Adult Dev exam 2

What is the quantitative genetic theory?

"Aging genes" that "turn on"

What are age-related differences in health and disease?

- Acute vs. chronic illnesses - Self-rated health - Disability - Mortality rates - Causes of death: Rankings by age

What are examples of acute illnesses or conditions?

- Asthma attack - Cold

What are the top 2 causes of death for people 45-64 years old?

- Cancer - Heart disease

What are examples of chronic illnesses or conditions?

- Cancer - Heart disease - Diabetes

What changes in the body can disturb sleep during late adulthood?

- Changes in the bladder can cause frequent urination - Menopausal symptoms - Periodic leg movements (nocturnal myoclonus)

What is the error and repair theory?

- Changes to RNA/DNA: Miscoding, translation errors, chemical reactions, irradiation, and replications of errors - Changes the code sequences of RNA - DNA loses its ability to repair itself (repair) - Error catastrophe theory

What are the two forms of Age related macular degeneration (ARMD)?

- Dry form: People develop yellow deposits under retina (Most common) - Wet Form: Blood vessels in retina leak blood or fluid (Progresses rapidly causing sudden loss of central vision)

What is free radical theory or oxidative damage?

- Due to oxygen metabolites with unpaired electron + Antioxidants: Inhibit formation of free radicals

What are the three principles governing the dynamics between biology and culture across the lifespan?

- Evolutionary Selection benefits decrease with age: No evolutionary benefit for genes for good health in old age - Need for culture increases with age: Culture helps us compensate for age-related losses, and we rely on these supports more as we age - Efficacy of culture decreases with age: At a certain point, these supports can only help us so much

What are the theories of primary aging?

- Evolutionary aging - Programmed aging - Random Error

What are the "programmed aging theories"?

- Hayflick limit/replicative senescence theory + Telomeres: Lengths of repeating DNA on chromosomes(time keepers)

What are the top 2 causes of death for people 65 and older?

- Heart disease - Cancer

Age related changes to pain

- Increase in lower back pain in older adults - Pain can interfere with cognitive function (ex. focusing too much on pain can keep you distracted from other things) - Depression, stress and lack of sleep can add to risk of pain in older adults

Age related changes to speed in terms of intelligence

- Older adults are able to reach solutions at a much faster pase than younger adults, however they might reach a conclusion too fast in areas they are not familiar with skipping alternative possibilities - Fail to see alternatives

What is the wear-and-tear theory?

- People are like machines - "wear out" with use

What is the cross-linking theory?

- Proteins form cross-linkages within and between protein molecules - Body tissues become less elastic & less efficient with age

What are the theories of programmed aging?

- Quantitative genetic theory - Rate of living theories - Caloric Restriction theory

What are examples of a decline in regulatory function during the rate of living theories?

- Regulation of hormones (including growth hormone, thyroid hormones, melatonin) - Homeostatic processes: Blood sugar, temperature, & water, salt & acid levels

What are changes in sleep during late adulthood?

- Rise in Stage 1 of sleep - Large decrease in both stage 4 and REM sleep - Shifts in Circadian Rhythm (Adult have an earlier cycle than young adults)

What are the top 2 causes of death for people 25-44 years old?

- Unintentional injuries/accidents - Heart disease

what is the "Full scale index" of WAIS?

- Verbal comprehension - Perceptual Reasoning - Working Memory - Processing Speed

What are the random error theories?

- Wear-and-tear theory - Free radical theory/oxidative damage - Errors and repair theory - Cross-linking theory

Cataracts

- clouding or opacity of the lens - Higher rates in white and lower rates in Hispanics - Most appear white but some can appear yellow or brown - Cause: Unknown - Affected by: Obesity, high blood pressure, high glucose levels and excess blood lipids - Impaired vision in both Low and bright lights - Person can have difficulty performing everyday tasks Treatment: Cataracts surgery (1 hour or less)

What is the error catastrophe theory?

- cumulative errors in the pathway from DNA to the formation of proteins (errors)

presbyopia

- farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age. - Loses ability to focus on objects close to viewer - normal part of aging - no cure - need reading glasses

What is the rate of living theories?

