Lab Quiz 1

Hypothalamic regulatory hormones

-Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) -Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) -Growth hormone releasing and inhibiting hormone (GHRH, GHIH) -Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) -Prolactin releasing and inhibiting hormone (PRH, PIH)

Parathyroid glands

Endocrine gland made up of _________________ cells which release _______________ hormone

Thyroid gland

Endocrine gland that consists of right and left lateral lobes connected by the isthmus. Contains follicles and parafollicular cells.

Pineal gland

Endocrine gland that releases melatonin and controls the sleep/wake cycles (Circadian rhythm).

Ovaries

Endocrine glands located on the interior of the body laterally from the uterus. Secretes feminine reproductive hormones.

Pancreas

Endocrine organ made of two types of cells -Aciner cells -_________ islets

Hypothalamus

Endocrine organ responsible for several regulatory hormones (releasing and inhibitory). -Contains supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.

Thymus

Endocrine organ that has lobules with an outer cortex and inner medulla. Contains corpuscles in the medullary region and secretes multiple hormones that regulate immune development. This organ atrophies with age.

Adrenal glands

Endocrine organ that is made of 3 main layers, the capsule (dense irregular CT), cortex, and medulla.

Pituitary gland

Endocrine organ with anterior and posterior halves that are made up of glandular and neural tissue respectively.

Testes

Endocrine organs located on the exterior of the body in the scrotum. Secretes male reproductive hormones.

Anterior pituitary gland

Glandular epithelial tissue that produces general and reproductive hormones: -Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; general) -Growth hormone (GH; general) -Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH; general) -Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH; reproductive) -Luteinizing hormone (LH; reproductive) -Prolactin (PRL; reproductive)

Adrenal medulla

Innermost section of the adrenal gland that is made of modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons (chromaffin cells). Secretes the catecholamine chemicals epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Zona reticularis

Lowest zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes Gonadocorticoids (Androgens)

Adrenal cortex

Middle section of the adrenal gland that is made of glandular epithelial tissue and secretes steroid hormones. This is broken into three zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis

Zona fasciculata

Middle zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Posterior pituitary gland

Neural tissue consisting of the axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are produced here.

Acinar cells

Pancreatic exocrine cuboidal epithelium that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine

Infundibulum

Stalk that connects two endocrine organs. Contains the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract in the posterior portion and the hypophyseal portal system in the anterior portion.

Supraoptic nucleus

Cell bodies of neurons located in the hypothalamus that secrete Antidiuretic hormones (ADH)

Paraventricular nucleus

Cell bodies of neurons located in the hypothalamus that secrete Oxytocin

Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract

Axons of hypothalamic neurons that terminate in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Thymic hormones

Thymosin, thymopoietins, and thymulin

Parafollicular cells

Thyroid tissue made of C cells that is situated between follicles. -Produces calcitonin

Follicle

Thyroid tissue made of ______ cells (simple cuboidal epithelium) surrounding a storage space filled with colloid. The cellular lining produces T3 (triiodthyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) while the colloid produces thyroglobulin and iodine.

Hypophyseal portal system

Two capillary plexi connected by veins. This is located in the infundibulum. Made of the primary capillary plexus, hypophyseal portal veins, and secondary capillary plexus.

Zona glomerulosa

Uppermost zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

Anterior pituitary activation mechanism

When stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing or inhibiting hormones into the primary capillary plexus. Hypothalamic hormones travel through portal veins to the __________ pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit release of hormones made in the _________ pituitary. In response to releasing hormones, the _________ pituitary secretes hormones into the secondary capillary plexus. This in turn empties into the general circulation.

Posterior pituitary activation mechanism

When the hypothalamic neurons synthesize ADH or oxytocin, the hormones are transported down this and are stored in the axon terminals of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The hormones are released into the blood from here when action potentials from hypothalamic neurons reach the axon terminals.

Pancreatic islets

_____________ endocrine epithelium that consists of alpha and beta cells which secrete glucagon (alpha) and insulin (beta) into the blood stream.