KNH - Chap. 3 HW

cytoplasm

(diagram 1) fluid material and organelles within the cell, but not the nucleus

cholesterol

A fat-soluble molecule,_______, provides rigidity and stability to the membrane.

gastric

A term that refers to the stomach is ____________ .

liver

All absorbed nutrients eventually travel to the

pancreas

Glucagon and insulin are two hormones that regulate glucose levels and both are produced in the ____________ .

Increases blood glucose levels: -epinephrine -norepinephrine -glucagon -growth Hormone Decreases blood glucose levels: -insulin

Hormones affect blood glucose levels in different ways. Identify whether each hormone increases or decreases blood glucose by dragging the hormone to its appropriate classification Epinephrine Norepinephrine Insulin Glucagon Growth Hormone

fatty acids and glycerol

Lipids are broken down into

fat

The primary nutrient that bile is responsible for digesting and absorbing is ____________ .

small intestine

The primary site of nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is the

enzymes

There are also proteins inside the cell membrane, including______ that speed up the rate of a chemical process.

respiratory system

This system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the atmosphere and regulates acid-base balance

immune system

This system provides defense against foreign invaders and is responsible for the formation of white blood cells

endocrine system

This system regulates metabolism through the action of hormones

cardiovascular system

This system regulates temperature and transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body

a.) Overeating at mealtimes b.) Drinking coffee c.) Eating meals high in fat

Which of the following dietary and lifestyle habits may contribute to symptoms of GERD? Check All That Apply a.) Overeating at mealtimes b.) Drinking coffee c.) Eating meals high in fat d.) Eating meals high in fiber

c.) Pepsin

Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach? a.) Insulin b.) Secretin c.) Pepsin d.) Trypsin e.) Chymotrypsin

true

(T/F) Gastrin functions to increase the production of HCl in the stomach.

false

(T/F) Glucose, protein, glycerol, and long-chain fatty acids are absorbed from the small intestine directly into the bloodstream.

cell nucleus

(diagram 1) contains the genetic material of the cell

mitochondrion

(diagram 1) converts energy in energy-yielding nutrients from food to a form of energy that cells can use

ribosomes

(diagram 1) cytoplasmic particles that mediate the linking together of of amino acids to form proteins

cell membrane

(diagram 1) lipid bilayer of phospholipids with water soluble and insoluble components

peroxisome

(diagram 1) organelle that destroys toxic particles within a cell

golgi complex

(diagram 1) packaging site for proteins used in the cytoplasm or exported from the cell; consists of sacs within the cytoplasm

lysosome

(diagram 1) sacs that contain enzymes for digestion of foreign material

lower esophageal sphincter

(diagram 2) controls rate of flow of food from esophagus into stomach

pyloric sphincter

(diagram 2) controls rate of flow of food from stomach into small intestine

anal sphincter

(diagram 2) relaxation of this sphincter allows for solid waste elimination

ileocecal sphincter

(diagram 2) undigested food from small intestine passes into large intestine via this sphincter

rectum

(diagram 3) Digestive organ that: - hold feces and expel via the anus, which is the opening to the outside of the body

Esophagus

(diagram 3) Digestive organ that: - lubricate with mucus - move food to stomach by peristaltic waves (swallowing)

large intestine

(diagram 3) Digestive organ that: - mix and propel contents - absorb sodium, potassium, and water - house bacteria - lubricate with mucus - synthesize some vitamins and short-chain fatty acids - form feces

small intestine

(diagram 3) Digestive organ that: - mix and propel contents - lubricate with mucus - digest and absorb most substances using enzymes made by the pancreas and small intestinal cells (lactase, sucrase, malatase, and peptidases)

liver

(diagram 3) Digestive organ that: - produce bile to aid fat digestion and absorption

pancreas

(diagram 3) Digestive organ that: - secrete sodium bicarbonate and enzymes for digesting carbohydrate (amylase), fat (lipase), and protein (trypsin and chymotrypsin)

gallbladder

(diagram 3) Digestive organ that: - store, concentrate, and later release bile into the small intestine

stomach

(diagram 3) Digestive organ that: - store, mix, dissolve, and continue digestion of food - dissolve food particles with secretions - kill microorganisms with acid - release protein-digesting (pepsin) and fat-digesting (lipase) enzymes - lubricate and protect stomach surface with mucus - regulate emptying of dissolved food into small intestine - produce intrinsic factor for vitamin B-12 absorption

mouth

(diagram 3) (body part A) Digestive organ that: - chew food - perceive taste - moisten food with saliva - lubricate food with mucus - release small amount of starch-digesting (amylase) and fat-digesting (lipase) enzymes - initiate swallowing reflex

pyloric sphincter

At the base of the stomach is the ____________ , which controls the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

stomach; small intestine

Bicarbonate is a base that neutralizes the acidity of chyme as it moves from the ____________ to the ____________ .

liver

Bile is necessary for some nutrient digestion and absorption; bile is produced in the ____________ .

gallbladder

Bile is stored and concentrated in the ____________ .

glucose

Carbohydrates are broken down into

ATP

In the cells, chemical reactions convert the energy in glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into

chyme

In the stomach, food becomes a watery mixture that leaves the stomach a teaspoon at a time into the small intestine and is called ____________ .

phospholipids

The cell membrane is a double membrane made of____ that have their water-soluble heads facing the interior and exterior of the cell.

water-insoluble

The interior portion of the cell membrane contains the _____ tails.

intrinsic factor

The stomach produces an important substance called ____________ , which is important for the absorption of vitamin B-12.

lymphatic system

This system removes foreign substances, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and aids in fat absorption

a.) Nervous system b.) Endocrine system

Which of the following body systems are involved in regulation of digestion? Select all that apply. a.) Nervous system b.) Endocrine system c.) Immune system d.) Lymphatic system

a.) Smell of food b.) Taste of food c.) Distention of the stomach as it fills with food

Which of the following factors stimulate the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach? Check all that apply. a.) Smell of food b.) Taste of food c.) Distention of the stomach as it fills with food d.) Low pH in the duodenum as chyme enters the duodenum

a.) Chronic heartburn can cause bleeding in the esophagus. b.) Untreated heartburn increases the risk for esophageal cancer.

Why is management of GERD so important? Check all that apply. a.) Chronic heartburn can cause bleeding in the esophagus. b.) Untreated heartburn increases the risk for esophageal cancer. c.) Untreated heartburn increases the risk for heart failure. d.) GERD increases the risk for obesity.

Peristalsis

______ refers to the muscular contractions that move food along the gastrointestinal tract.