last exam!!!!!!!!!!!!!! chapters 12-14

A researcher is interested in knowing whether responses to lowering the legal age for drinking alcohol varies by gender. Which statistical test would be most appropriate for this type of data?

chi-square test

In ________ replications, researchers attempt to understand the relationships among abstract ________ variables by using new, or different, operational definitions of those variables.

conceptual; conceptual

The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ( r) does not detect

curvilinear relationships.

A(n) ________ replication is an attempt to precisely replicate the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.

exact

A ________ uses bars to display a frequency distribution for a quantitative variable.

histogram

The ________ is an appropriate measure of central tendency when scores are on an ordinal scale.

median

When findings are replicated using ________, one's confidence in the generalizability of the findings ________.

multiple methods; increases

Which of the following scales of measurement lacks numerical properties?

nominal scale

According to the ________ hypothesis, the independent variable has no effect.

null

A professor at a university ranks subjects based on students' preferences identified through a survey. Science is ranked first, mathematics second, and management third. In this scenario, which of the following types of measurement scale has the professor employed?

ordinal scale

A multiple correlation is the correlation between a combined set of ________ variables and a single ________ variable.

predictor; criterion

The likelihood of the occurrence of some event or outcome is referred to as

probability

________ variables have both equal intervals and an absolute zero point that indicates the absence of the variable being measured.

ratio scale

________ are calculations used to predict a person's score on one variable when that person's score on another variable is already known.

regression equations

All statistical techniques rely on ________ to determine the probability that the results are consistent with the null hypothesis.

sampling distributions

A ________ result is one that has a very low probability of occurring if the population means are equal.

significant

The ________ is commonly used to examine whether two groups are significantly different from each other.

t test

A one-tailed statistical test is used when

there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups.

When describing relationships between variables, a Pearson r correlation of 0.00 indicates that

there is no relationship between the variables.

The scores obtained by five college students on a test are 25, 25, 30, 35, and 40. What is the mean for this set of scores?

31

The grades received by 10 college students on a test are A, B, D, A, A, A, C, B, C, and A. From this data, it can be inferred that the mode is

A

________ validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized, while ________ validity refers to the accuracy of conclusions drawn about cause and effect.

External; internal

Which of the following is true of standard deviation?

It becomes larger as more people have scores that lie farther from the mean value.

Which of the following is one of the most important reasons a meta-analysis can lead to clear conclusions?

It focuses on effect size.

Which of the following is true of error variance?

It is the variability of scores within a group.

Which of the following is true of effect size?

It occurs when the individuals in a sample are very similar on the variable being studied.

________ of research is a way of overcoming any problems of generalization that occur in a single study.

Replication

Which of the following is true of frequency polygons?

They use a line to represent the distribution of frequencies of scores.

Inferential statistics

are used to make conclusions about data.

Which of the following examples best represents the use of an interval scale?

assessing students' ratings of their professors' performance on a five-point scale ranging from poor to excellent