Unit 14 AP Psychology
Studies reveal a Y chromosomes difference, less activity in frontal lobes, & high testosterone
in violent criminals
Equity (balance and equality in the relationship) and self-disclosure (developed intimacy and trust) are two important factors for _________________
Companionate Love
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to the standards of a group
Conformity
Enduring traditions, ideas, attitudes, and behaviors that are shared by a large group of people and passed down "transmitted" from one generation to the next
Culture/Cultural Influences
The tendency for people to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal is
social loafing
• Proximity and increased liking for something unfamiliar through repeated exposure or experience • Observers tend to express greater liking of same sex stranger if that person's image has distinctive feature similar to the observer's own face
Mere Exposure Effect
The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the
foot in the door phenomenon
The study showed that gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience - like the "foot-in-the-door" phenomenon - invites even ordinary people (who are not usually hostile) to become agents of destruction.
Millgram's Obedience Experiment
Always involves the INTENT TO HURT
Aggression
Assisting others in need and experiencing social responsibility to helping those less fortunate, and involves the Social-responsibility norm
Altruism
First impression of people is most likely determined by their physical appearance
Attraction
direct detailed information to influence consumers.
Central Route Persuasion
We have a tendency toward automatic mimicry of other people's behaviors
Chameleon Effect
Two opposing or inconsistent thoughts that create discomfort within an individual.
Cognitive Dissonance
Human cognitive tendency to sort people into a single category and then overestimate the similarities amongst them.
Cognitive Roots to Prejudice
Tendency to "join the crowd" and "enmesh" with the group's behaviors mob mentality (often seen at athletic events)
Deindividuation
________________ can reduce or eliminate prejudice and resulting discrimination by meeting, understanding, and developing a more accepting attitude toward the opposing group or individual.
Face-to-Face Contact
Small request initiated to generate subsequent compliance with a larger request
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
General tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences and overestimate the impact of personal influences when explaining the behavior of others.
Fundamental Attribution Error:
a positive, non-cognitive trait based on an individual's passion for a particular long-term goal or end state, coupled with a powerful motivation to achieve their respective objective.
GRIT
Similar opinions shared in a group can enhance the group's inclinations and attitudes. The ideas can become biased and unyielding to outside opinions or possibilities.
Group Polarization
Which of the following processes most obviously operates in groupthink?
Group polarization
Leaders with a ____________ mentality will have characteristics that can sway the group.
Groupthink
The value of social conformity is most likely to be emphasized in
Japan
tendency to believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer.
Just World Phenomenon
subjects were expected to "teach" the learner to memorize a series words. Shocks were given for each wrong answer. The subjects or "teachers" believed the learner was receiving actual shocks, but in reality, there were no shocks given, and the "learner" was an actor selected for the experiment.
Millgram's Obedience Experiment
When two conflicting groups share the same negative views of one another
Mirror-image Perceptions
Tendency to feel happy around cheerful people and sad or depressed around sad or moody people.
Mood Linkage
We tend to underestimate the diversity and uniqueness of members of an Out-Group
OutGroup Bias
can be facilitated by physical arousal (ie: studies of men exercising or having an "adrenaline rush" experience and then encountering an attractive woman or their girlfriend can have heightened feelings of ____________)
Passionate Love
_____________ can be heightened when threatened by an opposing group.
Patriotism
using attractiveness (famous movie star or athlete) or other forms of outside persuasion (as opposed to direct facts/information) to influence consumers
Peripheral Route Persuasion
An unjustifiable and negative attitude toward a group of people and its members
Prejudice
Belief in the need to reciprocate a kind gesture or action - Often the sense of obligation to reciprocate the favor is involved.
Reciprocity Norm
Altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of personal rewards and costs for doing the behavior
Social Exchange Theory
The presence of an observer can affect a person's performance
Social Facilitation
When efforts are pooled together toward a common goal there is a tendency for people to exert less effort
Social Loafing
are culturally guided models for how to act in various situations. __________ of aggression can lead to reduced sensitivity of watching or partaking in aggressive acts.
Social Scripts
Exposing opposing groups to tasks that require joint cooperation Establishing a superordinate goal that brings the groups together on a common task
Study of Conflict in a Boy Scout Camp - by Muzafer Sherif
suggests that when an attempt to achieve a goal is blocked the person becomes frustrated - resulting in anger and aggression
The Frustration-Aggression Principle
Tendency to recognize the uniqueness (or distinct features) of people of our own race and less likely to recognize or distinguish the features of another race
The Other- Race Effect
Tendency to respond in like to social pressures - can create 'cluster' of similar responses
The Power of Suggestibility
After reading a medical journal about the value of exercise, Raulo, who rarely did began jogging.
This is an example of informational social influence
Jo hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid family disapproval.
This is an example of normative social influence.
The fundamental attribution error is likely to lead observers to attribute a stranger's
act of kindness to a compassionate personality
Prejudice is best defined as
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group
Attitudes are ___________ that guide behavior
belief-based feelings
The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
cognitive dissonance
Explicit attitudes are typically __________ whereas implicit attitudes are often __________
conscious / unconscious
The invention and transmission of dating and courtship customs best illustrate
cultural influence
Our adaptive capacities and preservation of innovation illustrates the survival value of
culture
Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to
deliver electric shocks to the learner for being incorrect
Julie insists her boyfriend's car accident was from his carelessness. Her reasoning is an
example of a dispositional attribution
Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This can be
explained as scapegoat theory
A person's behavior is most likely to be consistent with his or her attitudes when
external influences on behavior are minimal
High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of
father care
Attribution theory was designed to account for
how people explain others' behavior
Sue concluded that her husband was late for dinner due to heavy traffic. Her conclusion best
illustrates a situational attribution
Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments and information
illustrates central route persuasion
The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that an
individual bystander will assume that others will respond
Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which
individuals share a similar opinion
A strong sense of identity is most likely to promote
ingroup basis
Aggression always involves the
intent to harm or hurt another
An_________ with prejudice is that sometimes the greatest dislike can be expressed between groups that are MUCH more alike than different.
irony
Continuing to operate fuel inefficient cars despite warning about the greenhouse effect
is an example of a social trap
Observer tendency to underestimate the situation and overestimate the disposition of behavior
is called the fundamental attribution error
Tendency for compliance with a small request to facilitate compliance with a larger request is
known as the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Deindividuation refers to_______________ and self-restraint in group situations fostering arousal and anonymity
loss of self-awareness
Two conflicting groups that share the same negative views of one another demonstrate
mirror-image perceptions
Those who study cultural influences on behavior are most likely to highlight the importance of
norms
In one study, researchers found that police officers judge Black faces that appear more typical
of their race to be more criminal
The fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed
people are unmotivated and irresponsible
Opinion change resulting from incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates
peripheral route persuasion
Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as
the chameleon effect
Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a
response to informational social influence.
Circumstances that increase ___________ are likely to reduce _____________
self-awareness / deindividuation
Social facilitation is most likely to occur in the performance of _________ tasks
simple
In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to
situational attributions
Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called
social scripts
Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudice are called
stereotypes
The just-world phenomenon often leads people to believe
that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer
The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience (Milgram) illustrates the danger of
the door-in-face phenomenon
Stress often generates a readiness to be aggressive that is associated with
the fight-or-flight response
Cognitive dissonance theory is helpful for understanding
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
To "brainwash" captured American soldiers in the Korean War, Chinese communists made effective
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Following 9/11 terrorist attack, people across the country donated time and money to assist NY
this behavior illustrates altruism
People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that
value individualism
Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of 3 lines were identical. His research design
was to study conformity