*Lab.03 BIO.141: Joints in the Human Body

Synovial joints are characterized by:

- Presence of an articular capsule between the two joined bones. - Protective coating of articular cartilage. - Often supported and reinforced by surrounding ligaments, which limit movement to prevent injury.

There are six types of synovial joints:

1. Gliding joints 2. Hinge joints 3. Pivot joint 4. Condyloid joint 5. Saddle joint 6. Ball-and-socket joint:

Type of Joint Function & Examples; Distal joint between the tibia and the fibula and the pubic symphysis:

Amphiarthrosis - range of joint motion: little movement

Joints that unite bones with cartilage:

Cartilage joints There are two types of cartilaginous joints: Synchrondosis and Symphysis.

These joints allow for circular motion, flexion, and extension:

Condyloid joint: The wrist joint between the radius and the carpal bones is an example of a condyloid joint.

Between the articulations of fibrous joints is thick connective tissue, which is why most (but not all) are:

Fibrous Joints: immovable or synarthroses. There are three types: Sutures Gomphoses Syndesmosis

Joints Can Be Grouped By Their Structure into three categories;

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial Joints

These joints move against each other on a single plane:

Gliding joints: Major gliding joints include the intervertebral joints and the bones of the wrists and ankles.

The fibrous articulations between the teeth and the mandible or maxilla are called:

Gomphoses: Which are immovable joints

These joints move on just one axis:

Hinge joints: These joints allow for flexion and extension. Major hinge joints include the elbow and finger joints.

Skull sutures, the articulations between the teeth and the mandible, and the joint found between the first pair of ribs and the sternum are: (Joints Can Be Grouped By Their Function into Three Ranges of Motion)

Immovable joints are called Synarthroses

Joints in the human skeleton can be grouped by function; range of motion, and by structure; material. Here are some joints and their categorizations:

Joint & Range of Motion and Material: 1. Sutures - Immovable fibrous joints 2. Knee - Full movement synovial capsule hinge joint 3. Vertebrae - Some movement cartilaginous joint

Many bone articulations in the upper and lower limbs. Examples of these include the elbow, shoulder, and ankle: (Joints Can Be Grouped By Their Function into Three Ranges of Motion)

Joints allowing full movement are called Diarthroses

Distal joint between the tibia and the fibula and the pubic symphisis of the pelvic girdle are: (Joints Can Be Grouped By Their Function into Three Ranges of Motion)

Joints only allowing a slight movement are called Amphiarthroses

Describe the difference between the anatomical classification of joints and the functional classification of joints.

The anatomical classification is based upon how the articulating bones are joined to each other and the functional classification is based upon the amount of movement that occurs between the articulating bones. The anatomical configuration of a joint directly affects the degree of mobility occurring at that joint.

These joints are a freely moving joint that can rotate on any axis.

The ball-and-socket joint: The hip and shoulder joints are examples of ball and socket joints.

Type of Joint Function & Examples; Elbow, shoulder, ankle:

Diarthrosis - range of joint motion full movement

This joint provides rotation:

Pivot joint: At the top of the spine, the atlas and axis form a pivot joint that allows for rotation of the head.

These joints allow for flexion, extension, and other movements, but no rotation:

Saddle joint: In the hand, the thumb's saddle joint (between the first metacarpal and the trapezium) lets the thumb cross over the palm, making it opposable.

The fibrous nonmoving joints that connect the bones of the skull:

Sutures: These joints have serrated edges that lock together with fibers of connective tissue.

Example: the hip bones, connected by the pubic symphysis, and the vertebrae, connected by intervertebral discs:

Symphysis - some movement - consists of a compressable fibrocartilaginous pad that connects two bones

Type of Joint Function & Examples; Skull Sutures, articulations of bony sockets and teeth in facial skeleton:

Synarthrosis - range of joint motion: no movement

Example: the joint between the first pair of ribs and the sternum:

Synchrondosis - immovable - cartilaginous joint

A fibrous joint in which a ligament connects two bones, allowing for a little movement (amphiarthroses).

Syndesmosis: The distal joint between the tibia and fibula