lacrimal gland

ducts in the palpebral acessory lacrimal gland merge with other ducts the cliber increases and emerge on the conjunctival surface with incidence of _______

.100mm2

the actions of secretogogues appear mediated through 3 pathways which are......

1) cAMP by b adrenergic & vipergic 2) diacyl glyceroldependent pathway- alpha 1 adrengeric 3) ca calmodulin diacylglyercol pathway activated by cholingernic

lacrimal gland blood supply from arterial side is by 2 artieries ___ and____ & one vien ______

1. lacrimal artery 2. internal maxillary artery 3. lacrimal vien

what are the two routes in which lacrimal glands can be reached

1. retro orbital plexus 2. directly to the lacrimal galdn via rami lacrimales without mixing with the retrooribal plexus

lacrimal gland develops near the ____ month of pregnancy but it is not functional till ___ weeks after birth

3rd month (feb for j sis) two weeks! then baby can cry sometimes it starts at two months

parasympathetic system in lacrimal gland pathway starts at pons--- to ____ cn to ____ parasympathetic fibers for the lacrimal gland are located where? parasympathetic fibers are responsible fore secretion and are the main contributor to______

7 (facial) pterygopalatine INSIDE THE ACINUS tear film

approximately ______ % of tears are normally drained through the lacrimal system while ___ percent _____

70-80% 25% evaporate

there is no __________ branch between the zygomatic nerve and _______ nerve as the old pathway suggested

ANASTAMOSING LACRIMAL NERVE

the final tear fluidis formed as a mizture of ___ rich cluid secreted by the main ___ cels and KCL rich fluid how is the secretory function of acinar cells is regulated by________ which is innervated by neurotransmitters such as ___

NA CL acinar autonmoic secretomotor innervation acetycholine and VIP, nonprinphrine, NPY

recent discovery is ___ plays a role in modulation of tear production

NO

does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system change tear secretion?

NO it doesnt therefore if the superior cervical ganglion is destroyed secretion of the gland is unaffected

innervating structures (3) ABi where are nerve fibers found? where are nerve terminals found?

acinus blood vessels interstitium 1) nerve fibers are found in blood vessels and interstitium 2) nerve terminals are found in all three areas

acini are surrounded by loose ____ fibers, a capillary network, lymphatics, and rich vascular and____ supply

collagen nerve

fornix accessory lacrimal gland of krause is located in the __________ this gland is functionally and structrually similiar to the _____ gland

conjuctival fornix lacrimal gland

ampulla ____ causes contraction of ampulla which drives tears to the lacrimal sac

connects the horizontal and vertical compnents of the canaliculus. blinking

nasolacrimal duct is a _____ continuation of the lacrimal sac to the ________ of the nose

downward inferior meatus

the innervated structure, acinus has __ nerve terminals found next to ___ secreting cells. which are electron dense with ___ staining.

facial serous dark

There are two levels of secretion that parasympathetic controls, what are they? and what was recently found that changes tear secretion?

first order second order Nitric oxide

the lacrima gland is located in the____ for the lacrimal gland in the ___ bone and is divided into two portions ___ and ___ portion b the aponeurosis of the levator muscle. functionally it is ___ gland

fossa frontal orbital and palpebral one

caruncle

found nasal to the plica semilunaris this is glandular tissue covered in hair and contained sweat gland it is a round looking thin

what are the 3 forces that remove tears 1.______ which is 4x more likely in lower punctum 2.______ 3.______

gravity capillary attraction blinking

lacrimal sac what part of canaliculus is invovled where is lacrimal sac located

horizontal canaliculus leads from ampulla to lacrimal sac lacrimal sac is located at the fossa for lacrimal sac in the medial wall of orbit

punctum

is the opening where the tears drian into the lacrimal sac. there is a superior and inferior punctum

the lacrimal system consists of the _____ gland, the accessory____ and a ____ system

lacrima lacrimal glands drainage system from eyelid to nose

what is sjogrens syndrome

lacrimal gland dysfunction may indicate dry eye that can loose corneal transparency. could be caused by atrophy of lacrimal gland or neurological problem

there are no nerve terminals located in ___ cells because they are ___ innervated

myoepithelial cells directly

along the secretory cells are contractile cells called____ which are activated during ____ lacrimal activity

myoepthelial cells high

there are two levels of tear secretions 1. is ___ order secretion during normal activies 2. is ___ order secretion during____

normal high reflex tearing and crying

the tear is made up of 4 things NGGI

nutrients growth factors glycoprotiens immunoglobins

nasal sinuses are ___ from the nasal cavities

outgrowths

the orbital portion of lacrimal gland is superior larger portion and drains into ___ via ___ ducts

palpebral portion 12 main ducts

the nervous the nervous supply is innervated by parasympathetic- P sympathetic-S CN5 -neural nirtric oxide recently it showed that ___ identified in cell s in the pterygopalatine may play a role in modulation of tear production

parasympathetic:pterygoid palatine sympathetic: superiorcervical ganglion Nitric oxide

varying pathways to lacrimal gland but hte "revised pathway" by _____ has a scientific basis and is considered VALID this pathway says: the ____ fibers are delivered to the _____ in the rami lacrimales which enter through the _____ the rami lacrimales affect the galnd by innervating the _____

ruskell 1971 secretomotor lacrimal gland inferior orbital fissue acinus

the papebral accessory lacrima gland of wolfring is located in the ____ of the eylid and is structurally and ___ similiar to the lacrimal gland its secretion is ____ which forms the middle portion of the ____ tears. recent research with rabbits show extensive network in lid tarsal and orbital portions not in ______ the acini here ar located in the ___-

tarsal plate, lacrimal gland serous trilaminar tears marginal region subeithelial areolar stroma

where is the tear drainage apparatus located

the medial canthus

canaliculus what are the components what component lead to the ampulla the horizontal and vertical canalicul meet form the ____ in about __- percent of people they are two seperate glands

the tear passages from the puncta that have a vertical and horizontal components. the vertical part way to remember***VP ( vertical to puctum) Horizontal to HALs. like cough drop (horizotal to ampulla to lacrima) common canalicus 10%

what is the plica semilunaris

this is the human remnant of the third eyelid found in some animals it has sebaceous and sweat glands and located in media canthus

the lacrima glan with a acini with a central lumen leading to ____ which lead to ____ and empty into____

tuberacemose gland tubes intermediate ducts superior fornix