Adult Dev exam 2
What is the quantitative genetic theory?
"Aging genes" that "turn on"
What are age-related differences in health and disease?
- Acute vs. chronic illnesses - Self-rated health - Disability - Mortality rates - Causes of death: Rankings by age
What are examples of acute illnesses or conditions?
- Asthma attack - Cold
What are the top 2 causes of death for people 45-64 years old?
- Cancer - Heart disease
What are examples of chronic illnesses or conditions?
- Cancer - Heart disease - Diabetes
What changes in the body can disturb sleep during late adulthood?
- Changes in the bladder can cause frequent urination - Menopausal symptoms - Periodic leg movements (nocturnal myoclonus)
What is the error and repair theory?
- Changes to RNA/DNA: Miscoding, translation errors, chemical reactions, irradiation, and replications of errors - Changes the code sequences of RNA - DNA loses its ability to repair itself (repair) - Error catastrophe theory
What are the two forms of Age related macular degeneration (ARMD)?
- Dry form: People develop yellow deposits under retina (Most common) - Wet Form: Blood vessels in retina leak blood or fluid (Progresses rapidly causing sudden loss of central vision)
What is free radical theory or oxidative damage?
- Due to oxygen metabolites with unpaired electron + Antioxidants: Inhibit formation of free radicals
What are the three principles governing the dynamics between biology and culture across the lifespan?
- Evolutionary Selection benefits decrease with age: No evolutionary benefit for genes for good health in old age - Need for culture increases with age: Culture helps us compensate for age-related losses, and we rely on these supports more as we age - Efficacy of culture decreases with age: At a certain point, these supports can only help us so much
What are the theories of primary aging?
- Evolutionary aging - Programmed aging - Random Error
What are the "programmed aging theories"?
- Hayflick limit/replicative senescence theory + Telomeres: Lengths of repeating DNA on chromosomes(time keepers)
What are the top 2 causes of death for people 65 and older?
- Heart disease - Cancer
Age related changes to pain
- Increase in lower back pain in older adults - Pain can interfere with cognitive function (ex. focusing too much on pain can keep you distracted from other things) - Depression, stress and lack of sleep can add to risk of pain in older adults
Age related changes to speed in terms of intelligence
- Older adults are able to reach solutions at a much faster pase than younger adults, however they might reach a conclusion too fast in areas they are not familiar with skipping alternative possibilities - Fail to see alternatives
What is the wear-and-tear theory?
- People are like machines - "wear out" with use
What is the cross-linking theory?
- Proteins form cross-linkages within and between protein molecules - Body tissues become less elastic & less efficient with age
What are the theories of programmed aging?
- Quantitative genetic theory - Rate of living theories - Caloric Restriction theory
What are examples of a decline in regulatory function during the rate of living theories?
- Regulation of hormones (including growth hormone, thyroid hormones, melatonin) - Homeostatic processes: Blood sugar, temperature, & water, salt & acid levels
What are changes in sleep during late adulthood?
- Rise in Stage 1 of sleep - Large decrease in both stage 4 and REM sleep - Shifts in Circadian Rhythm (Adult have an earlier cycle than young adults)
What are the top 2 causes of death for people 25-44 years old?
- Unintentional injuries/accidents - Heart disease
what is the "Full scale index" of WAIS?
- Verbal comprehension - Perceptual Reasoning - Working Memory - Processing Speed
What are the random error theories?
- Wear-and-tear theory - Free radical theory/oxidative damage - Errors and repair theory - Cross-linking theory
Cataracts
- clouding or opacity of the lens - Higher rates in white and lower rates in Hispanics - Most appear white but some can appear yellow or brown - Cause: Unknown - Affected by: Obesity, high blood pressure, high glucose levels and excess blood lipids - Impaired vision in both Low and bright lights - Person can have difficulty performing everyday tasks Treatment: Cataracts surgery (1 hour or less)
What is the error catastrophe theory?
- cumulative errors in the pathway from DNA to the formation of proteins (errors)
presbyopia
- farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age. - Loses ability to focus on objects close to viewer - normal part of aging - no cure - need reading glasses
What is the rate of living theories?
