Lab Exam 1 (Labs 1-10)

Axial Skeleton

- Skull - Sternum - Ribs - Spinal Column

Pallor

Paleness may be the result of an emotional response (fear or anger) or may indicate low blood pressure

Pigmented vs Non Pigmented Skin

Pigmented - Brown stratum basale Nonpigmented - Stratum basale is purple, no brown present

Ventral/Anterior (front) Cavities - Thoracic Cavity

Pleural Cavities - Space within the membranes that surround the lungs Mediastinum - Space between the lungs, contains the heart Pericardial cavity - Space within the membrane that surrounds the heart

Bronzing

Possible indication of Addison's disease, hyposecretion of the adrenal medulla endocrine gland

Bone Feature - Crest

Prominent ridge of bone, site for muscle attachment

Bone Feature - Epicondyle

Raised ridge above a condyle, site for muscle attachment

Erythema

Redness from increased blood flow to the skin due to emotional response (embarrassment) or inflammation

Fine Focus Knob

Requires many more turns for a small degree of movement, allows for precision focusing

CT Proper - Loose CT - Reticular Connective Tissue

Reticular CT - Meshwork of reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and leukocytes - Structural framework of many lymphatic organs - Fluid ground substance - Contains lots of blood cells - Reticular fibers IN reticular tissue - Looks like a spider web - Related to immune system Function: - Provides supportive framework (stroma) to lymphatic organs Location: - Lymph nodes

Abdominopelvic Regions

Right hypochondriac Right Lumbar Right Iliac Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Left hypochondriac Left Lumbar Left Iliac

Bone Feature - Foramen

Round or oval hole through bone, passageway for blood vessels and nerves

Bone feature - Condyle

Rounded projection involved in formation of a joint

Bone Feature - Head

Rounded prominence next to narrow neck region, used in formation of joint

Ocular

Second set of lenses, located in the eyepieces, focuses image for one of your eyes

Bone Feature - Fossa

Shallow depression, site for muscle attachment or aricular surface

Bone Feature - Spine

Sharp, peaked ridge, site for muscle attachment

Simple Columnar Epithelium - Nonciliated

Single layer of cells taller than they are wide - Oval nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell - Apical region of cell has microvilli - May contain goblet cells Function:Absorption and secretion Location:Lining of digestive tract

Simple Columnar Epithelium - Ciliated

Single layer of ciliated cells - Taller than they are wide - Oval shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell - May contain goblet cells Function: Movement of mucus by cilia Location: Lining of the Bronchioles (air passageways) of the lung and the uterine tubes

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flattened cells - Squashed, oval nucleus - Thinnest barrier Function:Allow for rapid diffusion, osmosis, filtration Location:Lines air sacs in lungs, lines blood vessels

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of uniformly shaped cells - As tall as wide - Centrally located spherical nucleus Function:Absorption and secretion Location: Kidney tubules, secretory regions and ducts of most glands

Bone Feature - Tubercle

Small rounded projection. site for muscle attachment

Stratified Squamous Epithelium - Keratinized

Superficial layers of dead cells - Apical cells lack nuclei, filled with keratin protein - Only deepest layer in direct contact with basement membrane - Basal layers with cuboidal shape - Apical cells with squamous shape Function:Protects against abrasion and friction Location:Epidermis of skin

Base

The bottom part

Arm

The part that extends upwards

Stage

The platform that the slide sits on

Integument Membrane/Cutaneous Membrane

The skin - Protects all of the underlying structures

Bone Feature - Meatus/Canal

Tunnel-like passageway, opening to another structure

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Two or more layers of cells - Apical layer of cells cuboidal in shape (as tall as they are wide) Function:Protection and secretion Location:Ducts of most exocrine glands, sebaceous gland in skin, makes skin oily

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Two or more layers of cells - Columnar cells at apical surface - Rare Functions: Protection and secretion Location:Large ducts of salivary glands

Visceral Layer vs Parietal Layer

Visceral Layer - Lines the organ - Visceral pericardium lines the heart - Visceral pleura lines the lungs - Visceral peritoneum lines the digestive organs Parietal Layer - Lines the body cavity - Parietal pericardium lines the mediastinum - Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity - Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity

Iris Diaphragm and Lever

Works with condenser to increase and decrease contrast and depth of field Lever - Opens and closes to allow more light

