Lab Exam 2

Identify the facial bones that come into contact with the midline of the head. Select all that apply.

Facial bones on the midline: nasal, maxilla, mandible, palatine, vomer

Identify if each bone is part of the pelvic girdle, pelvic limbs, pectoral girdle, thoracic limbs or neither.

Femur - pelvic limbs Tarsals - pelvic limbs Scapula - pectoral girdle Fibula - pelvic limbs Patella - pelvic limbs Sternum - neither Clavicle - pectoral girdle Ilium - pelvic girdle Coccyx - neither Humerus - thoracic limbs Metatarsals - pelvic limbs Carpals - thoracic limbs Pubis - pelvic girdle

Myelin

a fatty coating of insulation, wrapped around axons of neurons, in order to speed up impulse conduction

Match the roles of the ear to the correct structure and location of the structure.

Outer Ear: captures and funnels sound to the auditory canal and to the tympanic membrane, which vibrates in response to the sound waves. Middle Ear: ossicles of the middle ear amplify the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and transmit these vibrations to the oval window. eustachian tube equalizes pressure of the middle ear. round window releases the pressure from the fluid waves of the inner ear. Inner Ear: cochlea plays a role in the transduction of the vibrations and fluid waves caused by the oval window into nerve impulses that travel to the CNS for interpretation vestibular apparatus plays a role in balance and equilibrium.

What does the term 20/30 vision mean? Select all that apply.

-A person standing 20 ft. away from the chart can see what a person with normal vision would see at 30 ft. away. -Nearsightedness

Which of the following are components of the central nervous system? Select all that apply.

-Brain -Spinal Cord -Contains integration neurons -CNS:consists of the brain and spinal cord. -FXN: These are the integration centers where connections with other neurons are made. The brain is also responsible for perception, reason and planning.

Select all of the following that are correct regarding calcium and the role in muscle contraction.

-Calcium binds troponin, shifting tropomyosin -calcium is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. -calcium is released as a result of a series of events caused by the depolarization of the sarcolemma. Calcium is necessary for muscle contraction to occur. ~Calcium binds troponin. ~Troponin shifts tropomyosin. ~Myosin binding sites on actin are exposed- allowing muscle contraction to occur -Calcium is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. -Calcium is released after depolarization of the sarcolemma.

Select all of the following functions for cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF).

-Cushion the CNS -Provide nutrition -Remove waste

Which of the following is correct about binocular vision? Select all that apply.

-It allows for depth perception -It is best with both eyes Binocular vision allows for depth perception. In this experiment the use of both eyes resulted in increased success for depth perception.

Select all of the following locations for CSF:

-Lateral Ventricles -Subarachnoid Space -Central (spinal) canal -Fourth Ventricle -Third Ventricle

Select all of the following that are correct regarding the resting membrane potential (RMP).

-Na+/ K+ pump moves 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions into the cell -K+ leak channels allow K+ to flow out of the cell -there are higher concentrations of K+ inside the cell and higher concentrations of Na+ outside the cell -VG Na+ ion channels are closed

Select all of the following that are true regarding the anatomy of the spinal cord.

-There are no ventral root ganglia -cell bodies of the motor neurons are in the ventral horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord -Dorsal root ganglia are enlarged area due to a collection of sensory cell bodies outside of the CNS The dorsal root ganglion is an enlarged area due to a collection of sensory cell bodies outside of the CNS. Cell bodies of the motor neurons are contained in the ventral horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord, so no ventral root ganglion is present.

Considering all that you have learned from this exercise, as well as the previous exercises on the nervous system, select all of the following structures that contribute to your sense of balance.

-cerebellum -proprioceptors -eyes -semicircular canals -vestibule -Eyes -Vestibular Apparatus = vestibule and semicircular canals -Cerebellum -Proprioceptors

Which of the following are main categories of spinal nerves. Select all that apply

-coccygeal -Thoracic -Lumbar -Cervical -Sacral

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

-cochlear malformation -damage to the auditory nerve -loud noise exposure from a rock concert damaging the hair cells

Conductive Hearing Loss

-copius wax blocking the auditory canal -ruptured tympanic membrane -middle ear infection with pus -Malleus, incus and stapes have fusedleus, incus and stapes have fused