-Neuroendocrine and metabolic system - Decline in regulatory function
What are forms of cancer treatment?
1. Radiation 2. Surgery 3. Chemotherapy 4. Drug therapy
What are risk factors of heart disease?
1. genetics 2. smoking 3. lack of exercise 4. fatty diet 5. high cholesterol
What is metabolic syndrome?
A cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
Osteoporosis
A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. bone density reaches the point that is more than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean of young white non-Hispanic women - Can be caused by an increase in alcohol consumption and history of smoking
cardiovascular disease
A general term for all diseases of the heart and arteries
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. - decreases across adulthood
Existence of "G" or general factor
Ability to infer and apply relationships on the basis of experience
Semantic memory
Ability to recall word meanings and factual information - Remains the same during aging
____________ is the number of years at a given age that one can expect to remain an active participant in society. a. Maximum potential lifespan b. Engagement longevity c. Active life expectancy d. Activity half-life
Active Life expectancy
Which of the following concepts is most related to quality of life issues? a. Maximum potential lifespan b. Active life expectancy c. Life expectancy d. Primary aging
Active life expectancy
In Schaie's longitudinal study, which group performed the best on intelligence tests across the 14-year period? a. Average b. Advantaged c. Spectators d. Isolated older women
Advantaged
What is elastase?
An enzyme in the lungs that is a consequence of infection It breaks down the protein elastin which contributes to the elasticity of the alveoli In normal conditions alpha 1 antitrypsin (A1AT) prevents elastase activity after infection If elastin is broke. Down it will eventually lead to elastase-induced emphysema
Cerebrovascular accident(Stroke)
Artery leading to the brain bursts or is clogged - Transient Ischemic attack(Mini stroke): Temporary
What is sensory presbycusis?
As we get older, the hair cells and cochlea/ sensory organs become less sensitive in the hearing process. Caused by: chronic noise exposure like loud music
Coronary(Ischemic)heart disease
Caused by atherosclerosis which blocks the blood supply to the heart muscle
What is the hayflick limit/replicative senescence theory?
Cells stop dividing, related to longevity
What sensory system does the sense of smell and taste belong to?
Chemo-sensation
vertigo
Condition of dizziness, "room spinning" while body is at rest
The ____________ theory of aging maintains that tissues in the body become less elastic with increased age because of the abundant formation of bonds within or between protein molecules. a. Metabolic theory b. Cross-linking theory c. Error catastrophe theory d. Free radical theory
Cross-linking theory
__________ intelligence consists of the set of skills and bits of knowledge that we each learn as part of growing up in any given culture. a. Practical b. Heuristic c. Fluid d. Crystallized
Crystallized
How does aging affect the digestive system?
Decrease in saliva production Processing of food is less efficient loss of mobility of lower jaw Changes in esophagus: decrease in contraction and expanding as food moves down decrease in gastric juice secretion in stomach which means food takes longer to digest
Which of the following is an accurate statement about memory in older persons? a. They ain't got none! b. Their memory problems have tended to be underestimated. c. Drugs and alcohol have been tied to memory problems in later life. d. Older adults tend to notice memory problems only when they are extreme and pervasive. e. They report fewer memory problems than do younger adults.
Drugs and alcohol have been tied to memory problems in later life.
What abilities decline in terms of memory:
Episodic memory Retrieval Failure Prospective
According to lecture, the free radical theory of aging would be classified as a(n): a. error theory. b. evolutionary theory. c. programmed/deterministic theory. d. metabolic theory.
Error theory
Digestive system
Extracts nutrients from food and eliminates waste
Atherosclerosis
Fat deposits collect at a very high rate in the arteries, substantially reducing their width limiting blood flow
Posterior Anterior Shift with Aging(PASA) model
Frontal part of brain becomes more responsive to make up for low activity of posterior portion of the brain
What is the most effective exercise to correct balance in older adults?
