Lab Final Exam (Digestive & Urinary System)
Salivary glands produce ___ l of saliva per day
1 - 1.5
Subdivision of digestive system that leads from mouth to anus
Alimentary Canal
The digestive system is subdivided into the two main categories:
Alimentary Canal Accessory Digestive Organs
___ has no enzymes, its function aids in fat digestion by emulsifying large fat particles into smaller ones
Bile
Liver produces bile, which leaves the liver throught the _____ and then enter the duodenum via the bile duct.
Common hepatic duct
_____ cells of the pancreas secretes hormones
Endocrine
____ of the digestive tract functions in chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions
Stomach
Mucosa layer of high presssure areas of GI tract (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, rectum) are made of ______
Stratified squamous
5% of saliva originates from ____ salivary glands
Sublingual
___ salivary gland is under mucous membrane on floor of mouth.
Sublingual
____ salivary gland is on lateral sides of floor of mouth.
Submandibular
Saliva is 99.4% ____ and the remaining 0.6% electrolytes, antibodies, and enzymes.
Water
At the base of the cecum, located posteriorly, lies the slender projection called the ___
appendix
___ function in tearing and piercing food
canines
___ is the mix of food with stomach secretions. It is what passes out of the stomach via the pyloric sphincter into the small intestines.
chyme
as an exocrine gland the pancreas produces ____
enzymes
___ & ___ enzymes secreted by the mucosa layer of the stomach function to create a hostile environment for organisms and activates digestive enzymes for the chemical breakdown of food.
hydrochloric hydrolytic
small intestine ends at ___ valve
ileocecal
___ function in biting
incisors
____ of the digestive tract functions in dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination
large intestine
The transverse colon ends at the ___ and turns into the descending colon, which turns into sigmoid colon
left colic flexor splenic
Inner curve of the stomach, located medially
lesser omentum
Each omentum is lined by a ___
mesentery membrane
The stomachs muscularis externa layer has an extra inner layer called the ____ muscle layer located deep to the circular and longitudinal muscles.
oblique
___ is common passageway for air, fluid and food, it leads into the esophagus
oropharynx
The ____ is located on the posterior abdominal wall and is attached to the spleen & duodenum.
pancreas
__ as an endocrine gland produces insulin and glucagon and hydrolytic enzymes secreted in an alkaline fluid into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct.
pancreas
___ has exocrine and endocrine function
pancreas
___ salivary galnds are located anterior to the ear
parotid
3 types of salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
The ___ general function is a storage and breakdown of food.
stomachs
___ salivary glands are located anteriorly the floor
sublingual
___ salivary glands are located in the floor of the mouth
submandibular
___ layer of the alimentary canal contains blood capillary vessels and lymphatic vessels
submucosa
____ layer of alimentary canal functions to nourish and protect alimentary canal.
submucosa
Accessory Digestive Organs of Digestive System
teeth, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, salivary glands
the mucosa layer of the stomach secretes ____ to protect the stomach from the protein digestive enzymes.
thick mucus
Enzymes are released into the duodenum at the ____ also called the duodenal papilla.
hepatopancreatic ampulla
___ of the tooth is the potion at the gum line
neck
The tongue has two main functions:
1. to mix food with saliva (chemical digestion) 2. initiates swallowing
Fully expanded stomach can accommodate up to ____ liters of material.
1.5
_____ saliva originates from parotid salivary glands
25%
____ saliva originates from submandibular glands
70%
_____ of the digestive tract functions in transport of materials to the stomach
Esophagus
_____ cells of pancreas secrete buffers and digestive enzymes
Exocrine
Anterior liver has ____ ligament
Falciform
_____ accessory organ functions in the storage and concentration of bile
Gallbladder
Two curves of the stomach
Greater and lesser omentum
The function of the ____ includes: - the production of bile
Liver
____ accessory organ of digestive system functions in the secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital functions
Liver
____ is the largest gland in the body, located inferior to the diaphragm.
Liver
functions of large intestine:
Major function is to compact and propel fecal matter towards the anus and eliminate it from the body. Provide the site for intestinal bacteria to manufacture some vitamins K, vitamin B and biotin which have been absorbed into the bloodstream reabsorb most of the remaining water (and some of the electrolyte) in digested food.