-Neuroendocrine and metabolic system - Decline in regulatory function

What are forms of cancer treatment?

1. Radiation 2. Surgery 3. Chemotherapy 4. Drug therapy

What are risk factors of heart disease?

1. genetics 2. smoking 3. lack of exercise 4. fatty diet 5. high cholesterol

What is metabolic syndrome?

A cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. bone density reaches the point that is more than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean of young white non-Hispanic women - Can be caused by an increase in alcohol consumption and history of smoking

cardiovascular disease

A general term for all diseases of the heart and arteries

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. - decreases across adulthood

Existence of "G" or general factor

Ability to infer and apply relationships on the basis of experience

Semantic memory

Ability to recall word meanings and factual information - Remains the same during aging

____________ is the number of years at a given age that one can expect to remain an active participant in society. a. Maximum potential lifespan b. Engagement longevity c. Active life expectancy d. Activity half-life

Active Life expectancy

Which of the following concepts is most related to quality of life issues? a. Maximum potential lifespan b. Active life expectancy c. Life expectancy d. Primary aging

Active life expectancy

In Schaie's longitudinal study, which group performed the best on intelligence tests across the 14-year period? a. Average b. Advantaged c. Spectators d. Isolated older women

Advantaged

What is elastase?

An enzyme in the lungs that is a consequence of infection It breaks down the protein elastin which contributes to the elasticity of the alveoli In normal conditions alpha 1 antitrypsin (A1AT) prevents elastase activity after infection If elastin is broke. Down it will eventually lead to elastase-induced emphysema

Cerebrovascular accident(Stroke)

Artery leading to the brain bursts or is clogged - Transient Ischemic attack(Mini stroke): Temporary

What is sensory presbycusis?

As we get older, the hair cells and cochlea/ sensory organs become less sensitive in the hearing process. Caused by: chronic noise exposure like loud music

Coronary(Ischemic)heart disease

Caused by atherosclerosis which blocks the blood supply to the heart muscle

What is the hayflick limit/replicative senescence theory?

Cells stop dividing, related to longevity

What sensory system does the sense of smell and taste belong to?

Chemo-sensation

vertigo

Condition of dizziness, "room spinning" while body is at rest

The ____________ theory of aging maintains that tissues in the body become less elastic with increased age because of the abundant formation of bonds within or between protein molecules. a. Metabolic theory b. Cross-linking theory c. Error catastrophe theory d. Free radical theory

Cross-linking theory

__________ intelligence consists of the set of skills and bits of knowledge that we each learn as part of growing up in any given culture. a. Practical b. Heuristic c. Fluid d. Crystallized

Crystallized

How does aging affect the digestive system?

Decrease in saliva production Processing of food is less efficient loss of mobility of lower jaw Changes in esophagus: decrease in contraction and expanding as food moves down decrease in gastric juice secretion in stomach which means food takes longer to digest

Which of the following is an accurate statement about memory in older persons? a. They ain't got none! b. Their memory problems have tended to be underestimated. c. Drugs and alcohol have been tied to memory problems in later life. d. Older adults tend to notice memory problems only when they are extreme and pervasive. e. They report fewer memory problems than do younger adults.

Drugs and alcohol have been tied to memory problems in later life.

What abilities decline in terms of memory:

Episodic memory Retrieval Failure Prospective

According to lecture, the free radical theory of aging would be classified as a(n): a. error theory. b. evolutionary theory. c. programmed/deterministic theory. d. metabolic theory.

Error theory

Digestive system

Extracts nutrients from food and eliminates waste

Atherosclerosis

Fat deposits collect at a very high rate in the arteries, substantially reducing their width limiting blood flow

Posterior Anterior Shift with Aging(PASA) model

Frontal part of brain becomes more responsive to make up for low activity of posterior portion of the brain

What is the most effective exercise to correct balance in older adults?

