Leadership and Change Midterm (Chapters: 1-7)
Care-based thinking
"do what you want others to do to you" -It is like the Golden rule of conduct common in some form to many world religions
The veterans
1922-1943
The baby boomers
1942-1960
The Gen Xers
1961-1981 clearly different view of authority than previous generations
Millennials
1982-2005
Strong situations that are governed clearly specified rules, demands, and organizational policies maximize the effects that personality traits have on behavior (true or false)
False
Five Factor OCEAN model
Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Interpersonal
a lack of trust leads to self protective efforts to control and verify each other's behaviors
Action observational reflection model
a model used to learn from experiences by thinking about them
Intelligence
a person's all-around effectiveness in activities directed by thought modified with education and experience
Moral person
a principled decision maker who cares about people and the broader society
Creative intelligence
ability to produce novel and useful work
Conflicts of interest
adversely impact ethical judgements and bias our perceptions of situations
Survey of Organizations Questionnaire
asses the degree to which leaders exhibit the four dimensions of leadership behaviors
Principle Centered Leadership
assets a fundamental interdependence between the personal, interpersonal, managerial, and organizational levels of leadership
Short term vs. long term
balancing spending time with family against making career investments for future benefits
Authentic leadership
based on the notion of "to thine own self be true" -self aware and self consciously align their actions with their inner values
According to the five-factor model or ocean model of personality, leaders who score high in openness to experience tend to
be big picture thinkers
The first 90 days
before you start the first day the first two weeks the first two months the third months
Personal
being a trustworthy person in terms of both character and competence
Individual vs. community
compromising the rights of an individual for the good of the community
Moral efficacy
confidence in one's capability to mobilize personal, interpersonal, and other external resources to persist despite moral adversity
Which leadership quality is not connected to trust?
consistency
Rule based thinking
consistent with Kantian philosophy and is characterized as "following the highest principle or duty"
Values
constructs representing generalized behaviors or states of affairs that are considered by the individual to be important
Integrity
core ideology is congruent with all public and private actions throughout the organization
Organizational
creativity requires that the organization's structure, systems (training, reward, communication), strategy, and vision be aligned and mutually supportive
Ends based thinking is often characterized as
do what's best for the greatest number of people
Ends based thinking
do what's best for the greatest number of people (aka: utilitarianism)
Managerial
empowering others requires a trusting relationship, team building, delegation, communication, negotiation, and self-management
Ethical climates
ethical standards/norms are consistently and clearly communicated, embraced, and enforced by organizations
Justice vs. Mercy
excusing a person's behavior due to extenuating circumstances or convicting to teach a lesson
Sources of power
expert referent legitimate reward coercive
Advantageous comparison refers to the process of using cosmetic words to defuse or disguise the offensiveness of otherwise morally repugnant or distasteful behavior -true or false
false
Analytic intelligence is more concerned with knowledge and experience than is practical intelligence (true or false)
false
Smart but inexperienced leaders tend to be more effective in stressful situations than less intelligent, experienced leaders (true or false)
false
Tests of divergent thinking usually have a single best answer, whereas tests of convergent thinking have many possible answers (true or false)
false
Moral ownership
felt sense of responsibility not only for the ethical nature of one's own behavior but also one's commitment not to allow unethical things to happen with one's broader sphere of influence
Ability Model
focuses on how emotions affect the way leaders think, decide, plan, and act
Steinberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
focuses on what the leader does when solving complex mental problems
formal ethics policies and procedures
formal statements of ethical standards/policies, reporting mechanisms, disciplinary procedures, and penalties
Leadership behaviors
function of intelligence, personality traits, emotional intelligence values, attitudes, interests, knowledge, and experience
Analytic intelligence
general problem solving ability
Strong situations
governed by specific rules, demands, or organizational policies, which can minimize the effects that traits have on behavior
An authentic leader will most likely
have a realistic self-perception
Which is NOT used to build an ethical climate?
hierarchy structure
Truth vs. Loyalty
honestly answering a question that may compromise confidentiality
Consideration
how friendly and supportive a leader is toward subordinates; leader support and interaction facilitation
Process focus
how goals are achieved is as important as achievement
Initiating Structure
how much a leader emphasizes meeting work goals and accomplishing tasks; goal emphasis and work facilitation
Identity
how people see or define themselves
Dr. Jonathon realizes that his patient is suffering from a highly contagious disease that is likely to pose a threat to the entire city. However, he is uncertain about sharing this information with city officials to protect his patient's privacy. In this scenario, which of the following ethical dilemmas does the doctor most likely face?
