Lab Quiz 1
Hypothalamic regulatory hormones
-Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) -Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) -Growth hormone releasing and inhibiting hormone (GHRH, GHIH) -Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) -Prolactin releasing and inhibiting hormone (PRH, PIH)
Parathyroid glands
Endocrine gland made up of _________________ cells which release _______________ hormone
Thyroid gland
Endocrine gland that consists of right and left lateral lobes connected by the isthmus. Contains follicles and parafollicular cells.
Pineal gland
Endocrine gland that releases melatonin and controls the sleep/wake cycles (Circadian rhythm).
Ovaries
Endocrine glands located on the interior of the body laterally from the uterus. Secretes feminine reproductive hormones.
Pancreas
Endocrine organ made of two types of cells -Aciner cells -_________ islets
Hypothalamus
Endocrine organ responsible for several regulatory hormones (releasing and inhibitory). -Contains supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.
Thymus
Endocrine organ that has lobules with an outer cortex and inner medulla. Contains corpuscles in the medullary region and secretes multiple hormones that regulate immune development. This organ atrophies with age.
Adrenal glands
Endocrine organ that is made of 3 main layers, the capsule (dense irregular CT), cortex, and medulla.
Pituitary gland
Endocrine organ with anterior and posterior halves that are made up of glandular and neural tissue respectively.
Testes
Endocrine organs located on the exterior of the body in the scrotum. Secretes male reproductive hormones.
Anterior pituitary gland
Glandular epithelial tissue that produces general and reproductive hormones: -Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; general) -Growth hormone (GH; general) -Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH; general) -Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH; reproductive) -Luteinizing hormone (LH; reproductive) -Prolactin (PRL; reproductive)
Adrenal medulla
Innermost section of the adrenal gland that is made of modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons (chromaffin cells). Secretes the catecholamine chemicals epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Zona reticularis
Lowest zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes Gonadocorticoids (Androgens)
Adrenal cortex
Middle section of the adrenal gland that is made of glandular epithelial tissue and secretes steroid hormones. This is broken into three zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
Zona fasciculata
Middle zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Posterior pituitary gland
Neural tissue consisting of the axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are produced here.
Acinar cells
Pancreatic exocrine cuboidal epithelium that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine
Infundibulum
Stalk that connects two endocrine organs. Contains the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract in the posterior portion and the hypophyseal portal system in the anterior portion.
Supraoptic nucleus
Cell bodies of neurons located in the hypothalamus that secrete Antidiuretic hormones (ADH)
Paraventricular nucleus
Cell bodies of neurons located in the hypothalamus that secrete Oxytocin
Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract
Axons of hypothalamic neurons that terminate in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Thymic hormones
Thymosin, thymopoietins, and thymulin
Parafollicular cells
Thyroid tissue made of C cells that is situated between follicles. -Produces calcitonin
Follicle
Thyroid tissue made of ______ cells (simple cuboidal epithelium) surrounding a storage space filled with colloid. The cellular lining produces T3 (triiodthyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) while the colloid produces thyroglobulin and iodine.
Hypophyseal portal system
Two capillary plexi connected by veins. This is located in the infundibulum. Made of the primary capillary plexus, hypophyseal portal veins, and secondary capillary plexus.
Zona glomerulosa
Uppermost zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
Anterior pituitary activation mechanism
When stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing or inhibiting hormones into the primary capillary plexus. Hypothalamic hormones travel through portal veins to the __________ pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit release of hormones made in the _________ pituitary. In response to releasing hormones, the _________ pituitary secretes hormones into the secondary capillary plexus. This in turn empties into the general circulation.
Posterior pituitary activation mechanism
When the hypothalamic neurons synthesize ADH or oxytocin, the hormones are transported down this and are stored in the axon terminals of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The hormones are released into the blood from here when action potentials from hypothalamic neurons reach the axon terminals.
Pancreatic islets
_____________ endocrine epithelium that consists of alpha and beta cells which secrete glucagon (alpha) and insulin (beta) into the blood stream.
