lab final geology
conditions for the most explosive type of volcano:
high silica and high gas content
magma (rock) composition of a shield volcano:
mafic
the preferred alignment of minerals due to deformation and/or recrystallization during deformation
mineral lineation
divergent plate boundary earthquake type:
normal
sandstone (aquifer/aquitard)
not very porous or permeable, an okay aquitard
storm surges can be up to __ feet or more
20 feet
tide needs to be ___ feet or higher in order to cause flooding
7 feet
convergent plate boundaries are what type of volcano?
Composite
types of volcanic hazards associated with composite volcanos
Debris, plume, lava-flows, lahar, landslides, ash
how is the water table formed?
Formed when rain and other bodies of water seep down into the earth and stored as ground water
Thick flows of glowing red lava engulf farms and villages on the flanks of Mount Etna, a volcano in Sicily, Italy. The cold, black, rock formed when these flows are cooled enough to walk on is
Igneous Rock
types of volcanic hazards associated with shield volcanoes:
Lava flow, lava tube, fire fountain, debris
Two types of Seismic Surface Waves:
Love and Rayleigh waves
igneous rocks associated with composite volcanos:
Rhyolite Granite Obsidian Andesite Diorite
Two types of Seismic Body Waves:
S and P waves
which content has more effect on the type of volcano formed? (gas or silica)
Silica Content
the higher viscosity/silica= _____ volcano
a flatter volcano
the lower viscosity/silica=____ volcano
a flatter volcano
rocks that slide parallel to the slope indicate:
a landslide that is more likely to occur because gravity is pulling in the same direction
a naturally occurring homogeneous solid formed by geologic process with an ordered internal arrangement of atoms, ions and a composition definable by a chemical formula that must be inorganic (not produced by animals/plants)
a mineral
a rock formed from sand grains cemented together is known as:
a sedimentary rock
tidal flooding is generated from a storm surge and:
an astronomical tide
Vegetation helps to prevent landslides because it
anchors materials to the slope
the angle of the steepest slope that can hold debris pile without collapsing. This effects landslide occurrence because the material becomes close to falling due to the steep slope
angle of response
conglomerate (aquifer/aquitard)
aquifer
gravel (aquifer/aquitard)
aquifer
materials that transmit water
aquifer
limestone (aquifer/aquitard)
aquifer (dissolves in groundwater)
sand (aquifer/aquitard)
aquifer (un-cemented)
clay (aquifer/aquitard)
aquitard
materials that prevent water from infiltrating
aquitard
siltstone/shale (aquifer/aquitard)
aquitard
how many seismograph readings are needed to determine the epicenter?
at least 3
low viscosity leads to more _____ volcanos
effusive
igneous rocks associated with shield volcanos:
basalt and gabbro
why can two contour lines not cross?
because they run parallel to each other
size of grains that are too small to see and feels smooth when rubbed on your teeth
clay
steep slopes are represented by contour lines that are:
closely spaced together
grains large enough that you can see:
coarse grained
Ancient beach deposits
compact, clay-like material
minerals form foliation by:
compressing rocks into one another and forcing pressure (shearing forces)
crust type of a composite volcano:
continental
plate setting of a composite volcano
convergent
foliation occurs at what type of plate boundaries?
convergent plate boundaries
evaporate minerals will ______ when water is added to them
dissolve
the point on the surface of the earth located directly above the actual location where the earthquake occurs along a fault.
epicenter
Lines of latitude run north and south of the:
equator
magma (rock) composition of a composite volcano:
felsic-intermediate
divergent plate boundary type of volcano:
fissure
metamorphic rocks have a greater chance for landslides due to _______
foliation
transform plate boundary main physiographic feature:
fracture zones
size of grains that feel gritty and can still be seen without a microscope
gravel
water that resides under the surface of the earth.