Functional training of core muscles involved in posture and balance
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Gardner's intelligence theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence (Naturalistic, interpersonal-knowledge about others, intrapersonal-knowledge about self, musical, bodily, or athleticism)(Logical/math, verbal/visual/spatial)
What is the number one killer in the United states?
Heart Disease
What five risk factors characterize metabolic syndrome?
High blood sugar High blood pressure Low HDL(Good cholesterol) High LDL(Bad cholesterol) Excess fat around waist High triglycerides
What factors can affect the senses of smell and taste?
History of smoking Sinus problems Certain medications chronic disease Dentures can interfere with taste Impairment in cognitive function can affect loss of smell
What regulates the secretion of hormones in the body produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
Dysthermia - hypothermia vs hyperthermia
Hypothermia: feelings of excessive low body temp. Hyperthermia: feelings of an excessive increase in body temp.
What is secondary aging?
Individual and group differences, health habits & disease prevention
Long Term memory
Information held for a period of time that can go from several minutes to a lifetime Process: - Encoding: how info gets into memory - Storage: how info is stored - Retrieval: how info gets back out
The handling of an individual's personal finances is an ability included in which measure? a. Daily Functioning Score b. Health Prevention Rating c. Subjective Fitness Assessment d. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Instrumental activities of Daily living
Fluid crystallized theory
Intelligence should be divided into 2 distinct factors
Working memory
Keeps information temporarily available and active in consciousness - Used when learning new info
What is the endocryne system
Large and varying set of glands that regulate the actions of the body's organ systems - Hormones
fear of falling (FOF)
Lasting concern about falling that can lead to an individual avoiding activities that he/she remains capable of performing - Older adults continuously restrict their movement
Implicit memory
Long term memory for info that people acquire without intending to do so - Remains the same during aging
Age related change to touch
Loss of touch is more prevalent in men than women
What is the evolutionary aging theory?
Natural selection favors genes for good health only through early adulthood
What are age related changes to the olfactory receptors?
Olfactory epithelium shrinks with age increase in middle aged adults environmental factors like smoke or natural gas may not be perceived by 70+ year olds
According to SOC theory, which of the following processes is involved in studying hard for an exam—allocating sufficient time, using memory strategies, etc.? a. Selection b. Optimization c. Channelization d. Compensation
Optimization
What is the theory of optimization?
Optimize whole system, not each subsystem - investment of resources and effort to reach the goal or solve the task (training, acquiring knowledge or competencies)
What is the neuronal fallout model?
People progressively lose brain tissue over their life because neurons do not have ability to replace themselves when they die.
Reminiscence bump
Period of clear memories from ages of 10-30 years old
What can cause cancer?
Persons genetic inheritance plus: - Physical carcinogens - Chemical Carcinogens - Biological carcinogens - BMI: being overweight - Smoking - Eating specific foods(Foods that are dried, smoked, preserved in salt, etc.)
Diastolic
Pressure when blood is relaxed between beats
Catell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence
Proposes a 3 tier structure to intelligence characterized with "G" - Motor - Perception - Controlled Attention - Knowledge
Compensation Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis model (CRUNCH)
Proposes that demands of cognitively challenging tasks cause an overall excitation of neural activity in older adults - Uses both the HAROLD and CRUNCH models
Procedural memory
Recall of actions involving tasks like sowing
What abilities remain in terms of memory
Semantic Flashbulb Implicit Procedural
What is the stroke belt?
Strokes are most likely to occur in these locations(8-12 states in the Southeastern US)
Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD) model
The brain of older adults becomes activated in the opposite hemisphere when the original areas suffer deficits
Seattle Longitudinal Study
The first cross-sequential study of adult intelligence. This study began in 1956; the most recent testing was conducted in 2005. Consisted of 500 adults divided into 10 five year cohorts - Used PMAT Vocab showed least amount of change - held study until 1974 Earliest drops in intelligence involve numbers
What is the caloric restriction theory?
The key to prolonging life is to restrict the total number of calories that individuals consume
What is the theory of selection?