Functional training of core muscles involved in posture and balance

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Gardner's intelligence theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence (Naturalistic, interpersonal-knowledge about others, intrapersonal-knowledge about self, musical, bodily, or athleticism)(Logical/math, verbal/visual/spatial)

What is the number one killer in the United states?

Heart Disease

What five risk factors characterize metabolic syndrome?

High blood sugar High blood pressure Low HDL(Good cholesterol) High LDL(Bad cholesterol) Excess fat around waist High triglycerides

What factors can affect the senses of smell and taste?

History of smoking Sinus problems Certain medications chronic disease Dentures can interfere with taste Impairment in cognitive function can affect loss of smell

What regulates the secretion of hormones in the body produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

Dysthermia - hypothermia vs hyperthermia

Hypothermia: feelings of excessive low body temp. Hyperthermia: feelings of an excessive increase in body temp.

What is secondary aging?

Individual and group differences, health habits & disease prevention

Long Term memory

Information held for a period of time that can go from several minutes to a lifetime Process: - Encoding: how info gets into memory - Storage: how info is stored - Retrieval: how info gets back out

The handling of an individual's personal finances is an ability included in which measure? a. Daily Functioning Score b. Health Prevention Rating c. Subjective Fitness Assessment d. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

Instrumental activities of Daily living

Fluid crystallized theory

Intelligence should be divided into 2 distinct factors

Working memory

Keeps information temporarily available and active in consciousness - Used when learning new info

What is the endocryne system

Large and varying set of glands that regulate the actions of the body's organ systems - Hormones

fear of falling (FOF)

Lasting concern about falling that can lead to an individual avoiding activities that he/she remains capable of performing - Older adults continuously restrict their movement

Implicit memory

Long term memory for info that people acquire without intending to do so - Remains the same during aging

Age related change to touch

Loss of touch is more prevalent in men than women

What is the evolutionary aging theory?

Natural selection favors genes for good health only through early adulthood

What are age related changes to the olfactory receptors?

Olfactory epithelium shrinks with age increase in middle aged adults environmental factors like smoke or natural gas may not be perceived by 70+ year olds

According to SOC theory, which of the following processes is involved in studying hard for an exam—allocating sufficient time, using memory strategies, etc.? a. Selection b. Optimization c. Channelization d. Compensation

Optimization

What is the theory of optimization?

Optimize whole system, not each subsystem - investment of resources and effort to reach the goal or solve the task (training, acquiring knowledge or competencies)

What is the neuronal fallout model?

People progressively lose brain tissue over their life because neurons do not have ability to replace themselves when they die.

Reminiscence bump

Period of clear memories from ages of 10-30 years old

What can cause cancer?

Persons genetic inheritance plus: - Physical carcinogens - Chemical Carcinogens - Biological carcinogens - BMI: being overweight - Smoking - Eating specific foods(Foods that are dried, smoked, preserved in salt, etc.)

Diastolic

Pressure when blood is relaxed between beats

Catell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence

Proposes a 3 tier structure to intelligence characterized with "G" - Motor - Perception - Controlled Attention - Knowledge

Compensation Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis model (CRUNCH)

Proposes that demands of cognitively challenging tasks cause an overall excitation of neural activity in older adults - Uses both the HAROLD and CRUNCH models

Procedural memory

Recall of actions involving tasks like sowing

What abilities remain in terms of memory

Semantic Flashbulb Implicit Procedural

What is the stroke belt?

Strokes are most likely to occur in these locations(8-12 states in the Southeastern US)

Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD) model

The brain of older adults becomes activated in the opposite hemisphere when the original areas suffer deficits

Seattle Longitudinal Study

The first cross-sequential study of adult intelligence. This study began in 1956; the most recent testing was conducted in 2005. Consisted of 500 adults divided into 10 five year cohorts - Used PMAT Vocab showed least amount of change - held study until 1974 Earliest drops in intelligence involve numbers

What is the caloric restriction theory?

The key to prolonging life is to restrict the total number of calories that individuals consume

What is the theory of selection?

There are two types of selection: Loss-based selection(Involuntary abandonment of goals or tasks) Elective selection(voluntary selection or prioritizing of tasks or goals based on personal motives and preferences)

What is the somatosensory system?