individual vs. community
Key concepts of the Cognitive Resources Theory
intelligence experience stress group performance
Which is not an ability of emotional intelligence
intelligent emotions
Strength of the relationship between personality traits and leadership effectiveness is _________ related to the relative strength of the situation
inversely
In-group favoritism
involves doing acts of kindness and favors for those who are like us
over-claiming credit
involves overrating the quality of our own work and contributions
What are the steps for developmental planning?
know what to change motivated to change have a plan opportunity to practice held accountable
Practical intelligence
knowing how things get done and how to do them
What are the aspects of the interactional framework for analyzing leadership?
leaders, followers, and situation
Moral manager
makes ethics an explicit part of the leadership agenda by communicating messages of ethics and values and by modeling ethical behavior
Dual Process Theory of Moral Judgement
moral judgements dealing with rights or duties are made by automatic emotional responses while those made a utilitarian basis made more cognitively
Double loop learning
occurs when error is detected and corrected in ways that involve the modification of an organization's underlying norms, policies and objectives
Psychology typologies
often expressed in terms of polar opposites
core ideology
organization's purpose, guiding principles, basic identity, and most important values
Structural reinforcement
organization's structure and systems encourage higher ethical performance and discourage unethical performance
Mentoring
personal relationship in which more experienced mentor acts as a guide, role model, and sponsor of a less experienced protege
Common value systems
pervasive influences of broad forces at a particular time -this may contribute to misunderstanding and tension during interactions between older leaders and younger followers
Single loop learning
present when goals, values, frameworks, and, to a significant extent, strategies are taken for granted
Ethics
principles of right conduct or a system of moral values
Moral Reasoning
process leaders use to make decisions about ethical and unethical behaviors (ex: how they solve moral dilemmas)
Coaching
process of equipping people with the tools, knowledge, and opportunities they need to develop and become more successful
Cognitive Resources Theory
provides a conceptual scheme for explaining how leader behavior changes under stress levels to impact group performance
Unlike leaders who score low in conscientiousness, those who score high in conscientiousness
rarely get in trouble
traits
recurring regularities or trends in a person's behavior
Terminal values
refer to desired end states (family security, social recognition)
Instrumental values
refer to modes of behavior (being helpful, being responsible)
moral courage
refers to the fortitude to face risk and overcome feats associated with taking ethical action
Values are learned through ________________.
socialization, become internalized, and affect behavior
Implicit prejudice
subconscious prejudices that affect our decisions without us being aware of them
typologies
tend to put people into discrete psychological categories and emphasize the similarities among people in the same category and the differences between people of difference types of regardless of actual score
divergent thinking
tests that assess this type of thinking have many possible answers
convergent thinking
tests that assess this type of thinking have one single best answer
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, creative intelligence is
the ability to produce work that is both novel and useful
Which of the following theories explains the interesting relationships between leader intelligence and experience levels, and group performance in stressful vs. nonstressful conditions
the cognitive resources theory
Attribution
the explanations we develop for characteristics, behaviors, or actions to which we attend
public reputation
the imperession a person makes on others
Perceptual set
the tendency to interpret things in a certain way based own previous experiences
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency to overestimate the dispositional causes of behavior and underestimate the environmental causes when others fall
Most research about the relationship between personality and leadership success and effectiveness is based on ____________________.
the trait approach
types
thought of as relatively discrete categories
Trait approach
traits are useful for explaining why people act consistently in different situations
Managers with a theory x orientation rely heavily on coercive, external control methods to motivate workers, such as pay, punishments, and threats - true or false
true
Moral reasoning refers to the process leaders use to make decisions about ethical and unethical behaviors -true or false
true
Research has shown that openness to experience is an important component of leadership effectiveness and seems particularly important at higher organizational levels or for success in overseas assignments (true or false)
true
The ultimate test of a servant leader's work is whether those served develop toward being more responsible, caring, and competent individuals -true or false
true
Unethical climate
unethical behavior exists with little corrective action, and misbehavior may be even be condoned
Action learning
use of actual work issues and challenges as the developmental activity itself
Four quality of leadership engender trust:
vision empathy consistency integrity
Self-fulfilling prophecy
when our expectations or predictions play a casual role in bringing about the events we predict