There are two types of selection: Loss-based selection(Involuntary abandonment of goals or tasks) Elective selection(voluntary selection or prioritizing of tasks or goals based on personal motives and preferences)
What is the somatosensory system?
Translates information about touch, temp and position to your nervous system which helps you move around your environment
Adults 65+ classify themselves as morning people while younger adults classify themselves as evening people. T or F
True
Diabetes
Unable to metabolize glucose
What is the theory of compensation?
Use of alternative means or external resources to reach the goal or solve the task
Instrumental activities of daily living(IADL)
Use of telephone, go shopping, handle finances, prepare meals, do laundry, use private or public transportation
Which of the following memory types does NOT belong with the others? a. Long-term memory b. Episodic memory c. Semantic memory d. Working memory
Working memory
Default Network
a circuit in the brain that is active when the brain is at rest while processing internal stimuli - During tasks that involve working memory for example, the "D.N" becomes inactive - Needs to be OFF when learning new info
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease(COPD)
a disease that results in a gradual loss of lung function
Glaucoma
a group of eye diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eyeball, that causes destruction of neurons leading from the retina to the optic nerve - Most common is gradual and painless Problems: Loss of peripheral vision and overtime complete blindness - 3rd most common cause of blindness
sleep anea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
tinnitus
a symptom characterized by hearing noise, such as ringing or buzzing, for which there is no external source - No cure - Causes: Temporarily associated with use of : Aspirin, antibiotics and Anti-inflammatory meds, Trauma to the skull
presbycusis
age related hearing loss due to degenerative changes in the cochlea or auditory nerve leading from the cochlea to the brain - Most common cause of hearing loss Caused by: Can be caused by metabolic changes that affect the tissue in the wall of the cochlea leading to less amplification of sound
activities of daily living (ADLs)
basic self-care tasks such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, and dressing
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
damage to the photoreceptors in the central region of the retina known as the macula (used for reading and other visually demanding activities) - more prevalent in older adults - 4th most common form of blindness
What is immune senescence?
decline of the immune system with aging
Adult Onset Diabetes (Type 2)
develops over time, gradually reducing the individual's ability to convert dietary glucose to a form that can be used by the body's cells Preventive measures: Frequent testing, change in diet and exercising
What is primary aging?
gradual, shared, inevitable set of age-related changes
Hypertension
high blood pressure 140/90
Executive Functioning
higher-order cognitive skills needed to make decisions, plan, and allocate mental resources to a task - working memory
Osteoarthritis
inflammation of the bone and joint - iaffects the joints in th ehips, knees, neck and lower back - most common in older adults - No cure Treatment: NSAIDS, Injection of synthetic material into joint, exercise
Episodic memory
long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place - Older adults struggle with encoding and retrieval
Systolic
measurement of blood pressure when blood is pushed out
What triggers smell or taste?
molecules released by certain substances that stimulate the nose, mouth or throat
Scaffolding theory
older adults are able to recruit alternate neural circuits as needed by task demands to make up for losses suffered elsewhere in the brain
Proprioception
our sense of body position when you are standing still ex. helps tell you when you are at the top of the stairs
Arthritis
painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints.
Plasticity Model of aging
proposes that neurons which remain alive are able to take over functions of those that died.
What is tertiary aging?
rapid loss of functions at the end of life
Prospective memory
recall of events to be performed in the future
Flashbulb memory
recall of important and distinctive events that stand out from other memories of past events
Autobiographical memory
recall of info from own past
Remote memory
recall of information from the distant past
What is Baltes's definition of successful aging?
relative maximization of gains and minimization of losses
What are olfactory receptors?
specialized nerve cells in the nose that transmit odors to the olfactory nerve - responsible for smell
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
Crystallized intelligence
the acquisition of specific skills and information that people gain as the result of their exposure to the language, knowledge, and conventions of their culture - stronger relationship to lifestyle
Fluid reasoning
the individual's innate ability to carry out higher-level cognitive operations
kinesthesis
the sense of movement and body position ex. Helps you tell that you are going down the stairs
arteriosclerosis
the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring typically in old age. - Everyone experiences some form of this as part of normal aging