Translates information about touch, temp and position to your nervous system which helps you move around your environment

Adults 65+ classify themselves as morning people while younger adults classify themselves as evening people. T or F

True

Diabetes

Unable to metabolize glucose

What is the theory of compensation?

Use of alternative means or external resources to reach the goal or solve the task

Instrumental activities of daily living(IADL)

Use of telephone, go shopping, handle finances, prepare meals, do laundry, use private or public transportation

Which of the following memory types does NOT belong with the others? a. Long-term memory b. Episodic memory c. Semantic memory d. Working memory

Working memory

Default Network

a circuit in the brain that is active when the brain is at rest while processing internal stimuli - During tasks that involve working memory for example, the "D.N" becomes inactive - Needs to be OFF when learning new info

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease(COPD)

a disease that results in a gradual loss of lung function

Glaucoma

a group of eye diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eyeball, that causes destruction of neurons leading from the retina to the optic nerve - Most common is gradual and painless Problems: Loss of peripheral vision and overtime complete blindness - 3rd most common cause of blindness

sleep anea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

tinnitus

a symptom characterized by hearing noise, such as ringing or buzzing, for which there is no external source - No cure - Causes: Temporarily associated with use of : Aspirin, antibiotics and Anti-inflammatory meds, Trauma to the skull

presbycusis

age related hearing loss due to degenerative changes in the cochlea or auditory nerve leading from the cochlea to the brain - Most common cause of hearing loss Caused by: Can be caused by metabolic changes that affect the tissue in the wall of the cochlea leading to less amplification of sound

activities of daily living (ADLs)

basic self-care tasks such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, and dressing

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)

damage to the photoreceptors in the central region of the retina known as the macula (used for reading and other visually demanding activities) - more prevalent in older adults - 4th most common form of blindness

What is immune senescence?

decline of the immune system with aging

Adult Onset Diabetes (Type 2)

develops over time, gradually reducing the individual's ability to convert dietary glucose to a form that can be used by the body's cells Preventive measures: Frequent testing, change in diet and exercising

What is primary aging?

gradual, shared, inevitable set of age-related changes

Hypertension

high blood pressure 140/90

Executive Functioning

higher-order cognitive skills needed to make decisions, plan, and allocate mental resources to a task - working memory

Osteoarthritis

inflammation of the bone and joint - iaffects the joints in th ehips, knees, neck and lower back - most common in older adults - No cure Treatment: NSAIDS, Injection of synthetic material into joint, exercise

Episodic memory

long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place - Older adults struggle with encoding and retrieval

Systolic

measurement of blood pressure when blood is pushed out

What triggers smell or taste?

molecules released by certain substances that stimulate the nose, mouth or throat

Scaffolding theory

older adults are able to recruit alternate neural circuits as needed by task demands to make up for losses suffered elsewhere in the brain

Proprioception

our sense of body position when you are standing still ex. helps tell you when you are at the top of the stairs

Arthritis

painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints.

Plasticity Model of aging

proposes that neurons which remain alive are able to take over functions of those that died.

What is tertiary aging?

rapid loss of functions at the end of life

Prospective memory

recall of events to be performed in the future

Flashbulb memory

recall of important and distinctive events that stand out from other memories of past events

Autobiographical memory

recall of info from own past

Remote memory

recall of information from the distant past

What is Baltes's definition of successful aging?

relative maximization of gains and minimization of losses

What are olfactory receptors?

specialized nerve cells in the nose that transmit odors to the olfactory nerve - responsible for smell

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

Crystallized intelligence

the acquisition of specific skills and information that people gain as the result of their exposure to the language, knowledge, and conventions of their culture - stronger relationship to lifestyle

Fluid reasoning

the individual's innate ability to carry out higher-level cognitive operations

kinesthesis

the sense of movement and body position ex. Helps you tell that you are going down the stairs

arteriosclerosis

the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring typically in old age. - Everyone experiences some form of this as part of normal aging