KNES 304 Final

federal conservation initiatives for parks

-Hot Springs Reservation in Arkansas (1832): first federally protected area for Native Americans -Yellowstone(1872): first national park in the world -The Civilian Conservation Corps (1933-1941): employed 3 million young men in public work projects and was instrumental in building hundreds of roads, trails, campgrounds, visitor centers, and water systems for national & state parks -Antiquities Act (1906): created 16 national monuments. -National Wildlife Refuge (1903): preserve habitat and migration routes for wildlife

national forests

-The Forest Service (1905): achieve quality land management under the sustainable multiple-use concept to meet the diverse needs of the people -use wise-use philosophy -multiple-use management

national parks

-The National Park Service has been a world leader in establishing and managing national parks -maintaining a balance of protecting, allowing use, and preserving resources -any form of outdoor recreation occurs

trial initiatives

-The National Trails System Act (1968): provided funds to start the process of purchasing the entire trail and buffering it where possible with federal land. Created three types of trails: national recreation trails, national scenic trails, and connecting trails -The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968): protect free flowing rivers, thereby recreational opportunities could be protected

national and community based nonprofit organization recreation

-big brothers big sisters of America (biggest/oldest nonprofit, around since 1904) -boy scouts/girl scouts -boys and girl club

challenges and trends for parks

-carrying capacity -international tourism -funding -market specialization -changing demand -encroachement -environmental threats from outside the park -climate change -antisocial and illegal behavior -motorized vehicles -coastal development -multiethnic cultural changes -workforce changes -seasonality

skills required for managing private sector

-economics -business accounting -finance -marketing -organizational leadership

federal recreation leisure services

-federal agencies like National Park Service, Forest Service, etc. -manage outdoor resources including outdoor education in passive-based recreation methods -main goals is to let the public experience the true power of nature.

skills required for managing public sector

-financial management is less important because state gov. are stringent about how governmental units handle public funds. -government accounting rules -organizational theory -political science -marketing skills -professional accreditation

private sector (commercial sector)

-first sector to provide leisure services -largest sector/fastest growing sector -has delivery systems called businesses, which are organizations created to provide a service or product. they charge a higher price than the cost of producing that product or service, and the difference between the cost and the price is the profit -customers become more important than the employees. money is the purpose. -focus on customers who are willing and able to pay for services. -businesses will act in the best interest of the business, focusing on the customer and helping it make a profit, which is acting on their own best interest.

county parks

-larger, more natural, less congested, and quieter -for swimming, hiking, and camping -owned by country governments but not as environmentally sensitive

local recreation leisure services

-make up the majority of delivery systems found in the US -municipal departments that provide structured programs as well as drop-in rec opportunities -summer classes, cemeteries, parks, playgrounds, etc.

U.S Army Corps of Engineers Waterways and Sites

-manage and conserve natural resources consistent with principles of ecosystem management while providing public outdoor rec experiences -set up federal water resource sites like dams, reservoirs, and flood control projects -manages over 4200 recreation areas at 422 projects

challenges of managing private sector

-marketing approach -rules: must comply to government regulations -economic turndown -private (wages & salaries are kept secret to other employees) -self-supporting -profit margins -competition is a constant threat

nonprofit resource base

-membership fees -program fees -private philanthropy -government grants -interest income -earned income -sales income -social enterprise

state parks

-more focused on preserving the natural or historic characteristics of an area and providing outdoor recreation -larger than most city or county parks

public recreation delivery systems

-must provide inclusive recreation and leisure services to all, including disadvantaged and disabled patrons -provide leisure services for people of all ages, abilities, cultures, ethnicity, gender, race, and religion -active recreation: all types of sports -passive recreation: low impact exercise -2100 community park and recreation providers in the US

city parks and playgrounds

-need for park during the industrial movement in cities like Boston, NY, Chicago, and Philadelphia -1850-1930: American cities built city parks and playgrounds for the public

