lab final geology

conditions for the most explosive type of volcano:

high silica and high gas content

magma (rock) composition of a shield volcano:

mafic

the preferred alignment of minerals due to deformation and/or recrystallization during deformation

mineral lineation

divergent plate boundary earthquake type:

normal

sandstone (aquifer/aquitard)

not very porous or permeable, an okay aquitard

storm surges can be up to __ feet or more

20 feet

tide needs to be ___ feet or higher in order to cause flooding

7 feet

convergent plate boundaries are what type of volcano?

Composite

types of volcanic hazards associated with composite volcanos

Debris, plume, lava-flows, lahar, landslides, ash

how is the water table formed?

Formed when rain and other bodies of water seep down into the earth and stored as ground water

Thick flows of glowing red lava engulf farms and villages on the flanks of Mount Etna, a volcano in Sicily, Italy. The cold, black, rock formed when these flows are cooled enough to walk on is

Igneous Rock

types of volcanic hazards associated with shield volcanoes:

Lava flow, lava tube, fire fountain, debris

Two types of Seismic Surface Waves:

Love and Rayleigh waves

igneous rocks associated with composite volcanos:

Rhyolite Granite Obsidian Andesite Diorite

Two types of Seismic Body Waves:

S and P waves

which content has more effect on the type of volcano formed? (gas or silica)

Silica Content

the higher viscosity/silica= _____ volcano

a flatter volcano

the lower viscosity/silica=____ volcano

a flatter volcano

rocks that slide parallel to the slope indicate:

a landslide that is more likely to occur because gravity is pulling in the same direction

a naturally occurring homogeneous solid formed by geologic process with an ordered internal arrangement of atoms, ions and a composition definable by a chemical formula that must be inorganic (not produced by animals/plants)

a mineral

a rock formed from sand grains cemented together is known as:

a sedimentary rock

tidal flooding is generated from a storm surge and:

an astronomical tide

Vegetation helps to prevent landslides because it

anchors materials to the slope

the angle of the steepest slope that can hold debris pile without collapsing. This effects landslide occurrence because the material becomes close to falling due to the steep slope

angle of response

conglomerate (aquifer/aquitard)

aquifer

gravel (aquifer/aquitard)

aquifer

materials that transmit water

aquifer

limestone (aquifer/aquitard)

aquifer (dissolves in groundwater)

sand (aquifer/aquitard)

aquifer (un-cemented)

clay (aquifer/aquitard)

aquitard

materials that prevent water from infiltrating

aquitard

siltstone/shale (aquifer/aquitard)

aquitard

how many seismograph readings are needed to determine the epicenter?

at least 3

low viscosity leads to more _____ volcanos

effusive

igneous rocks associated with shield volcanos:

basalt and gabbro

why can two contour lines not cross?

because they run parallel to each other

size of grains that are too small to see and feels smooth when rubbed on your teeth

clay

steep slopes are represented by contour lines that are:

closely spaced together

grains large enough that you can see:

coarse grained

Ancient beach deposits

compact, clay-like material

minerals form foliation by:

compressing rocks into one another and forcing pressure (shearing forces)

crust type of a composite volcano:

continental

plate setting of a composite volcano

convergent

foliation occurs at what type of plate boundaries?

convergent plate boundaries

evaporate minerals will ______ when water is added to them

dissolve

the point on the surface of the earth located directly above the actual location where the earthquake occurs along a fault.

epicenter

Lines of latitude run north and south of the:

equator

magma (rock) composition of a composite volcano:

felsic-intermediate

divergent plate boundary type of volcano:

fissure

metamorphic rocks have a greater chance for landslides due to _______

foliation

transform plate boundary main physiographic feature:

fracture zones

size of grains that feel gritty and can still be seen without a microscope

gravel

water that resides under the surface of the earth.

