Language Acquisition Test 2
Present progressive
1. (-ing) Mastered stage 2, first morpheme to be mastered
Spacial Prepositions: Order of Acquisition
1. in/on/under/beside 2. between 3. in front of/behind 4. in front of/behind items with less determined 'sides'
Vocab Sizes at 23-30 months; 30 months-6 years
1.6 words/day; 3.6 words/day
3rd person present
10. 3 allomorphs (s, z, Iz) Mastered stage 5, initial stage 2
Irregular 3rd person
11. Do/does, have/has Stage 5 mastered, regular comes first
Uncontractable auxiliary
12. Helping verb: am, is, are, were, have Varies
Contractable copula
13. Varies (stage 5)
Contractable auxiliary
14. Varies (stage 5)
Absent Object Comprehension
18-24 months
Prepositions 'in' and 'on'
2-3. Mastered stage 2, at the same time
At which age do adult-like imperative sentences appear in young children's expressive language? a. 1-year b. 2.5-years c. 3.5-years d. 5-years
2.5 years old
The average length of a 5-year-old's narrative is ____________ clauses. a) 1.7 b) 2.8 c) 3.8 d) 5
2.8
After a child's MLU reaches ______, its usefulness as a predictor for later language abilities declines. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
3
Regular plural inflection
4. Mastered stage 2 3 allomorphs
Research suggests that during free play, 3-5-year-olds' conversational exchanges ranged from ________ to _________ turns in length. a) 1; 2 b) 2; 10 c) 4; 12 d) 15; 20
4; 12
Irregular past tense verbs
5. Initially mastered in stage 2, final in stage 5
Possessive inflections
6. Possessive pronouns not included, mastered stage 3
Uncontractable copula
7. To be, main verb Mastered stage 3-5 (varies)
Articles 'a' and 'the'
8. Mastered stage 3-5 A- familiar; b-unfamilar
Regular past tense -ed
9. Stage 5 mastered, initial stage 2
Which of the following is an example of an embedded relative clause of a preschooler? a. I love dogs that lick my face. b. There are other things that go in there. c. The dog who was chasing the cat bit the bird. d. A and B
A and B I love Dogs that lick my face There are other things that go in there
The term "discourse" includes which of the following? a) Sentence Production b) Narrative c) Expository d) Conversation e) A, B, & C
A, B, C
Based only on the prepositions, which of these sentences would you expect to develop last? a. I wanted the one behind the ball b. I putted it between the blocks c. I saw Jose behind the house
A. Because the ball doesn't have a defined front/back
Which of the following examples represents a linguistically contingent response by the child? a) Adult: Where's the ball? Child: It's on the table. b) Adult: Why are you running? Child: I run so fast c) Adult: Where is your shoe? Child: The shoe is there. d) A & B
Adult: Where's the ball? Child: It's on the table
Declarative
Affirmative statement of fact
Research has shown that preschoolers' language differs depending on the age of the listener. When talking to toddlers, preschoolers tend to use more _________ than when speaking to adults. a) action verbs (e.g., run) b) complex constructions c) attention words (e.g., hey) d) A & B
Attention Words (e.g., hey)
VP Components
Auxiliary Copula Negative Passive (been/being) Verb Adverbs
Mid declarative
Auxiliary and copula, 33 mo.
Which of these utterances is more decontextualized? a. while sitting at the dinner table, child is asked a question about eating chicken vs. potatoes and says "I wanna eat chicken for dinner" b. when at the park in the afternoon, a child says "i wanna eat chicken for dinner"
B.
Which of these is an example of a parent offering scaffolding for decontextualized language? a. "oh, look, you're pushing the car!" as the child pushed toy car across the room b. what did we do last time we were at grandma's c. what do you think will happen at the birthday party?
