LEADERSHIP 1
The Big Five & Leadership meta-analysis found that the factor most strongly associated with leadership was conscientiousness.
False
The process definition of leadership states that certain individuals have inborn qualities that differentiate them from non-leaders.
False
The research on leadership generally has found it to be a relatively simple process.
False
The skills approach is not descriptive.
False
The style approach is not heuristic.
False
The trait approach determines the most important traits in a highly objective way.
False
Whereas the skills approach emphasizes the personality characteristics of the leader, the trait approach emphasizes the behavior of the leader.
False
Select all the disadvantages of LMX theory.
It discriminates against some subordinates. It runs counter to the human value of fairness.
Select all of the options that correctly describe the trait approach.
It emphasizes leader personality.
Select all of the options which represent strengths of the trait approach.
It is intuitively appealing. It emphasizes the leader in the leadership process. A century of research backs it up.
Select all of the options that correctly characterize transformational leadership.
It results in performance that goes well beyond what is expected. It helps followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the group.
Jim is a manager of a Wendy's. He is very concerned with efficiency and with making employees happy. Which of the following is true of Jim?
Jim is a high-high style leader.
Select all the options that path-goal theory suggests.
Leaders should help subordinates around their difficulties by removing obstacles. Subordinates with an external locus of control should be directed. Task and subordinate characteristics affect leadership effectiveness.
Environmental influences are factors in a situation that lie outside the leader's competencies, characteristics, and experiences.
True
Human skills are important at all levels of management.
True
In application, the trait approach can help individuals pinpoint their strengths and weaknesses.
True
In the Leadership Grid, a person who uses but does not integrate the 1, 9 and 9, 1 styles of leadership could be called a "benevolent dictator."
True
Leaders who use coercion are generally more interested in their own goals than those of subordinates.
True
Leadership occurs in both large and small groups.
True
Mumford's research studied military personnel rather than business and organizational leaders.
True
Over 60 different leadership classification systems have been developed.
True
Participative leadership is effective with subordinates who have a strong need to control (internal locus of control).
True
Some studies have suggested that masculinity is a leadership trait.
True
The "great person" approach focuses on important political leaders.
True
The skills approach is relatively new and has not been widely used in training and development.
True
The skills approach provides a structure consistent with leadership education programs.
True
The skills approach suggests that many individuals have the potential for leadership.
True
The style approach has been validated by a wide range of studies.
True
The style approach has failed to identify a universally effective leadership style.
True
The style approach suggests that leadership cannot be explained by any list of personality traits.
True
The trait approach emphasizes that leadership resides within the individual.
True
The trait approach failed to identify a definitive set of specific leadership traits.
True
The trait approach focuses primarily on the leader, not on the followers or the situation.
True
The trait approach has a century of research to back it up.
True
Management by exception involves
correcting misbehavior of employees.
From what style does path-goal theory suggest that leaders should respond to dogmatic and authoritarian followers?
directive style
A problem with LMX theory is that it appears to be unrelated to positive organizational outcomes.
false
According to path-goal theory, achievement-oriented leadership is most effective in settings where followers are required to perform unambiguous tasks.
false
Bass and Avolio suggest that transformational leadership cannot be taught, since it results from innate leadership characteristics.
false
D4 subordinates are not certain that they can do the job by themselves.
false
In LMX, it is usually the leader who makes an offer to the subordinate for improved career-oriented exchanges.
false
In SLII, Style 2 is low directive and low supportive.
false
In SLII, delegating is ineffective with subordinates who are very competent and committed.
false
In the situational approach, leadership style defines directive behaviors as those that help group members in goal achievement via two-way communication.
false
In the situational approach, leadership style refers to motivational principles.
false
In-group relationships are based on the formal employment contract (defined roles).
false
One of the strengths of the situational approach is its clear conceptualization of subordinates' developmental levels.
false
Path-goal leadership is an approach to leadership for which many management-training programs have been developed.
