Kines 330 - Exam 2 Quizzes

A researcher tests the knowledge of 10,000 college aged students about nutrition, and the scores are transformed into percentiles by grade level. This type of research is a ________ survey study. a) normative b) developmental c) correlational d) longitudinal e) multiple-case

a) normative

Which of the following were limitations of the study? Select all that apply a) Homogeneous population b) High retention rate c) Multiple components in intervention 'package' d) Small sample size e) Randomized controlled design

a, c, d

Individuals performing well merely because they are being observed (and not necessarily because of any effect of treatment) are considered to be under the influence of the a) Hawthorne effect b)readiness effect c) novelty effect d) performance effect

a) Hawthorne effect

A qualitative research technique involves interviews of small numbers of participants in a group setting. These groups are called a) focus groups b) criterion groups c) participant observation groups d) grounded groups

a) focus groups

Of the surveys frequently used for measuring physical activity in epidemiological research, the shortest (one to four items) is the a) global questionnaire b) short-recall questionnaire c) quantitative history questionnaire d) wellness-ratings questionnaire

a) global questionnaire

Which of the following statements would appear in the procedures part of the methods section of a research report? A) Participants in the experimental group exercised three days per week for 30 minutes per day for 10 weeks. B) The test-retest reliability of the test instrument was reported to be .88 by Smith (1993). C) Pearson product moment correlation was used to analyze the relationship between scores on the distance run and scores on the test of maximal oxygen consumption. D) Participants scored above the national mean on the dependent variable.

A) Participants in the experimental group exercised three days per week for 30 minutes per day for 10 weeks.

This study (Cadmus-Bertram Cancer and PA) is an example of which type of epidemiological study design? a) a randomized control trial b) a case-control study c) a cross sectional study d) an observational study

a) a randomized control trial

In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called a) experimental mortality (attrition) b) statistical regression c) history d) selection bias

a) experimental mortality (attrition)

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age is an example of a a) experimental-control study b) repeated-measures study c) split-plot study d) case-control study

d) case-control study

The term that denotes using ideas, writings, or drawings of others as your own is called a) internal validity b) external validity c) content validity d) plagiarism

d) plagiarism

The one characteristic of true experimental designs compared to other study designs is that they have A) Descriptive statistics B) a pretest and posttest c) parametric statistics d) random assignment to groups

d) random assignment to groups

In evaluating the methods section of a research report, which is a very important question to keep in mind? A) Did the author clearly state the problem? B) Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated? C) Were the statistical data clearly summarized in tables or figures? D) Were each of the subjects clearly identified?

B) Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated?

The internal validity of an experimental design is concerned with what question? A) To what extent can the findings be generalized? B) Did the independent variable really produce a change in the dependent variable? c) How representative is the setting selected for the experiment? d) Will findings provide information about situations in which variations of the independent variable are present?

B) Did the independent variable really produce a change in the dependent variable?

The part of the methods section of the research paper that describes the activities of each treatment group is called the A) Participants B) Instruments C) Procedures D) Design and Analysis

C) Procedures

In describing participants in the methods section of a research report, which of the following should be included? A) number of participants B) regression analysis C) pertinent descriptive characteristics of participants D) a and c E) a, b, and c

D) a and c

A strength of this study was the use of an accelerometer to assess physical activity before and after the intervention. This allowed for... a) Objective and continuous measurements of physical activity b) A reduction in study cost d) The ability to quickly measure physical activity levels d) No participant training required to assess physical activity

a) Objective and continuous measurements of physical activity

Which of the following are most difficult to analyze in a questionnaire study? a) open-ended items b) yes/no items c) Likert-type items d) item ranking

a) open-ended items

The qualitative researcher typically a) studies a small number of participants b) studies individuals in a laboratory setting c) uses multivariate analysis of data d) employs deductive reasoning in hypothesis development

a) studies a small number of participants

A limitation of some large epidemiological cohort studies is a) the inability to experimentally establish cause and effect b) the small numbers of people as participants c) insufficient information on diseases d) insufficient time to collect data

a) the inability to experimentally establish cause and effect

The interpretation of data in qualitative research always involves some form of a) statistical comparisons b) sorting and categorizing c) deductive reasoning d) external criticism

b) sorting and categorizing

Which of the following terms is used in connection with intensity of exercise and refers to the ratio of metabolic rate during exercise to the rate while resting? a) RPE b) BMI c) MET d) EKG

c) MET

Which of the following was not a primary finding of this study? a) Cancer survivors increased moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity compared to the control group b) Clinicians utilized the electronic health record feature to gain insight on patients' lifestyles c) This intervention increases long-term physical activity adoption and adherence among cancer survivors d) Cancer survivors increased number of daily steps compared to survivors

c) This intervention increases long-term physical activity adoption and adherence among cancer survivors