B. Past C. Future
Phrase
Can be combined to form sentences (can't stand alone)
Incremental (graded, continuum)
Can have different levels of knowledge--decontextualized settings
As children acquire words their lexical-semantic system takes on a hierarchical structure. Which of the following word lists is an example of 1.) a basic level word, 2.) a superordinate level word, 3.) a subordinate level word? a) Car; Vehicle; Train b) Car; Train; Jeep c) Car; Vehicle; Jeep d) Jeep; Vehicle; Car
Car; Vehicle; Jeep
Semantics
Content - word learning/organization
Adults provide scaffolding to preschoolers early narratives. A _________ scaffolding style has been shown to influence children's later narrative abilities. a) Elaborative b) Complex c) Repetive d) Structure
Elaborative
Which of the following is a type of narrative that describes an ongoing event? a) Recounts b) Expositories c) Stories d) Event Casts e) Accounts
Event Casts
According to Nelson (1989) children's pre-sleep narratives are less complex than narratives they produce in conversation with their parents. a) True b) False
False
Scripts tend to be told in the present tense whereas accounts tend to be told in the past tense. a) True b) False
False
The size of a child's vocabulary is negatively related to their ability to remember phonological information a) True b) False
False
According to Capone et al., there are two phases of word learning. In the first stage called __________, an initial association is made between a word and a referent. a) Slow mapping b) Fast mapping c) Referential mapping d) Associative mapping
Fast mapping
Evidence of Incremental/Continuum Knowledge
Fast mapping (fragile understanding of things) Slow mapping (slower process to gradually learn word meanings)
Morphology
Form
Phonology
Form
Syntax
Form - rules of sentence structure
Which of these typically comes last? a) she plays ball b) I tell daddy a secret c) I can see the car
I tell daddy a secret--double object sentence Direct Object: secret Indirect Object: daddy
Which of the following measures of grammatical development has been shown to capture individual variation beyond the MLU # reported in Question # 1? a. Mastery of past tense -ed b. two word combinations c. Index of Productive Syntax d. The use of negation
Index of Productive Syntax
Late declarative
Indirect objects, 44 mo.
NP Components
Initiator Determiner: Articles, quantifier, posessive, demonstrative, numerical Adjective Noun Modifier: modify noun before (adjective) after (PP)
The major goal of expository discourse is to ______________, whereas the major goal of narrative discourse is to_______________. a) influence; instruct b) instruct; entertain c) entertain; instruct d) instruct; influence
Instruct; entertain
Mid negatives
Internal negatives & auxilary markers
Early question
Intonation What/where + NP + doing/ going
Stage 1
MLU: 1-2 12-26 months Linear semantic rules
Stage 2
MLU: 2-2.5 26-30 months Morphology
Stage 3
MLU: 2.5-3 31-34 months Sentence form
Stage 4
MLU: 3-3.75 35-40 months Embedding
Stage 5
MLU: 3.75-4 41-46 months Conjoining of clauses
Peanut Butter Protocol
Measures USE- Pragmatics Used to establish what communicative intents look like
In the reading, ecolological validity refers to... a) Environmental influence b) Contextualizing c) Naturalness d) A & B
Naturalness
Late negatives
Negative interrogatives & indefinite forms
Which of these sentences typically comes first? a) Nobody saw Snuffelophagus b) No play baby c) She no throw ball d) Mommy won't eat hot dog
No play baby--external marking
Of the following sentences, which represents one of the earliest linguistic expressions of negation? a. I don't want that. b. I no want go in there. c. No the oven hot. d. He won't go there.
No the oven hot
Which of these sentences typically comes last? a) Nobody saw Snuffelophagus b) No play baby c) She no throw ball d) Mommy won't eat hot dog
Nobody saw Snuffelophagus -- indefinite form (age 5)
A child says, "Your big dog." This utterance would be classified as a ... a. Verb Phrase b. Prepositional Phrase c. Noun Phrase d. Not enough information to classify
Noun Phrase
Complex Clause
One independent, one (or more) dependent clauses
Early negatives
One word, 23 - 35 months
____________ encodes, maintains, and manipulates speech-based input. a) Visual-spatial sketchpad b) Central executor c) Phonological loop d) Episodic buffer
Phonological Loop
Interrogatives
Questions
A parent asks their child, "Tell your teacher what we did yesterday." Which type of narrative will this question likely elicit? a) Expositories b) Monologues c) Accounts d) Event Casts e) Recounts
Recounts
According to Heath (1986), what are the four types of narratives? a)Recounts, Accounts, Expositories, Stories b) Recounts, Accounts, Event Casts, Stories c) Recalls, Accounts, Expositories, Stories d) Recounts, Accounts, Event Casts, Monologues
Recounts, Accounts, Event Casts, Stories
According to Nelson (1973), children who know more object words at the 50 word mark are called... a) Referential b) Expressive c) Receptive d) Social/Personal
Referential
Styles of language use associated with particular social setting or listeners is refer to as _______________. a) Tone b) Modality c) communicative competence d) register
Register
Early declarative
SVO, 30 months
According to Hoff, why are verbs particularly important for syntactic development? a. Verbs are commonly the subject of the sentence. b. Verbs carry meaning. c. Sentences are built around verbs. d. A and C
Sentences are built around verbs
Which of these sentences typically come first? a)She plays ball b)I tell daddy a secret c) I can see the car
She plays ball--SVO, simple canonical declarative sentence
Imperative
Statement of falsity, negative
Late questions
Subject verb inversions Wh + copula + subject Subject auxilary inversion (right)
Question 6 According to this hypothesis, 2-year-olds do not have verb categories and their associated argument structure because word combinations are based on rules for each individual verb (i.e., eat can only go with food that the child eats often). a. The Undergeneralization Hypothesis b. The Verb Island Hypothesis c. The Verb Argument Structure Hypothesis d. The Early Concrete Grammar Hypothesis
The Verb Island Hypothesis
Which of the following sentences is considered a passive form? a. The bus ran over my cat. b. He was walking with her. c. The boy was pushed by the girl d. A and C
The boy was pushed by the girl
Why does pragmatic correctness of articles a and the (i.e., using "a" to mark new information and "the" to mark old information based on a communication partner's knowledge), develop later (around 3-years)? a. Children cannot produce /th/ until 3-years. b. Theory of mind develops around this time. c. 3-year-olds begin to comprehend mass vs. count nouns d. Children begin to hear the difference between "a" and "the" around 3-years-old.