false
Path-goal theory is a lot like coaching and giving guidance.
false
Personality and other personal characteristics are unrelated to the process of how in-groups are formed.
false
Pseudo-transformational leadership could be described as a form of socialized leadership.
false
Ryan White was more of a transactional leader than a transformational leader.
false
Studies have shown that high LMX has a direct impact on employee creativity.
false
Subordinates in the out-group receive more information and concern from their leaders than do in-group members.
false
The acronym VDL stands for Variation Dependent Leadership.
false
The emergence of a vision should originate only from the leader, not the followers within the organization.
false
The problem with the LMX approach is that it gives little attention to the importance of communication in leadership.
false
The situational approach requires leaders to demonstrate a strong degree of control.
false
According to path-goal theory, when jobs are very complex, supportive leadership should be provided.
fasle
Which of the following attributes begins to decline in later adulthood?
general cognitive ability
According to House, which option is not one of the specific types of behaviors commonly exhibited by charismatic leaders?
giving structure to complex tasks
Select the work experiences that contribute to leaders' knowledge and skills.
hands-on experience mentoring challenging assignments
Select all of the options that correctly complete this sentence: According to the trait approach, leaders should
have determination. have integrity
Bill is in charge of hiring a new manager for the first shift on the production line. According to Katz' model, Bill should be looking for a person with which of the following types of skills?
human and technical skills
Which option best describes the elements of a model of transformational leadership?
idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration
During the acquaintance phase of leadership making, subordinates tend to focus
on both their own and the group's interests.
Sara is criticized for shifting her management style too much and is known as a leader who watches out for herself. She is a/an
opportunistic leader.
Select the options that correctly complete this sentence: House notes that effects of charismatic leadership are more likely to occur in
stressful situations.
You are the leader of a small jazz band, comprised of four of your peers who have never been in a jazz group before. As the leader of the band, you have been very straightforward about how the band will function. You have clearly described each of the members' roles, and they are starting to catch on to how the group works. What style do you exhibit next?
style 2
You are leader of a group project for a class. The other group members seem insecure about whether they can complete the project, but it is apparent that they are competent enough to do a good job. In prior meetings, you have been coaching them on the project. Based on SLII, which leadership style should you exhibit at the next meeting?
style 3
You are president of a large corporation. At a typical monthly meeting, each of your vice presidents gives standard area reports. In the past, these reports have been good, and the VPs seem satisfied about their work. Based on SLII, which leadership style should you exhibit at the next meeting?
style 4
Select all the options that represent main components in path-goal theory.
subordinate characteristics work setting leader style
Kouzes and Posner's five practices that enable leaders to accomplish extraordinary things include all of these except
support contingent reward.
Larry dislikes giving instructions to employees. He is uncomfortable with which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
task behavior
Select the types of skills that are most important for leaders operating at lower levels of management.
technical and human
Select all the options that correctly complete this sentence: The individual attributes factor in the skills model suggests
that traits are important to leadership. that the skills model is not just a competency-based model.
Jim is a district manager of Wendy's West Michigan. When he hires people, the most important thing he looks for is whether people are good problem solvers. Which approach or model is Jim using?
the Mumford skills model
Select all the options that correctly complete this sentence: Defining leadership as a process means that
the leader affects and is affected by followers. it is a transactional event.
Select the options that correctly complete this sentence: According to early LMX theory:
the out-group has less influence with the leader than does the in-group. the out-group has less influence with the leader than does the in-group. out-group members may not want to be in-group members.
Select all of the options that correctly complete this sentence: Emotional intelligence includes our ability to perceive and
to use emotions to facilitate thinking. to manage emotions within one's self. to reason/understand emotions. to express emotions.
