Lab Quiz C8
2nd stage CFS?
1 or both crayfish display "meral spread"
How can hypothesis be measured with more than 1 OD of DV?
1) # of times child leaves chair 2) # of times child's head moves 3) # of times child speaks out of turn
How could we test the hypothesis that eating chocolate makes children hyperactive?
1) More than 2 levels of IV 2) More than 1 OD of DV 3) More than 1 conceptual IV 4) More than 1 conceptual DV
How does the loser retreat?
1) Tailflip- propel away from crayfish 2) back up/walk away w/ chelae extended straight out in front of it, closed claws, tail extended, body low, close to substrate
What kind of experiment would this systematic manipulation of C be?
2 or .3 way
What do two or more ODs of a DV lead to?
2x the amount of predictions
What is replicability?
All relevant details to allow other researchers to replicate study should be presented
More than 2 levels of IV
Amount of chocolate (12 oz, 24 oz, 48 oz)- compare hyperactivity among time groups
What might we suspect?
Another variable (C) will influence whether or not we can observe a cause and effect relationship between A and B
What do high levels of OA do?
Block aggressive posturing in crayfish that are losing
How do you hold a crayfish?
Body parallel with thumb, hand behind it, don't squeeze too hard
What is inflated error rate?
Chances of erroneously rejecting null hypothesis because of a greater amount of predictions
How do crayfish covey social status?
Chemical cues (urine), visual cues (threatening displays)
What could we find out w/ more than 1 OD of DV?
Chocolate affects ability to sit still, but will not affect speaking out of turn
What does the intro establish?
Connectivity of ideas to current understanding of topic and to broader context from which hypothesis is derived
What are the 4 guiding principles of scientific reporting?
Connectivity, replicability, integrity, convergence
What is established in the discussion?
Convergence
What is the problem with adding predictions?
Each prediction we make increases chance/probability that at least 1 will occur, just by chance
What did we test?
Either IV alone, ignoring manipulation of IV
What experiment will we be doing?
Examining social and biological systems that regulate threatening displays , to what extent hormonal changes during fighting might influence aggressive postures, do crayfish hormones influence their aggressive postures, and does that depend on their social experiences?
What is exercise in this experiment?
Extraneous variable that we don't need to test for
FIG 1
FIG 1
3rd stage CFS?
Face each other and jab with chelae
What is the purpose of basic research?
Finding out why animals do what they do/why certain behaviors evolve, understand more about a particular subject
What does the winner do?
Flexed posture, stands on tips of legs and tail is stretched out w/ tip bent at 90 degree angle, holding abdomen up off substrate
What do we do once the crayfish have fought for long enough for there to be a winner and loser?
Half of the dominant and half of the submissive are treated with octopamine, and the other half w saline
Benefit of basic research?
Helps find applications not forseen by researchers
What does the adding rule not apply to?
Hypothesis testing
More than one conceptual DV
Hypothesis: chocolate affects hyperactivity and mood Chocolate makes people happier and more active
What is the OD of OA?
Injection of OA blocker and injection of vehicle (same soln, no OA blocker)
What can combining IVs give?
Insight into how IVs might interact
What is established in the results section?
Integrity
What is this prediction an example of?
Interaction effect
What is the prediction?
Interaction effect between OA blocker, injection and social status, such that blocking OA will increase aggression RUT in submissive, but not dominant crayfish
What did overall results support?
Interaction hypothesis that OA injections significantly decreased aggressive responses to touch in dominant crayfish, but not affect aggressive responses in submissive crayfish
4th stage CFS?
Interlock chelae, males flip other onto its back
What is the problem with thinking psych is just common sense?
It is usually whatever sense best fits a situation in hindsight, rarely able to predict will happen in a new situation
Two way design
Manipulate 2 IVs in the same experiment
What do we do after treating the crayfish?
Measure aggressive posture the second time to see how it changed as a result of various combos of social experiments (defined by winning / losing fights) and OA levels (defined by injections w/ or w/o OA)
What do OA levels do?
Naturally change w/ social experience, decreasing as crayfish become dominant and increasing as they become submissive
What do we need in order to hypothesize that 2 IVs interact?
Need two-way design
Interaction effect
Occurs if results w exercising patients vary significantly from non exercising
What is the first stage of the crayfish fighting stages?
One crayfish approaches another to begin an interaction
What are pairwise comparisons?
Pairing off each of our conditions and testing to see whether there are differences between them, and to see which of these differences are significant
What does the method section include?
Participants, materials, procedure
What is the artificiality problem?
People think psych discoveries are not real bc they are studied in labs and in contained conditions
What is the "I Am Not a Rat Problem?"
People think that psych findings don't apply to them if they are done on animals
Benefits of applied research?
Provides better understanding of natural world
What is meral spread?
Raise chelae, spread chelae open, open claws
What does the method section establish?
Replicability
What is applied research?
Research designed to provide info that can be directly applied to specific problems
How was the DV measured?
Response to Unexpected Touch (RUT)
What is convergence?
Revisiting hypothesis in full consideration of evidence, bring together current evidence with evidence from varied sources
What can a single hypothesis lead to?
Several predictions
What is predicted?
Significantly greater effect of OA on dominant crayfish than subordinate
What are the IVs?
Social status and OA levels
What is the hypothesis in this experiment?
Social status and OA levels interact to affect aggressive threat displays in crayfish
What cannot be taken as scientific evidence in the results section?
Statistical analysis performed after data were seen
What do we compare in this experiment?
Statistically compare 200 participants who got Drug X (groups A+B) to 200 participants who did not (C+D)
What should be included in the intro?
Suggestion that the author has good reasons for research
Interaction hypothesis example
Test idea that affect of Drug X is significantly stronger in people who exercise than in people who don't
What is overall comparison?
Tests whether there are any differences at all among multiple groups, simultaneously
The proportion of exercise to non exercise is the same for...
Those taking Drug X as not
How can we test if C will influence?
Through systematic manipulation of C so that we manipulate A and C, keeping B constant, creating more than one IV
What is integrity?
Truth, being unimpaired/uncompromised
What happens if OC is significant?
We can make pairwise comparisons
More than 1 conceptual IV
Young kids more affected by chocolate than eighth graders (age is a quasi experimental variable)
What is the DV?
aggression
What do we measure?
aggressive postures in pairs of crayfish, and then let them fight
What is the operational definition of social status?
dominant and submissive
What was manipulated in Fig 1?
drug and level of exercise
Whether or not a cause (A) affects something else (B) can depend on
other factors
What is main effect?
testing either IV alone, ignoring manipulation of IV
Interaction hypothesis
testing the same hypothesis (that drug x decreases cholesterol) twice, simultaneously, under 2 different conditions (1 w exercising patients and one w non exercising)
