29 NOC, 2600 athletes, 65 women Paris 1924: 44 NOC, 3089 athletes, 135 women Chamonix (Winter Games - "international Sports Week 1924") 1924: 16 NOC, 258 athletes, 11 women Amsterdam 1928: 46 NOC, 2883 athletes, 277 women (Women participation increased because of track & field) St. Moritz (Winter Games) 1928: 25 NOC, 464 athletes, 26 women Los Angeles (LA) 1932: 37 NOC, 1332 athletes, 126 women Lake Placid (Winter Games) 1932: 17 NOC, 252 athletes, 21 women
What happened to the future planning of the intercalated games
Political problems prevented the Greek government from holding the 1910 Intercalated Games. WWI prevented the 1914 and 1918 Intercalated Games. This led to the idea of the Interim Games to be abandoned. Due to opinions of Coubertin and other IOC officials, the 1906 Games was downgraded and no longer recognized as "official"
China @ war w/ Western powers (Boxer Rebellion)
Result: Collapse of China's Dynasties; Civil war and communist revolution in China
The number of national olympic committees and athletes participation for the 1932 LA Games
Similar to St Louis Games, the # of participants are so low because the Games are in North America making it a tough travel for Europeans, no Soccer, and the Great Depression
What was the first event of the Ancient Games when it began
The Olympic games only had 1 athletic event to begin (stadion foot race) with as the purpose of the event was for the coming together of people and to share cultures, art, music
What countries were excluded from the 1920 Antwerp Games
The countries that fought against the allies; Austria, Hungary, and Germany
Name the important deities associated with the Games
Zeus, Hera, Athena, Apollo