Jaundice

Yellowing may indicate an increase in bilirubin in the blood, signifying decreased liver function

Floating Ribs

11 and 12 no attachment to sternum

False Ribs

8-12 do not attach directly to sternum

Cyanosis

A blue appearance indicated poorly oxygenized hemoglobins, sign of hypoxia

Ventral/Anterior (front) Cavities - Abdominopelvic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity - Contains the digestive viscera Pelvic Cavity - Contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs Peritoneal Cavity - Space within the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and digestive organs

CT Proper - Loose CT - Adipose Connective Tissue

Adipose CT - Commonly referred to as fat - Composed of adipocytes (white, brown) - Adipose gain/loss due to adipocytes enlarging or shrinking - Big empty cells that contain lipid Function: - Store energy, insulate, cushion, padding Location: - Surrounds and covers some organs - Abdomen, butt

Stratified Squamous Epithelium - Non Keratinized

All cells alive in all layers - Lack keratin - Visible nuclei - Only deepest layer in direct contact with basement membrane - Basal layers with cuboidal shape - Apical cells with squamous shape Function:Protection against abrasion and friction Location:Lining of oral cavity and lining of vaginia

Revolving Nosepiece

Allows you to move any of the objectives into place above the specimen

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures - Kyphosis

Also known as "hunchback", dorsal curvature in the thoracic region

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures - Lordosis

Also known as "swayback", exaggerated lumbar curvature, may exist temporarily in pregnant women

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - Ciliated

Appears as multiple layers, but only one layer - All cells in direct contact with basement membrane - Nuclei scattered - Contains cilia on apical surface Function: Movement of mucus by cilia Location: Lining of the larger airways of respiratory tract, nasal cavity

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - Nonciliated

Appears as multiple layers, but only one layer - All cells in direct contact with basement membrane - Nuclei scattered - Lacks goblet cells and cilia Function:Protection Location:Lining of part of male urethra

CT Proper - Loose CT - Areolar Connective Tissue

Areolar CT - Loose organization of collagen and elastic fibers - Highly vascularized (blood supply) - Contains fixed and wandering cells - Ground substance is abundant and fluid - Scattered fibroblasts and blood vessels Function: - Protects tissues and organs Location: - Papillary layer of dermis

Light Source

Base of microscope, slider switch at side of base controls brightness of light source

Bruising

Bleeding from blood vessels beneath the skin

Fluid Connective Tissue - Blood

Blood - Fluid connective tissue with formed elements 1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) = transport respiratory gases 2. Leukocytes (white blood cells) = protect against infection 3. Platelets = help clot blood - Liquid ground substance is called plasma - Contains dissolved proteins - Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones Function: - Listed above Location: - Blood vessels and heart

Supporting CT - Bone

Bone - More solid than cartilage - Greater support but less flexible - Have organic and inorganic components - Bone cells = osteocytes - Osteocytes are trapped in lacunae - Two types: 1. Compact Bone 2. Spongy Bone Function: - Provides levers for body movement Location: - Bones of the body

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

Coarse Focus Knob

Brings image into a rough focus

Proximal

Closer to the attachment of the trunk

Posterior/Dorsal

Closer to the back

Inferior

Closer to the bottom of the feet, below

Anterior/Ventral

Closer to the front

Medial

Closer to the midline of the body

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the skin

Superior

Closer to the top of the head, above

Dorsal/Posterior (back) Cavities - Vertebral Cavity

Created within the stacked vertebrae of the spinal column, encloses the spinal cord

CT Proper - Dense CT - Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Dense Irregular CT - Clumps of collagen fibers extend in all directions - Provides support and resistance to stress in multiple directions - Less organized than dense regular - Lots of different orientations - Strong in all directions Function: - Withstand stress applied in all directions, durable Location: - Most of dermis of skin

CT Proper - Dense CT - Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Dense Regular CT - Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers - Look like stacked lasagna noodles - Few blood vessels - Takes a long time to heal Function: - Attach bone to bone - Attach muscle to bone - Resists stress applied in one direction (very strong horizontally) Location: Tendons and ligaments

Frontal Section

Divides body into a anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

Midsagittal Section

Divides body into equal left and right halves

Sagittal Section

Divides body into left and right sides, not necessarily equal

Transverse (cross) Section

Divides body into superior and inferior parts

CT Proper - Dense CT - Elastic Connective Tissue

Elastic CT - Brancing, densely packed elastic fibers - Able to stretch and recoil - Appears dark Function: - Allows for stretching Location: - Vocal cords