Nonprofit Sector

-organizations chartered or permitted to provide services by the national gov. in Canada and the state & federal gov. in the U.S. -chartered by the individual states, but some are nationally chartered (Boy Scouts) -exempt from paying federal taxes (tax exemption). in order to receive exempt status, a social club must be organized for pleasure, recreation, and other similar purposes -cannot discriminate people -charitable organizations -strive for excess revenue over expenditures so that they can reinvest in their organization -face survival issues -non profits that don't do charitable work charge fees for their leisure services. need to keep members happy so they continue to pay the fees. -compete against businesses and gov. units for clients -some nonprofits exist because people want their leisure services needs met in different ways -20% of nonprofit sectors deliver leisure services -nonprofit is more limited in the range of services they can provide

career opportunities

-park rangers -many different job positions at parks, forests, and refuges

public sector

-part of the economy controlled by the government. -gov. spending on leisure services is 1% of the entire amount of money spent. -federal gov: in the business of maintaining national forest, parks, and recreation areas. -state departments of natural resources manage their state park systems, some of which have restaurants, hotels, campgrounds, etc. -exist to conserve land and in some cases block access by the public to maintain land in its natural state. -US has more than 25,000 municipalities -at the municipal level a multitude of structures of gov. provide parks and recreation services. -special districts are another way of delivering public park and recreation services -CA has 175 park districts

for-profit operational practices

-planning -marketing -delivery -monitoring (customer feedback, and consumer satisfaction is vital)

attributes for-profit sector

-pricing -packages (travel packages) -enterprise -need to be responsive (competitive) - seasonal operations -sustainable

partnerships: connections to the community

-programs -businesses -crime prevention -volunteer groups -local school district is the most useful partnership to develop

international treaties

-protected areas that transcend national borders are known as transboundary protected areas -transboundary protected areas, which are normally found in two adjacent countries, have been created around the world -example US and Canada

faces of public recreation

-public recreation professionals -public recreation management: plan, organize, direct, and control various areas of the agency -American professional organizations -certifications: process in which individuals are examined to determine whether they meet or exceed a defined standard.

challenges of managing public sector

-public scrutiny -nothing is private -employees have greater rights -taxes and revenue management -transparency principle

skills required for nonprofit

-same as profit business plus fund accounting, organizational theory, and fundraising

environmental and conservation organizations in nonprofit

-sierra club (1892) -the trust for public land

challenges of managing nonprofit

-smaller salaries & perks -fund raising necessary -group motivation

state recreation leisure services

-state parks and state forests -activities are usually passive based -beaches, golf courses, skiing areas, etc. -mainly exist to promote tourism

state park initiatives

-states that initiate effort to protect natural areas for public use -preserve representative environments, typical of each state to provide outdoor recreation areas closer to home for residents

city parks

-structured & man made -created to address safe areas for children to play, escape from urban crowding -owned, managed, and staffed by city government -smaller, closer to home and more sport oriented

chameleon profession

-we must respond to changes in the environment, but not lose sight of our roots, reason for being, and desire to contribute to the public good -current themes -trends (more senior citizens, growing Hispanic & Asian people in US, skate parks, certain cultures participating in different sports) -leadership skills -the changing profession (people seem more interested in the quality of the experience and sense of place) -the changing professional (people in the recreation field now need more schooling) -political realties

leisure services are provided by 3 sectors of the economy:

1. Nonprofit sector 2. Public sector 3. Private sector

characteristics of nonprofit organizations

1. organized 2. private 3. nonprofit distributing (do not return profits to their managers or set of "owners") 4. self-governing 5. voluntary 6. beneficial to the public

Section 501 (c)(3)

A U.S. Internal Revenue Service classification for qualifying nonprofits that gives such organizations tax-exempt status to operate for purposes of the public good. Most U.S.-based nonprofits operate under this tax-exempt category.