A criticism of transformational leadership is that it treats leadership as a personality trait.
true
A disadvantage of path-goal theory is that its approach could foster subordinate dependency.
true
A strength of the transformational model is its emphasis on followers' needs, values, and morals.
true
According to Bass, charisma is a necessary but not sufficient condition for transformational leadership.
true
According to Situational Leadership, D3 subordinates may be highly skilled but also lack commitment.
true
Charismatic leadership is often described in ways that make it similar to, if not synonymous with, transformational leadership.
true
Charismatic leadership transforms followers' self-concepts and tries to link the identity of the followers to the collective identity of the organization.
true
Criticisms of transformational leadership are that it is elitist and antidemocratic, and that it suffers from heroic leadership bias.
true
During the first phase of leadership making, the interactions within the leader-subordinate dyad are generally low quality.
true
During the partner phase of leadership, the leader and the subordinate have reciprocal influence on each other.
true
In LMX theory, leadership making suggests that leaders help everyone to be in the in group.
true
In LMX theory, the dyadic relationship is the focal point of the leadership process.
true
In SLII, Style 3 is high supportive and low directive.
true
In work settings where the formal authority system is weak, leadership becomes a tool that helps subordinates by making the rules and work requirements clear.
true
LMX can be criticized for failing to fully explain the way high-quality, leader-member exchanges are created.
true
LMX challenged the assumption that leaders treated followers in a collective way, as a group, using an average leadership style.
true
Laissez-faire leadership represents the absence of leadership.
true
Later studies of LMX showed that high-quality relationships between leaders and subordinates produce less employee turnover.
true
Path-goal leadership is not a trait approach that locks leaders into only one kind of leadership.
true
Path-goal theory is based on motivation principles drawn from Expectancy Theory.
true
SLII is used by many corporations to train leaders.
true
Situational leadership requires the clear recognition of subordinate needs.
true
The SLII model emphasizes flexibility in leadership style.
true
The situational approach contends that leadership involves both directive and supportive behaviors.
true
Transactional leadership focuses on the exchanges that occur between leaders and their followers.
true
Transactional leadership refers to the bulk of leadership models.
true
Transformational leadership views leaders as social architects.
true
A major strength of the trait approach is that it is quite useful for training.
False
According to Blake and Mouton, the "authority-compliance manager" is highly concerned with people and has little concern for results.
False
According to Burns, followers should remember that their leaders are above them and act accordingly.
False
According to the Leadership Grid, opportunistic leaders rely primarily on the 5, 5 style of leadership.
False
An individual perceived by other group members as influential can only be an assigned leader, not an emergent one.
False
Assisting group members in building cohesiveness is primarily a task behavior.
False
Crystallized cognitive ability refers to one's innate intellectual ability or intelligence.
False
Followers are usually responsible for maintaining the relationship with leaders.
False
In his early studies, Stogdill found that leaders in one situation would almost always be leaders in another situation.
False
In the Leadership Grid, the 9, 9 type of leader prefers the middle ground, soft-pedals disagreement, and swallows convictions in the interest of progress.
False
Katz states that human skills are most important for middle and top management levels.
False
Kotter argues that managerial and leadership functions are really quite similar.
False
Leadership research suggests conclusively that it is best for leaders to be high-task and high-relationship in all situations.
False
Men and women are perceived as equally capable leaders in mixed-sex groups.
False
Motivation and personality fall within the competencies component of Mumford's skills model.
False
Path-goal theory predicts that subordinates who have a strong need for affiliation prefer directive leadership.
False
Social judgment is an individual attribute in the skills model.
False
The "great person" approach stresses that leaders' traits are learned.
False
Which of these is not a competency?
cognitive ability
Which of the following is not one of the classifications for a definition of leadership?
An artistic process
Technical skills grow in importance as one moves up the managerial hierarchy.
False
Which scholar(s) created the Leadership Grid?
Blake and Mouton
Leaders' use of physical force to get their way is which kind of power?
Coercive
Transformational leadership does what? (Select all that apply.)
Creates a connection between leaders and followers. Increases the motivation and morality of followers. Helps followers reach their full potential.
