kinesiology (exam 2) - ch.8

explain the preparatory phase.

-Often referred to as cocking or wind-up phase -Used to lengthen the appropriate muscles so that they will be in position to generate more force & momentum when concentrically contract in next phase -Most critical phase in leading toward the desired result of activity -Becomes more dynamic as need for explosiveness increases -phase 2

All sport skills will have at least:

-Preparatory phase -Movement phase -Follow-through phase -Many begin with a stance phase & end with a recovery phase

Overload principle. Exercise variables which may be manipulated include: (name at least 4)

-number of sets per exercise -repetitions per set -types of exercises -number of exercises per training session -rest periods between sets & exercises -resistance used for a set -type of muscle contraction -number of training sessions per day & per week

intentional variance in a training program at regular intervals is known as what?

periodization

A muscle or muscle group increases in strength in direct proportion to the overload placed on it

Overload Principle

What does SAID stand for?

Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands

the body will gradually, over time, adapt very specifically to the various stresses & overloads to which it is subjected (Applicable many body systems)

Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands (SAID)

Muscular strength, muscular endurance, & flexibility are not general body characteristics (They are specific to each body area & muscle group)

Specificity

-Breath holding or trying to exhale against a closed epiglottis -Causes dramatic blood pressure increase followed by equally dramatic drop -Exhale during lifting & inhale during lowering

Valsalva maneuver

Our extremities consist of several ___ ____ linked by a series of ___

bony segments joints

Overload is applied by changing any one or a combination of what exercise variables?

frequency, intensity, or duration

Most sports involve _______ lower extremity activities & _____ upper extremity activities

lower: closed-chain upper: open-chain

what types of fitness tests reveal the need for considerable improvement in muscular development in children?

sit-ups, the standing long jump, and the mile run

explain the stance phase.

-Allows athlete to assume a comfortable & balanced body position from which to initiate the sport skill -Emphasis is on setting various joint angles in correct positions with respect to one another and to sport surface -Relatively static phase with fairly short ranges of motion involved -Phase 1

explain the follow-through phase

-Begins immediately after climax of movement phase -Brings about negative acceleration of involved limb or body segment -Often referred to as the deceleration phase -Body segment velocity progressively decreases over a wide range of motion (usually attributable to high eccentric activity in muscles that were antagonist to muscles utilized in movement phase) -phase 4

explain the movement phase

-Sometimes known as acceleration, action, motion, or contact phase -Is the action part of the skill -Summation of force is generated directly to the ball, sport object, or opponent -Usually characterized by near-maximal concentric activity in involved muscles -phase 3

explain the recovery phase.

-used after follow-through to regain balance & positioning to be ready for the next sport demand -To a degree, muscles used eccentrically in follow-through phase to decelerate the body or body segment will be used concentrically in recovery to bring about the initial return to a functional position -phase 5

number of phases varies, usually to what?

3-5

Muscles work in paired opposition to an antagonistic group (Ms balance is critical)

Aggregate muscle grouping

-distal end of extremity is fixed -Movement of one joint cannot occur without causing predictable movements of other joints in extremity Involves body moving in relation to relatively fixed distal segment -Multiple joints are involved & numerous muscle groups must participate in causing & controlling multiple plane movements

Closed Kinetic Chain

-distal end of the extremity is not fixed to any surface - Allows any one joint in the extremity to move or function separately without necessitating movement of other joints in the extremity -Core of the body & the proximal segment is stabilized - distal segment is free to move in space -not very functional

Open Kinetic Chain