Select all of the following that are true regarding hearing or hearing loss

-distance is determined by the timing of arrival of sound waves to each ear. -sounds directly in front of, behind or above are hard to differentiate. -Sensorineural hearing loss is any abnormality of damage in the inner ear or along the pathway to the brain or in the brain hearing processing Conductive hearing loss is any abnormality in the outer or middle ear that causes blockage of sound waves or vibration transmission to the oval window Distance is determined by the timing of arrival of sound waves to each ear. ~Sounds directly behind or above you will arrive at each ear at the same time. ~This is interpreted by the brain as equal loudness and therefore it is difficult to localize where it came from. Sensorineural hearing loss any abnormality of damage in the inner ear or along the pathway to the brain or in the brain hearing processing Conductive hearing loss any abnormality in the outer or middle ear that causes blockage of sound waves or vibration transmission to the oval window

Select all of the following that are true regarding pitch and volume

-pitch and volume are detected by the inner ear -Pitch is determined by the frequency of sound waves that enter the ear -Loudness is determined by the amplitude of the sound waves entering the ear. Loudness is determined by the amplitude of the sound waves entering the ear. ~Pitch: determined by the frequency of sound waves that enter the ear. Different frequencies will vibrate the basilar membrane in different areas due to the varying thickness of the basilar membrane. only the hair cells that area are moved and thus the brain interprets this as a particular pitch. ~Loudness: determined by the amplitude of the sound waves entering the ear. The larger the amplitude, the more the basilar moves up and down, stimulating more hair cells. The brain interprets this as louder. The smaller the amplitude, the basilar moves up and down less, stimulating less of hair cells. The brain interprets this as quieter.

-Place the following steps in the sliding filament model in the correct order. -Assume calcium is present. -Begin after the step where the the myosin head is in a low energy state and where ATP has just attached.

0. Resting- The myosin head is in a low energy state- ATP is attached 1. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP + Pi; the myosin head moves to a high energy state 2. Crossbridge: The myosin head binds to the actin binding sites; Pi is released 3. Powerstroke: Myosin head bends pulling the actin towards the center of the sarcomere; ADP is released 4. ATP binds the myosin head; the cross bridge is broken and the myosin head is at a low energy state

1. long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron 2. Regulates cell processes 3. Structure on the neuron that receives electrical messages 4. Where neurotransmitters are released 5. Transmits action potential 6. Terminal end of neuron 7. Short, numerous extensions 8. Function in reflexes, neuronal oscillations, and neurogenesis

1. Axon 2. Cell Body 3. Dendrite 4. Axon Terminal 5. Axon 6. Axon Terminal 7. Dendrite 8. Interneurons

1. Biceps brachii 2. Gluteus maximus 3. Deltoid 4. Latissimus Dorsi 5. Quadriceps Group 6. Hamstring Group

1. Flexes the elbow 2. Is responsible for movement of this hip and thigh 3. Abduction of the brachium 4. Adduction of the brachium 5. Extends the Lower Leg 6. Flexes the knee

1. Z-disc 2. Actin 3. Myosin 4. Sarcomere 5. Myofibril

1. Formed between adjacent sacromeres 2. The thin filament that aids in muscle contraction 3. The thick filament that aids in muscle contraction 4. The basic contractile unit of stratified muscle tissue 5. Any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells

1. Detect Savory (protein) 2. Detect Sodium 3. Detect Glucose/Sugar 4. Detect Acidity 5. Detect Spoilage

1. Umami 2. Salty 3. Sweet 4. Sour 5. Bitter

1. Motor Unit 2. Synaptic Cleft 3. Neurotransmitter 4. Fascicle 5. Motor Nueron 6. Neuromuscular junction

1. a motor neuron and all of the muscle cells it stimulates 2. The space between the end of the axon of the pre-synaptic neuron and the surface of the cell (neuron or muscle cell) that it stimulates. 3. a chemical signal released form a neuron which stimulates another neuron or muscle cell. 4. a group of muscle cells (fibers) bundled together. 5. nerve cell that carries the message from the brain to the muscle 6. specialized area where the motor neuron interacts with a muscle cell

1. Parasympathetic 2. Sympathetic NS

1. neurons exit the spinal cord in the cervical and sacral areas 2. neurons exit the spinal cord in the thoracolumbar areas

Match the parts of the peripheral nervous system to their functions.

1. signals from internal organs, taste, and smell are sent to the CNS = Visceral Sensory 2. signals from external environment, signals from skin, sight, hearing, proprioception are sent to the brain = somatic sensory 3. controls voluntary actions such as skeletal muscle movement = somatic motor 4. controls involuntary actions such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands = Autonomic Moto -PNS: composed of sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) divisions. -Somatic Sensory division: signals from external environment, signals from skin, sight, hearing, proprioception are sent to the brain. -Visceral Sensory: signals from internal organs, taste, and smell are sent to the CNS. -Motor division: consists of somatic and autonomic divisions. -Somatic Motor: voluntary actions such as skeletal muscle movement -Autonomic: involuntary actions such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.