Theory of mind develops around this time
Preschool boys are more likely to use simple imperatives when talking to a conversational partner than are preschool girls. a) True b) False
True
Preschoolers' personal narratives tend to be lower quality than fictional narratives. a) True b) False
True
Compound Clause
Two or more independent clauses
Pragmatic
Use
Measure of Mastery
Using same morpheme with 3 or more stems Using with brand new words Over-regularizing
_____________ posited that the primary function of private speech is to self guide behavior. a) Piaget b) Chomsky c) Tomasello d) Vygotsky
Vygotsky
Mid questions
Wh + NP + VP subject auxilary inversion (wrong order)
Children younger than 2 years are more likely to respond to which type of WH questions? a) What & When b) What & Where c) How & Who d) What & Why
What & Where
Which of these typically comes last? • Will we get apples? • We get apples? • When will we get apples?
When will we get apples -- fully formed
Which typically comes last? • Where mommy is? • Where mommy? • Where is mommy?
Where is inverted -- becomes inverted first, then adult like
Which typically comes first? • Where mommy is? • Where mommy? • Where is mommy?
Where mommy -- copula comes later (is)
Question Development Order
Where/what Who How Why Which, whose, when
A child is using the words "where" and "what" but not other wh- words. What wh- word would be a good therapy target based on a developmental order of acquisition? • Where • Why • Who
Who -- next acquired -wh question
____________ is the system that allows humans to hold information in mind long enough to make sense of novel information and associate novel information with already existing knowledge. a) Long-term memory b) Vocabulary spurt c) Referential memory d) Working memory
Working Memory
Clause
a group of words that have their own, subject, predicate, and has a verb. (Can stand alone)
Adjectives-Whole Object Assumption
adjectives don't refer to the whole object, but an attribute of the object
Like adults, preschool children are more likely to talk to themselves when they are ______________ and __________________. a) with other children; engaged in a task. b) alone; engaged in a task. c) with other children; resting. d) alone; resting.
alone; engaged in a task
Primary auxiliary
be, have, do
Children who acquire words in a holistic manner tend to learn words as _________________ and associate those words with _________________. a) big chunks; referents. b) individual items; referents c) big chunks; interactive functions d) individual items; interaction functions
big chunks; interactive functions
Which of the following statements most accurately describes naming errors in typical developing preschoolers and preschoolers with language impairment? a) Typically development preschoolers tend to make semantic retrieval errors (e.g., saying "dog" instead of "cat"), whereas preschoolers with language impairment tend to make word class errors (saying "the" instead of "cat"). b) Typically development preschoolers tend to make word class errors (saying "the" instead of "cat"), whereas preschoolers with language impairment tend to make semantic retrieval errors (e.g., saying "dog" instead of "cat"). c) Both typically developing preschoolers and preschoolers with language impairment tend to make semantic retrieval errors (e.g., saying "dog" instead of "cat"), however preschoolers with language impairment make numerically more errors than their typically developing counterparts. d) Both typically developing preschoolers and preschoolers with language impairment tend to make word class errors (saying "the" instead of "cat"), however preschoolers with language impairment make numerically more errors than their typically developing counterparts.
c) Both typically developing preschoolers and preschoolers with language impairment tend to make semantic retrieval errors (e.g., saying "dog" instead of "cat"), however preschoolers with language impairment make numerically more errors than their typically developing counterparts.
There are differences in the way verbs encode meaning across languages. In English, verbs tend to encode ________, whereas in Spanish, verbs tend to encode _______. a) manner; motion b) direction; manner c) motion; manner d) manner; direction
manner; direction
Simple Clause
one independent clause
Within the first two years of life, what is the typical pattern of topic initiation performed by children? a) self, objects in the environment, absent objects b) objects in the environment, self, absent objects c) absent objects, self, objects in the environment d) self, absent objects, objects in the environment
self, objects in the environment, absent objects
Which of these typically comes first? • Will we get apples? • We get apples? • When will we get apples?
we get apples? declarative with intonation
Modal auxiliary
will, shall, can, may indicate likelihood
All or None:
you know it or you don't (FALSE)