You have recently been made a department head of the new regional office. In getting to know your departmental staff, you have noticed that one of your inexperienced employees is not following through on assigned tasks. She is enthused about her new job and wants to get ahead in the organization. Which alternative represents the most effective leadership style for this situation?
Define the steps necessary to complete the assigned tasks and monitor her performance frequently (S1).
Which of the following refers to the power Bill Gates had when he and Paul Allen started the Microsoft company?
Expert
"She is a natural leader" is a phrase commonly expressed by people who take a process perspective toward leadership.
Flase
What does using the path-goal approach, expectancy theory suggest? (Select all that apply.)
Followers are motivated if they think completing a given task will result in a valuable payoff.
Power that any elected official has is
Legitimate
Select all of the Individual Attributes.
Personality Motivation General cognitive ability
Mary has managed the mailroom for two years. Management views Mary as a person with special leadership talents, such as intelligence, sociability, and determination. Management is using which of the following approaches?
Trait approach
Select the correct characteristics of the mature partnership phase.
Transformational relationships Mutual trust Reciprocity Respect
A boss, by definition, usually has position power over subordinates.
True
A factor common to the leadership classification systems is the view of leadership as a process of influence.
True
Based on results from later studies, Stogdill argued that personality and situational factors were both determinants of leadership.
True
Career experience is a strong influence on a leader's competencies.
True
Emotional intelligence has to do with two different domains and the interplay between them. Those two domains are
affective and cognitive
Select the behaviors that social intelligence includes.
appropriate public behavior self-monitoring
Which of the following are examples of positive communication behaviors that account for successful leader emergence?
being informed, initiating new ideas
Select all options that accurately complete this sentence: The need for directive leadership increases when employees
believe that outside circumstances control their lives.
Which of the following is not a subordinate benefit of high LMX?
increased relational communication.
In the skills model, which of these is a general cognitive ability?
information processing
In the skills model, crystallized knowledge refers to which of the following?
intellectual ability acquired over time
Select all of the options that correctly complete this sentence: Researchers agree that leadership
is influenced by the situation.
Select all the options that best describe path-goal theory.
motivational theory
Select all of the options that correctly complete this sentence: In a major review in 1948, Stogdill suggested that
no consistent set of traits differentiated leaders from non-leaders.
From which style does path-goal theory suggests that leaders should respond to autonomous group members with unstructured tasks?
participative style.
According to Blake and Mouton, which leadership style includes rewards and approval for people in return for their loyalty and obedience?
paternalism/maternalism
Select all of the options that correctly complete this sentence: The trait approach to leadership is appealing because
people have a need to see their leaders as gifted people. it has been in existence for over 100 years.
The primary functions of management are
planning, organizing, staffing, and controlling.
Select all the options that correctly complete this sentence: It is accurate to say that SLII is primarily
prescriptive
Select all options that accurately describe what directive leadership does.
provides performance standards
Leaders' power to provide pay raises and promotions is
reward
During the stranger phase of leadership making, how is it most accurate to describe roles? (Select all that apply.)
scripted
Select all of the options that correctly describe trait research.
shows that successful leaders tend to have certain identified traits. The trait approach emphasizes that having a leader with a certain set of traits is crucial to having effective leadership. The term "outcome" implies behaviors and trait theory focuses on innate or inborn characteristics in individuals rather than behaviors which can be learned. A criticism of the trait approach is that it is not a useful approach for training and development for leadership. Even if definitive traits could be identified, teaching new traits is not an easy process because traits are not easily changed. Traits are largely fixed psychological structures, and this limits the value of teaching and leadership training.
Which of the following presents a competency-based approach to leadership?
skills approach
Select all of the traits that are associated with effective leadership.
sociability intelligence self-confidence There is an extended list of traits that individuals might hope to possess or wish to cultivate if they want to be perceived by others as leaders. Some of the traits that are central to this list include intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability.
Select all the items that measure performance outcome.
standard external criteria