1. Pia Mater 2. Dura Mater 3. Arachnoid Mater

1. tender, thin covering directly over the CNS. Contains blood vessels and provides attachment site for fibers 2. tough outer covering. Protects the CNS and reduces friction. 3. loose, fibrous layer between the dura mater and pia mater. provides space for CSF to flow and suspends the CNS -Dura mater: tough outer covering. Protects the CNS and reduces friction. -Arachnoid mater: loose, fibrous layer between the dura mater and pia mater. provides space for CSF to flow and suspends the CNS through fibrous attachments to the pia mater. -Pia mater: tender, thin covering directly over the CNS. Contains blood vessels and provides attachment site for fibers of the arachnoid layer, reduces friction.

Shoulder: Humerus articulates with the (A) Elbow: Radius articulates with the (B) Wrist: Radius articulates with the (C) Hip: Coxa articulates with the (D) Knee: Femur articulates with the (E) Ankle: Tibia articulates with the (F)

A. Scapula B. Humerus C. Carpals D. Femur E. Tibia F. Tarsals

frontal lobe

involved in motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgement, impulse control, and social and sexual behavior

Motor Neurons

multipolar neurons that conduct nervous impulses away from the CNS to effector cells.

vestibular apparatus

plays a role in balance and equilibrium.

Cochlea-inner ear

plays a role in the transduction of the vibrations and fluid waves into nerve impulses that travel to the CNS for interpretation

thalamus

receives information and send it to cerebrum- all input except smell

cerebellum

receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements

midbrain

relays visual and auditory reflexes

Round window-middle ear

releases the pressure from the fluid waves of the inner ear

pons

respiratory regulation; connects cerebellum to higher centers

Stretch

responsive to distention of various organs and muscles, and are neurologically linked to the medulla in the brain stem via afferent nerve fibers

None of these

sensory Branches of the ANS

Thermoreceptors

specialized nerve cells that are able to detect differences in temperature

Nociceptor

specialized receptor for pain

Match each of the following with the opposite joint movement.

supination - pronataion flexion - extension abduction - adduction

Neuroglia

supporting cells of the nervous system

medulla oblongata

the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centers for the heart and lungs.

Tactile

type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch

Sensory Neurons

unipolar or bipolar neurons which conduct nervous impulses toward the CNS.

occipital lobe

visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex

corpus callosum

white matter that connects right and left hemispheres

Identify cranial bones that come into contact with the midline of the head. Select all that apply.

Cranial bones on the midline: frontal. parietal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

Match the divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System with their basic functions.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Fight or Flight: Sympathetic NS Involuntary: Both Parasympathetic and sympathetic slows heart rate and respiratory rate = parasympathetic increases heart rate and respiratory rate = sympathetic NS increases glucose and oxygen to muscle tissues = sympathetic NS Two neuron pathways = both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic -Autonomic: involuntary actions such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. (Divided into the parasympathetic, sympathetic and enteric divisions) -Parasympathetic: ~rest and digest ~slows heart rate and respiratory rate -Sympathetic: ~fight or flight ~increases heart rate and respiratory rate ~increases glucose and oxygen to muscle tissues

Which of the following are correct regarding the 'spinal reflex'?

allow for rapid response do not require input from the brain function in protection direct, pre-set connections of sensory and motor neurons to the spinal cord -Spinal Reflex: direct, pre-set connections of sensory and motor neurons to the spinal cord. -Purpose: These are direct connections and do not require input from the brain. They are fast and serve to protect the body when a rapid response to incoming sensory information is necessary.

Ossicles-Middle Ear

amplify the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and transmit these vibrations to the oval window.

Pinna-outer ear

captures and funnels sound to the tympanic membrane, which vibrates in response to the sound waves

Photoreceptors

cells in the retina that respond to light

temporal lobe

concerned with hearing and the understanding of speech

Hypothalamus

coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity

Chemoreceptors

detects changes in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide, but not pH, while carotid body detects all three chemoreceptors

Eustachian Tube

equalizes pressure of the middle ear.

Schwann Cells

glial cells in the PNS that form the myelin sheath around myelinated neurons. They protect and speed up conduction.