groundwater
a meandering river indicates _____ sinuosity
high
plate setting of a shield volcano:
hot spot mantle
sand dunes protect:
inland areas from further coastal water intrusion
jetties are used to:
keep harbors clear of sediment and stop longshore drift (natural processes)
groins are used to:
keep sediment on the beach and conserve/manipulate sand to stop erosion
molten rock that has erupted onto earths surface is known as:
lava
____ dissolves easily in an acidic solution
limestone
the strength/stiffness of a soil that is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading
liquefaction
caused by waves striking the shoreline obliquely and sand grains get moves onto the shore and back towards the ocean
longshort drift
a straighter river indicates ___ sinuosity
low
Metamorphic rocks undergo tremendous heat and pressure and can eventually melt and become:
magma
low viscosity texture:
maple syrup like texture
the lower the gradient, the more ______ the river
meandering
The broad tundra plains of Northern Canada expose gray, massive rock that formed many kilometers below a mountain belt. This rock, exposed only after the overlying rock was stripped away, is
metamorphic rock
rocks contain:
minerals
magma is:
molten rock below earths surface
the most foliated metamorphic rocks are found at
mountain ranges
benoiff zone on a divergent plate boundary? (y/n)
no
benoiff zone on transform plate boundary?
no
transform plate boundary volcano:
no volcano
crust type of a shield volcano:
oceanic
age of convergent plate boundaries
old
what type of waves travel the fastest?
p waves
seawalls are built ____ to the shore
parallel
the measure of the ease in which a fluid can move through a porous rock.
permeability
groins are ____ to the shore and they stabilize beaches
perpendicular
jetties are ____ to the shore and they stabilize inlets
perpendicular
earthquakes usually occur along:
plate edges and faults
a measure of how much rock space is open
porosity
lines of longitude run east and west of the
prime meridian
a cone of depression is formed from _____
pumping water into an aquifer. It comes down from the saturated pore spaces below the water table, the water must flow downward to replace it form other parts of the aquifer
Low viscosity is:
resistance to flow
convergent plate boundary earthquake type
reverse
divergent plate boundary main physiographic feature:
ridges
Earthquakes are caused by:
rock underground suddenly breaking along a fault
foliation is when:
rocks layer
artificial fill:
rocky, loose material
the more grain is transported, the more ____ and ___ it gets
rounded and smaller
_____ is a good aquifer
sandstone
modern beach deposits
sandy, loose material
all of the pore spaces are filled with water. This is known as the ______ _______
saturated zone
three conditions required for liquefaction to occur:
saturation of groundwater, composition of sand, and loosely compacted.
____ and ____ are most likely to contribute to slope failure because they have both undergone changes in temperature and pressure, causing them to be foliated and more likely to break
schist and slate
an accumulation of loose mineral grains, such as boulders, pebbles, sand, salt, or mud is known as:
sediment
rock that forms either by cementing together of fragments, or by precipitation of minerals
sedimentary rocks
____ is a good aquitard
shale
size of grains that are too small to see without a microscope, but can still be felt as very tiny gritty grains when rubbed across your teeth
silt
_____are formed when underground cavities grow so large that there is not enough rock to support the ground above
sinkholes
an abnormal rise of water due to a storm
storm surge
the steeper the gradient, the _____ the river
straighter
transform plate boundary type of earth-quake
strike-slip
dams are used to:
suppress floods and provide water
waves that cause the most destruction because they are closest to the surface
surface waves
how did morris island lighthouse end up in the water?
the construction of jetties caused morris island to erode and left the lighthouse in the water
the point within earth where seismic waves originate
the focus
the level below which the ground is saturated with water
the water table
what is the type of waterway between the shore and morris island lighthouse?
tidal inlet
texture of high viscosity:
toothpaste like texture
convergent plate boundary main physiographic feature:
trenches
a long, high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance
tsunami
material that is removed at the bottom of a slope/cliff because of water running or by human activity
undercutting
Some pore spaces are partially filled with air some with water. this is known as the_____ _______
unsaturated zone
wando formation:
very compact, clay-like and moldable material
a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deformation under shear stress. It is commonly perceived as "thickness", or resistance to pouring. Known as:
viscosity
two features that indicate island rollover are:
wash-over fans and marsh mud
benoiff zone on a convergent plate boundary? (y/n)
yes
can igneous rock become sedimentary??
yes
age of divergent plate boundary
young