groundwater

a meandering river indicates _____ sinuosity

high

plate setting of a shield volcano:

hot spot mantle

sand dunes protect:

inland areas from further coastal water intrusion

jetties are used to:

keep harbors clear of sediment and stop longshore drift (natural processes)

groins are used to:

keep sediment on the beach and conserve/manipulate sand to stop erosion

molten rock that has erupted onto earths surface is known as:

lava

____ dissolves easily in an acidic solution

limestone

the strength/stiffness of a soil that is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading

liquefaction

caused by waves striking the shoreline obliquely and sand grains get moves onto the shore and back towards the ocean

longshort drift

a straighter river indicates ___ sinuosity

low

Metamorphic rocks undergo tremendous heat and pressure and can eventually melt and become:

magma

low viscosity texture:

maple syrup like texture

the lower the gradient, the more ______ the river

meandering

The broad tundra plains of Northern Canada expose gray, massive rock that formed many kilometers below a mountain belt. This rock, exposed only after the overlying rock was stripped away, is

metamorphic rock

rocks contain:

minerals

magma is:

molten rock below earths surface

the most foliated metamorphic rocks are found at

mountain ranges

benoiff zone on a divergent plate boundary? (y/n)

no

benoiff zone on transform plate boundary?

no

transform plate boundary volcano:

no volcano

crust type of a shield volcano:

oceanic

age of convergent plate boundaries

old

what type of waves travel the fastest?

p waves

seawalls are built ____ to the shore

parallel

the measure of the ease in which a fluid can move through a porous rock.

permeability

groins are ____ to the shore and they stabilize beaches

perpendicular

jetties are ____ to the shore and they stabilize inlets

perpendicular

earthquakes usually occur along:

plate edges and faults

a measure of how much rock space is open

porosity

lines of longitude run east and west of the

prime meridian

a cone of depression is formed from _____

pumping water into an aquifer. It comes down from the saturated pore spaces below the water table, the water must flow downward to replace it form other parts of the aquifer

Low viscosity is:

resistance to flow

convergent plate boundary earthquake type

reverse

divergent plate boundary main physiographic feature:

ridges

Earthquakes are caused by:

rock underground suddenly breaking along a fault

foliation is when:

rocks layer

artificial fill:

rocky, loose material

the more grain is transported, the more ____ and ___ it gets

rounded and smaller

_____ is a good aquifer

sandstone

modern beach deposits

sandy, loose material

all of the pore spaces are filled with water. This is known as the ______ _______

saturated zone

three conditions required for liquefaction to occur:

saturation of groundwater, composition of sand, and loosely compacted.

____ and ____ are most likely to contribute to slope failure because they have both undergone changes in temperature and pressure, causing them to be foliated and more likely to break

schist and slate

an accumulation of loose mineral grains, such as boulders, pebbles, sand, salt, or mud is known as:

sediment

rock that forms either by cementing together of fragments, or by precipitation of minerals

sedimentary rocks

____ is a good aquitard

shale

size of grains that are too small to see without a microscope, but can still be felt as very tiny gritty grains when rubbed across your teeth

silt

_____are formed when underground cavities grow so large that there is not enough rock to support the ground above

sinkholes

an abnormal rise of water due to a storm

storm surge

the steeper the gradient, the _____ the river

straighter

transform plate boundary type of earth-quake

strike-slip

dams are used to:

suppress floods and provide water

waves that cause the most destruction because they are closest to the surface

surface waves

how did morris island lighthouse end up in the water?

the construction of jetties caused morris island to erode and left the lighthouse in the water

the point within earth where seismic waves originate

the focus

the level below which the ground is saturated with water

the water table

what is the type of waterway between the shore and morris island lighthouse?

tidal inlet

texture of high viscosity:

toothpaste like texture

convergent plate boundary main physiographic feature:

trenches

a long, high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance

tsunami

material that is removed at the bottom of a slope/cliff because of water running or by human activity

undercutting

Some pore spaces are partially filled with air some with water. this is known as the_____ _______

unsaturated zone

wando formation:

very compact, clay-like and moldable material

a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deformation under shear stress. It is commonly perceived as "thickness", or resistance to pouring. Known as:

viscosity

two features that indicate island rollover are:

wash-over fans and marsh mud

benoiff zone on a convergent plate boundary? (y/n)

yes

can igneous rock become sedimentary??

yes

age of divergent plate boundary

young