North American Industry Classification System

A classification system employed by census agencies in Canada, the United States, and Mexico to ensure that the enumeration of businesses is collected and codified in the same way.

recreation, event, and tourism (RET) industry model

A complex and integrated model that describes the linkages between service providers, the sectors that they represent, and the primary role that each component provides in transporting, hosting, feeding, and entertaining the consumer of recreation, event, and tourism opportunities. -three basic functions are attractions, support and facilitation, and hosting function -global and diverse

community education

A concept, philosophy, and practice that focus on community participation in planning, developing, and offering activities and programs that strengthen and benefit individuals, families, and communities.

biosphere reserves

A designated geographic area where people exemplify various ways to sustain local economies and resource use while also conserving the biodiversity found in different kinds of ecosystems. As of February 2011, there were 564 biosphere reserves in 109 countries.

entrepreneurial associations

A dozen or more well-established regional, national, and global organizations focused specifically on advancing the interest of their entrepreneurial membership.

tourism associations

A nonprofit group of professionals within the travel and tourism industry, or a specialized subsection of it, whose mission is to educate its members and advocate for the industry.

intraprenuer

A person within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a profitable finished product through assertive risk taking and innovation. This corporate management style integrates risk taking and innovation approaches, as well as the reward and motivational techniques that are commonly associated with entrepreneurship.

wise-use-philosophy

A philosophy that holds that the earth's resources were meant to be exploited for human gain and profit, typically with more of a short-term focus. Wise use tends to be promoted by the extractive industries such as mining and lumber companies who lobby politicians to influence the multiple-use agencies such as the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management toward more of a so- called wise-use orientation.

deinstitutionalization

A process by which people with disabilities are moved from large hospitals and institutions back into the community.

national park

A protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation. It is a natural area of land or sea designated to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations; exclude inappropriate exploitation or occupation of the area; and provide a foundation for spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational, and visitor opportunities, all of which must be environmentally and culturally compatible.

special recreation

A recreational service that takes place in a public community setting to provide enjoyment and to challenge and enrich people with disabilities rather than to serve strictly as a treatment modality.

world heritage site

A specific site (such as a forest, mountain range, lake, desert, building, complex, or city) that has been designated within the international World Heritage Convention administered by UNESCO. The World Heritage list in 2011 includes 911 properties that the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value. - U.S. has 21

quasi-public

An entity that is organized privately to promote public ideals.

special recreation associate

An intergovernmental agreement between two or more communities or park districts established to provide recreational services to people with special needs.

ramsar convention

An international agreement and convention monitored by UNESCO to protect wetlands designated as internationally important under the Convention on Wetlands (1971). These wetlands are commonly known as Ramsar sites. Globally in 2011, there are 160 contracting parties to the convention and 1,913 wetland sites totaling 186.9 million hectares designated for inclusion in the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.

nonprofit organization

An organization with tax-exempt status under the U.S. Internal Revenue code or by Revenue Canada. These organizations are tax exempt, and contributions to them are tax deductible. A nonprofit is governed by a volunteer board of directors and operated for public benefit, and its business is not conducted for profit. Organizations of this type are said to belong to the nonprofit, or third, sector.

commercial recreation

Any enterprise that provides recreation or leisure experiences and has the intent of making a profit.

marketing approach

Approach in which businesses focus on the customer because the transaction between the business and the customer provides the business its lifeblood.

frontcountry

Areas in a park or protected area that are developed, accessed by roads, and contain primary visitor use locations.

backcountry

Areas in a park or protected area that are not accessible by roads and are characterized by low use levels.

transparency

Being clear and open with information.

constitutional republic

Form of government in which the executive branch is elected and the judicial branch is appointed by the chief executive, as in the United States.

governmental unit

Generic term that describes a government group at any level: national, state, county, or city. It can be used to refer to one large unit such as the state or subdivisions within the unit such as departments.

IUCN

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, an international body that coordinates conservation and sustainable development activities worldwide.

land tax

Land in a municipality is taxed each year. Landowners pay according to the value and uses of the land and mill rate assigned by the municipality. Also known as a real-estate tax.

wildlife refuge

Lands, wetlands, and waters that are primarily managed as wildlife or fish habitat or protected areas (although some allow regulated hunting and fishing) by fish and wildlife agencies, usually at the state or federal level. Limited recreational use compatible with wildlife management is permitted in most (not all) refuges.

wilderness

Large areas left in an entirely natural condition, usually without roads or motorized vehicles and with no buildings or utilities. Also, a formal designation of land use and protection in the United States.

sustainable

Living and working in ways that do not compromise the well-being of future generations.

multiple-use-management

Managing natural areas for a variety of uses concurrently, such as outdoor recreation, range grazing, timber production, watershed protection to control pollution and erosion and allocate water uses, and wildlife and fish habitat.

social welfare organizations

Nonprofits involved in advocacy, lobbying, and political campaign activities under the U.S. 501(c)(4) IRS code.

professional and trade associations

Nonprofits organized to promote the business interests of a community, industry, or profession. They generally qualify for tax exemption under Section 501(c)(6) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service tax code.