Supporting CT - Cartilage - Elastic Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage - Flexible, springey cartilage - Numerous densely packed elastic fibers - Chondrocytes closely packed - Surrounded by a perichondrium - Can bend and return to shape Function: - Maintain shape while permitting flexibility Location: - External ear (need to bend in but return to shape, think of animal ears)

Distal

Farther from the attachment to the trunk

Deep

Farther from the body surface

Lateral

Farther from the midline of the body

Knee Joints

Femoropatellar joint - Patella glides over the femur Tibiofemoral joint - Two femoral condyles connect with tibial condyles

Supporting CT - Cartilage - Fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage - Appears BLUE - Weight Bearing cartilage, resists compression - Protein fibers in irregular bundles between chondrocytes- Sparse ground substance, no perichondrium - Looks like pink sailboats floating in blue ocean Function: - Resist compression Location: - Intervertebral discs (why gma gets shorter overtime) - Knee joints (compress as we walk)

Objective

First lens that magnifies the image - 4x objective lens on microscope

Shoulder Joint

Glenohumeral joint - Articulation between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of the shoulder "Ball in Socket Joint"

Mechanical Stage

Has two knobs that allow the mechanism to move forward and backward and side to side

Supporting CT - Cartilage - Hyaline Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage - Most common type - Weakest type - Clear, glassy appearance under microscope - Surrounded by perichondrium - Chondrocytes in lacunae Function: - Provides support, forms most of skeleton Location: - Tip of nose, end of long bones

Intermediate

In between

Tan or Dark

Increased melanin production may be the result of heredity or of increased exposure to UV light from the sun; this is a protective function to prevent UV damage to skin cells' DNA

Bone Feature - Tuberosity

Large rounded projection, site for muscle attachment

Bone Feature - Trochanter

Large, blunt, irregularly shaped process, site for muscle attachment

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures - Scoliosis

Lateral curvature, usually in the thoracic region, can compromise breathing functions

Parts of the Microscope - Condenser

Light passes through condenser, which focuses the light waves through an opening called the iris diaphragm - Increase and decrease contrast and depth of field Condenser Adjustment Knob - Moves the condenser up and down to improve detail More light = greater visibility but less detail

Serous Membrane

Line CLOSED ventral/anterior body cavities - Double layered - Specific names depending on location Pericardium - Surrounds heart Pleurae - Surrounds the lungs Peritoneum - Lines the abdominal cavity and the digestive organs

Mucous Membrane

Line cavities and passageways that are OPEN to the outside of the body, secrete mucus

Dorsal/Posterior (back) Cavities - Cranial Cavity

Located in the skull, contains the brain

Thoracic Vertebrae

Looks like a giraffe

Lumbar Vertebrae

Looks like a moose

Cervical Vertebrae

Looks like an alligator, smallest, has holes C1 = atlas - flat, "yes", flexion and extension at atlanto-occipital joint C2 = axis - dens sticking up, "no", rotation at atlantoaxial joint

Calculating Total Magnification

Ocular Power (always 10) x Objective Power (4, 10, 40, 100) = Total Magnification 4x10 = 40 10x10 = 100 10x40 = 400 1x100 =1000

True Ribs

1-7 attach directly to sternum

Skin Colorings

1. Bronzing 2. Bruising 3. Cyanosis 4. Erythema 5. Jaundice 6. Pallor 7. Tan or Dark

Synovial Joint Movements

1. Flexion and Extension - Decreasing or increasing the joint angle in a sagittal plane 2. Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion - Pointing the toes superiorly toward the head or inferiorly away from the head 3. Abduction and Adduction - Moving an appendage away from or toward the midline in a frontal plane 4. Circumduction - Moving the distal aspect of an appendage in a circle so that the entire limb describes a cone shape 5. Rotation - Moving a bone around its own axis 6. Supination and Pronation - Moving the palms anteriorly and posteriorly 7. Inversion and Eversion - Turning the sole of the foot medially or laterally 8. Protraction and Retraction - Projecting a bone forward or backward in a horizontal plane 9. Elevation and Depression - Projecting a bone superiorly or inferiorly in a vertical plane