_____ absorbs water and form mucus.
Mucins
The alimentary canal consists of 4 gastric tunics:
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa
_____, ______, &_____ of digestive tract function in mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions
Oral cavity, teeth, & tongue
____ have a high concentration of bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acidic Chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach
Pancreatic juices
Salivary gland on each side of oral cavity between mandible and skin.
Parotid
The rectum and the anal canal lie in the _ cavity
Pelvic
the movement of food through the alimentary canal
Peristalsis
____ of digestive tract functions is muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus
Pharynx
___ and ___ function in grinding food
Pre molars & molars
Posterior liver has ____ ligament, which is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein.
Round
____ breaks down carbohydrates
Salivary amalayse
____ accessory organ of digestive system functions in secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates
Salivary glands
____ layer of digestive system consists of a single layer of squamous epithelium & functions to secrete serosae fluid which reduces friction of sliding movements of the alimentary canal and its organs
Serosa
Mucosa layer of GI tract that are not of high pressure areas are made of ____
Simple columnar
____ of the digestive tract functions in enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions
Small intestine
2 sphincters of the stomach
cardiac and pyloric
Esophagus ends at the entrance to the stomach called the ___
cardiac sphincter
___ controls the passage of food into the stomach.
cardiac sphincter
food then leaves the small intestine through the Ileocaecal valve into the ___ of the large intestine.
cecum
Root of tooth consists of ___ and root canal and periodontal ligament
cement
Oral cavity consists of:
cheek lips hard & soft palate pharynx tongue
The ____ and ____ function to hold food between the teeth during mastication
cheeks and lips
two types of teeth
deciduous and permanent
General functions of ____ system: 1. Physical digestion of breaking down food into smaller portions 2. Chemical digestion and, the absorption of smaller molecules by the enzymatic hydrolysis which occurs of the small intestine 3. Water reabsorption, which occurs mostly in the large intestine
digestive
3 parts of small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
The structures of the tooth include a crown made of ___ and interiorly of dentin, pulp cavity
enamel
___ has two layers of skeletal muscle which initiates a waive of contractions to push food through.
esophagus
____ extends from the pharynx through to the stomach and is approximately 10in
esophagus
provides passageway for food and conducts food to the stomach
esophagus
The ___ is a small green sac under the liver that stores excess bile.
gallbladder
Glucose in the liver is stored as ____
glycogen
outer curve of the stomach, located laterally
greater omentum
Pocketelike sacks on the large intestine are called ___
haustra
The hepatic vein and arteries supply the ___
liver
___ is located to the right side of the abdominal cavity, contains 4 lobes, and is suspended by the falciform ligament
liver
Functions of saliva
moisten, bind food together in a mass, and begin the digestion of starch
The ___ layer of the stomach contains gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and hydrolytic enzymes.
mucosa
____ layer of digestive alimentary canal has 3 main functions: 1.secretion of enzymes, hormones, mucus 2. Absorption of digested food 3. Protection against bacteria and digestive enzymes.
mucosa
___ layer of alimentary canal functions to move food through the alimentary tract
muscularis externa
____ layer of alimentary canal consists of a bilayer of smooth muscle; circular muscles innermost and the longitudinal muscles outer most
muscularis externa
Sigmoid colon ends at ___ that leads to the anal canal and out of the anus
rectum
From the cecum, the food travels up the ascending colon that turns into the transverse colon at the ____ under the liver
right colic flexor hepatic
4 lobes of the liver
right, left, caudate, quadrate
___ is a mixture of mucus and an serious fluid with the enzyme salivary amylase
saliva
Anus contains an external and internal sphincter. Eternal is made out of ___ muscle, where as internal is made out of smooth muscle
skeletal
____ is lined with microvilli on villi on rugae for food absorption
small intestine
The ____ rises to close off the oral cavity from the nasal and pharyngeal passages during swallowing.
soft palate