OHV

Off-highway vehicles such as all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), dune buggies, jeeps, motorcycles, four- wheel-drive vehicles, dirt bikes, and snowmobiles whose drivers engage in activities such as mudslinging, trail rides, rallies, hill climbs, and rock crawls.

businesses

Organizations created to provide a service or product and charging a higher price than the cost of production. The difference between the cost and the price is the profit.

provincial park

Park designated and managed by a province in Canada, usually containing a wide diversity of landscapes and outdoor recreation activities. The parks called provincial parks in Canada are usually classified as national parks according to the IUCN categories of national parks and protected areas.

state park

Park designated and managed by the host state in the United States, usually showcasing an area of historical importance or a representative natural environment for that state (e.g., prairie in Illinois, beaches in Florida).

constitutional monarchy

Part of the British Commonwealth with allegiance to the queen of England. In Canada the crown is the foundation of the executive and judicial branches of government.

preservation

Protecting a natural area, wildlife, and ecosystem in a relatively undisturbed natural state (different from conservation in that the focus is on protection rather than use).

carrying capacity

The amount and type of use that an area or resource can accommodate without being unacceptably damaged.

inclusion

The degree to which a person with a disability participates in community life. The range includes segregated programs, parallel inclusion, supported inclusion, and independent inclusion.

three sector model

The economic (business sector), political (government sector), and social (nonprofit sector) segments found in most societies in which individuals and organizations act and interact within their environments. Recreation organizations are found in all three sectors.

charities

The most readily identifiable form of nonprofits that represent diverse organizations that often serve the most vulnerable populations for free or for reduced fees. Charities in the United States are organized under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Service code.

nonprofit sector (charitable sector, social sector, voluntary sector)

The segment of society composed of organizations that are private and nongovernmental and seek to serve the public good without the motivation of profit.

gross domestic national product

The sum of total goods and services manufactured or provided by all businesses, nonprofits, and government entities in a country. -leisure services are the largest segment of the gross national product in the USA

foundations

Types of nonprofits organized as private, operating, or community foundations that have the expressed purpose of amassing resources and providing grants or direct programs for the public good.

conservation

Using natural resources such as trees, water, or rangeland in a wise, regulated, or planned manner so that it is not destroyed but can be used and renewed indefinitely.

philanthropy

Voluntary action for the public good through acts of giving (time, money, and know-how) by individuals and organizations to causes that they care about.

entrepreneur

a person who organizes and operates a business, taking on greater than normal financial risks

organizing framework of nonprofit

culture and recreation, education and research, health, social services, environment, development and housing, law/politics, philanthropic intermediaries and voluntarism, international, religion, and business and professional associations and unions

charitable organizations (nonprofit sector)

for the purpose to religion, education, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering national or international amateur sport competition, and preventing cruelty to animals or children. -example: girl and boy scouts -rely on donations rather than fees for existence

park

historical definition: enclosed piece of ground stocked with beasts for chase, held by prescription or by the kings grants today: place set aside to protect and provide for the use of enjoyment of natural, cultural, historic, or recreational resources why are they important? -escape the stresses of life -get away from work -help air quality in cities -let kids experience nature -place that can bring all classes together -shows progressiveness of America

commercial enterprises (for profit sector)

products or services may be local, national, or multinational -recreation, special events, tourism services are at the center of this sector

goals and functions of nonprofit

public benefit: organized specifically for social outcomes that appeal across a wide spectrum of population groups (hospitals, museums, etc) mutual benefit: exist primarily to provide services exclusively to a limited number of members with common interests (social clubs)