For confidentiality, the researcher should a) make certain no unauthorized individuals have access to the research data b) remove names from data-collection instruments and replace them with a code c) both of these statements are important d) neither of these statements are important

c) both of these statements are important

Determinants of disease are often called a) symptoms b) syndromes c) epidemic stressors d) risk factors

d) risk factors

An important principle regarding human subjects research is the right of informed consent which states that the researcher is obligated to A) receive approval from a committee that evaluates ethical considerations of the proposed study B) explain the major features of the study to the participants before the beginning of the study so that they have the opportunity to decline to take part C) weigh the potential worth of the study against any potential harm to the participants before doing the study D) brief the participants on the results of the study before the article is submitted for publication

B) explain the major features of the study to the participants before the beginning of the study so that they have the opportunity to decline to take part

Studies have shown that physical activity after a cancer diagnosis improves outcomes with regards to mortality, quality of life, and recurrence of some cancers. Physical activity is an example of a...? a) Outcome b) Protective factor c) Confounder d) Measure of association

b) Protective factor

Additional factors that can affect the relationship between physical activity and blood cholesterol, such as smoking, body fat, and so on, are called a) control factors b) confounding factors c) cohort factors d) construct factors

b) confounding factors

It can be advantageous to carry out a pilot study prior to the actual research study because A) it permits a thorough check of the planned data collection and analysis procedures B) a pilot study involves more control over the procedures than is generally attained in the actual research project C) if the pilot study results are positive, further work on the research project will be unnecessary D) the researcher can use the results of the pilot study in the actual study, thus reducing the number of participants needed

A) it permits a thorough check of the planned data collection and analysis procedures

A double-blind experiment is one in which A) both experimental and control groups are exposed to identical pretesting and posttesting conditions B) neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment C) neither the experimental nor control groups know which participants receive the experimental treatment, but the experimenter knows D) both experimental and control groups receive the same tests

B) neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment

For confidentiality, the researcher should A) make certain no unauthorized individuals have access to the research data B) remove names from data-collection instruments and replace them with a code C) both of these statements are important D) neither of these statements are important

C) both of these statements are important

An important principle regarding human subjects research is the right of informed consent which states that the researcher is obligated to a) receive approval from a committee that evaluates ethical considerations of the proposed study b) explain the major features of the study to the participants before the beginning of the study so that they have the opportunity to decline to take part c) weigh the potential worth of the study against any potential harm to the participants before doing the study d) brief the participants on the results of the study before the article is submitted for publication

b) explain the major features of the study to the participants before the beginning of the study so that they have the opportunity to decline to take part

"To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to a) criterion validity b) external validity c) internal validity d) construct validity

b) external validity

An important advantage of the qualitative method is that a) it is highly efficient because only one observer is needed over a brief time span b) it is more likely than other methods to lead to new insights about the problem c) field notes are easier to interpret than are quantitative data d) interview data are more objective and freer from bias than are other forms of measurement

b) it is more likely than other methods to lead to new insights about the problem

In comparison to surveys, qualitative interviews tend to be a) more structured b) less structured c) shorter d) virtually the same

b) less structured

Scaled responses to questionnaire items such as strongly agree, agree, no opinion, and so on are referred to as ________ scale items. a) multiple b) likert c) semantic d) guessing

b) likert

The first step in conducting a questionnaire survey is to a) select the sample b) list specific objectives to be achieved c) construct the questionnaire items d) write the cover letter

b) list specific objectives to be achieved

Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of a) new cases of a disease, whereas incidence relates to the number who presently have the disease b) people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases c) new cases of a disease, whereas incidence relates to the number who die in a certain period of time d) people who die from a disease in a certain period of time, whereas incidence relates to new cases

b) people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases

To help ensure an acceptable return rate in a questionnaire study, the researcher could a) make liberal use of open-ended questions b) use follow-up letters or e-mails c) send a completely new and novel survey d) b and c only e) a, b, and c

b) use follow-up letters or e-mails

A study design uses, for example, two groups of people representing a disease-free population who are then classified as exercisers and nonexercisers. After a period of time, the mortality rates of each group are compared. This design is called a(n) a) retrospective study b) experimental study c) prospective cohort study d) participant observation study

c) prospective cohort study