Unit 14 AP Psychology

Studies reveal a Y chromosomes difference, less activity in frontal lobes, & high testosterone

in violent criminals

Equity (balance and equality in the relationship) and self-disclosure (developed intimacy and trust) are two important factors for _________________

Companionate Love

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to the standards of a group

Conformity

Enduring traditions, ideas, attitudes, and behaviors that are shared by a large group of people and passed down "transmitted" from one generation to the next

Culture/Cultural Influences

The tendency for people to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal is

social loafing

• Proximity and increased liking for something unfamiliar through repeated exposure or experience • Observers tend to express greater liking of same sex stranger if that person's image has distinctive feature similar to the observer's own face

Mere Exposure Effect

The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the

foot in the door phenomenon

The study showed that gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience - like the "foot-in-the-door" phenomenon - invites even ordinary people (who are not usually hostile) to become agents of destruction.

Millgram's Obedience Experiment

Always involves the INTENT TO HURT

Aggression

Assisting others in need and experiencing social responsibility to helping those less fortunate, and involves the Social-responsibility norm

Altruism

First impression of people is most likely determined by their physical appearance

Attraction

direct detailed information to influence consumers.

Central Route Persuasion

We have a tendency toward automatic mimicry of other people's behaviors

Chameleon Effect

Two opposing or inconsistent thoughts that create discomfort within an individual.

Cognitive Dissonance

Human cognitive tendency to sort people into a single category and then overestimate the similarities amongst them.

Cognitive Roots to Prejudice

Tendency to "join the crowd" and "enmesh" with the group's behaviors mob mentality (often seen at athletic events)

Deindividuation

________________ can reduce or eliminate prejudice and resulting discrimination by meeting, understanding, and developing a more accepting attitude toward the opposing group or individual.

Face-to-Face Contact

Small request initiated to generate subsequent compliance with a larger request

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

General tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences and overestimate the impact of personal influences when explaining the behavior of others.

Fundamental Attribution Error:

a positive, non-cognitive trait based on an individual's passion for a particular long-term goal or end state, coupled with a powerful motivation to achieve their respective objective.

GRIT

Similar opinions shared in a group can enhance the group's inclinations and attitudes. The ideas can become biased and unyielding to outside opinions or possibilities.

Group Polarization

Which of the following processes most obviously operates in groupthink?

Group polarization

Leaders with a ____________ mentality will have characteristics that can sway the group.

Groupthink

The value of social conformity is most likely to be emphasized in

Japan

tendency to believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer.

Just World Phenomenon

subjects were expected to "teach" the learner to memorize a series words. Shocks were given for each wrong answer. The subjects or "teachers" believed the learner was receiving actual shocks, but in reality, there were no shocks given, and the "learner" was an actor selected for the experiment.

Millgram's Obedience Experiment

When two conflicting groups share the same negative views of one another

Mirror-image Perceptions

Tendency to feel happy around cheerful people and sad or depressed around sad or moody people.

Mood Linkage

We tend to underestimate the diversity and uniqueness of members of an Out-Group

OutGroup Bias

can be facilitated by physical arousal (ie: studies of men exercising or having an "adrenaline rush" experience and then encountering an attractive woman or their girlfriend can have heightened feelings of ____________)

Passionate Love

_____________ can be heightened when threatened by an opposing group.

Patriotism

using attractiveness (famous movie star or athlete) or other forms of outside persuasion (as opposed to direct facts/information) to influence consumers

Peripheral Route Persuasion

An unjustifiable and negative attitude toward a group of people and its members

Prejudice

Belief in the need to reciprocate a kind gesture or action - Often the sense of obligation to reciprocate the favor is involved.

Reciprocity Norm

Altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of personal rewards and costs for doing the behavior

Social Exchange Theory

The presence of an observer can affect a person's performance

Social Facilitation

When efforts are pooled together toward a common goal there is a tendency for people to exert less effort

Social Loafing

are culturally guided models for how to act in various situations. __________ of aggression can lead to reduced sensitivity of watching or partaking in aggressive acts.

Social Scripts

Exposing opposing groups to tasks that require joint cooperation Establishing a superordinate goal that brings the groups together on a common task

Study of Conflict in a Boy Scout Camp - by Muzafer Sherif

suggests that when an attempt to achieve a goal is blocked the person becomes frustrated - resulting in anger and aggression

The Frustration-Aggression Principle

Tendency to recognize the uniqueness (or distinct features) of people of our own race and less likely to recognize or distinguish the features of another race

The Other- Race Effect

Tendency to respond in like to social pressures - can create 'cluster' of similar responses

The Power of Suggestibility

After reading a medical journal about the value of exercise, Raulo, who rarely did began jogging.

This is an example of informational social influence

Jo hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid family disapproval.

This is an example of normative social influence.

The fundamental attribution error is likely to lead observers to attribute a stranger's

act of kindness to a compassionate personality

Prejudice is best defined as

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group

Attitudes are ___________ that guide behavior

belief-based feelings

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called

cognitive dissonance

Explicit attitudes are typically __________ whereas implicit attitudes are often __________

conscious / unconscious

The invention and transmission of dating and courtship customs best illustrate

cultural influence

Our adaptive capacities and preservation of innovation illustrates the survival value of

culture

Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to

deliver electric shocks to the learner for being incorrect

Julie insists her boyfriend's car accident was from his carelessness. Her reasoning is an

example of a dispositional attribution

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This can be

explained as scapegoat theory

A person's behavior is most likely to be consistent with his or her attitudes when

external influences on behavior are minimal

High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of

father care

Attribution theory was designed to account for

how people explain others' behavior

Sue concluded that her husband was late for dinner due to heavy traffic. Her conclusion best

illustrates a situational attribution

Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments and information

illustrates central route persuasion

The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that an

individual bystander will assume that others will respond

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which

individuals share a similar opinion

A strong sense of identity is most likely to promote

ingroup basis

Aggression always involves the

intent to harm or hurt another

An_________ with prejudice is that sometimes the greatest dislike can be expressed between groups that are MUCH more alike than different.

irony

Continuing to operate fuel inefficient cars despite warning about the greenhouse effect

is an example of a social trap

Observer tendency to underestimate the situation and overestimate the disposition of behavior

is called the fundamental attribution error

Tendency for compliance with a small request to facilitate compliance with a larger request is

known as the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Deindividuation refers to_______________ and self-restraint in group situations fostering arousal and anonymity

loss of self-awareness

Two conflicting groups that share the same negative views of one another demonstrate

mirror-image perceptions

Those who study cultural influences on behavior are most likely to highlight the importance of

norms

In one study, researchers found that police officers judge Black faces that appear more typical

of their race to be more criminal

The fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed

people are unmotivated and irresponsible

Opinion change resulting from incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates

peripheral route persuasion

Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as

the chameleon effect

Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a

response to informational social influence.

Circumstances that increase ___________ are likely to reduce _____________

self-awareness / deindividuation

Social facilitation is most likely to occur in the performance of _________ tasks

simple

In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to

situational attributions

Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called

social scripts

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudice are called

stereotypes

The just-world phenomenon often leads people to believe

that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer

The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience (Milgram) illustrates the danger of

the door-in-face phenomenon

Stress often generates a readiness to be aggressive that is associated with

the fight-or-flight response

Cognitive dissonance theory is helpful for understanding

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

To "brainwash" captured American soldiers in the Korean War, Chinese communists made effective

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Following 9/11 terrorist attack, people across the country donated time and money to assist NY

this behavior illustrates altruism

People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that

value individualism

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of 3 lines were identical. His research design

was to study conformity