Leadership Final Exam review
In what ways does implementing 360 degree feedback show a strength in consideration?
-can be used to help leaders fine tune their attitudes and behaviors -professionally trained counselors can help leaders improve in specific areas based on the results
Compare and contrast the different types of charismatic leaders.
-Socialized Charismatics Restrain the use of power in the interest of others. -Personalized Charismatics Use power to serve their own interests. -Office-Holder Charismatics Attain their charisma chiefly from the position they hold. -Personal Charismatics Gain esteem from others' faith in them as people - independent of the office or position they hold. -Divine Charismatics Once defined by the theological concepts of possessing divine grace, but now by mysticism, narcissism, or magnetism qualities. -Celebrity Charismatics Overlap their public celebrity with socialized & personalized traits.
Describe the various responsibilities of the leader in the five stages of team growth.
-forming: Initial stage of development Period of acclimation Team members (TM) develop impressions of each other Team members (TM) uncertain of their roles "Honeymoon phase" -storming: TM feel more comfortable w/each other True personalities begin to emergeJockeying for position/dominance may occur -norming: TM(Team member) begin to accept and understand each other Conflict is resolved, communications opens Team identity and collaboration emerges -performing: TM assume their agreed upon roles and complete tasks Goals are accomplished Team progresses towards accomplishing its vision TM typically demonstrate high commitment to team and goals Goals and vision are achieved -adjourning: Focus is to wrap-up details of the team, after performing stage complete Performance winding down Unity is extremely high TM feel pride in accomplishments TM may be forlorn that team will be dissolving Not all teams go through this stage
Describe the differences between coaching and mentoring...when might one be more effective than the other?
Coach: Tells Motivates with goals Have to be them (selected) Skill-focused Extrinsic motivation Specific context Mentor: Guides Gives structure; helps form your goals Want to be with them (volunteer) One-on-one (more personal) Esteem-focused; critical analysis of self Forms intrinsic motivation Broad context
How can one be an effective servant leader without being taken advantage of.
Sometimes the servant leader must make unpopular decisions for the good of the company. The stakeholders could threaten to walk away and their business somewhere else. The servant leader must be persuasive, yet open to opinions and ideas. If the servant leader shows strong conviction for the direction or vision of the company, make decisions for the good of the employees and company, the stakeholders will not be able to take advantage of the servant leader.
In what ways is attribution theory related to charismatic leadership?
if people perceive a leader to have a certain characteristic such as being a visionary the leader will be perceived as being charismatic
Explain the difference between teams and groups...which is better?
Group two or more people who interact with each other to accomplish certain goals or meet certain needs Team group whose members work intensely with each other to achieve a specific, common goal or objective Difference? 1. Intensity with which team members work together 2. Presence of a specific, overriding team goal or objective Team because everyone working together to achieve the same goal is more collaborative and time saving.
Explain why we have so many ethics violations in our modern age considering the fact that leaders are more educated than ever (especially in the area of ethics) ...and yet they don't practice what they've learned?
I think more people are feeling more entitled to things they have not earned, because they have been wronged so often.
Explain the differences between leaders and managers. (define each)
Management: (the coordinator of resources) Provides order, consistency, and predictability Handles the operational, getting the work done Manages resources, holds F accountable Top-level managers manage/maintain organizations Implements L vision Effective managers also lead Leaders: ( Creates, communicates and activates vision Gets group members (M & F) producing towards achieving vision Provides resources to M for operational needs Holds M accountable Provides change and adaptability Top-level leaders transform organizations Effective L also manage
Which is the best leadership style to use. Why?
Participative/consultative leader, because I would want the information I needed to make an informed decision from the right people. It is also important to involve all employees, because the decision could have an impact on them too. It also makes the group feel valued and the leader can be trusted.
Describe culture. How is culture learned and from whom? How many cultural groups can we belong to at once and do we relate to every one of them equally?
Culture is the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time. : a particular society that has its own beliefs, ways of life, art, etc. : a way of thinking, behaving, or working that exists in a place or organization (such as a business) Culture is learned through the socialization process. We could belong to many culture groups at one time and because we belong to these groups we learn more about the people and ourselves through socializing with the people in each group.
How is leadership defined? Explain the role and characteristics of the leader in relation to the followers.
The ability to inspire confidence and support among the people who are needed to achieve organizational goals. is a function of leader characteristics and traits, leader behavior and style, group member characteristics, and the internal and external environments. Leadership is multilevel, involving the individual, the small group, and the organization.
Many unethical behaviors evolve from a sense of entitlement or from feeling as one has been treated unfairly. Explain why this is true.
When an employee feels they have been treated unfairly they start to cut corners, blame others for their mistakes, take things that do not belong to them or lie about the amount of hours they are working or taking extra breaks when they should be working.
In what ways can reinforcement theory be changed from strictly extrinsic to intrinsic?
When positive reiinforcement is used it affects pride and motivates people to keep achieving and reaching goals because it makes them happy. That is when motivation will change from extrinsic to intrinsic. The follower will achieve because it makes him/her happy. That will keep going over a long period of time
In what ways can making the rounds lend to the perception that a leader is an effective communicator?
When the leader goes around to different followers and has conversations with them about problems and the things that have been accomplished as well as sharing new information, it shows the leader cares about knowing what is going on in their company and wants to share information to make them feel part of the team. The leader and followers have the opportunity to give feedback.
In order to resolve conflict in a constructive manner a leader should role model more substantive (objective) communication rather than emotional (subjective). Explain why and how using this as a guide can help leaders to be proactive (instead of fearful) in handling conflict in the workplace.
When the leader stays neutral to find out the conflict and the point of view from each side it prevents the conflict from escalating. This is why it is important to keep emotion out of the conflict. When using this strategy it is easier for leaders to resolve conflict without being fearful. Keep emotion, staying neutral helps the other parties to calm down and commnicate.
The way in which a leader balances consideration and initiating structure may lead to various leadership styles. Describe the differences between participative, consultative, consensus, democratic, and autocratic and provide an example of each.
consultative leaders confer with group members before making a decision, retain final authority consensus leaders make decision that reflect the general group environment democratic leaders confer final authority to the group autocratic leadership retain most of the authority, assume the members with comply, not concerned with what they think participative leaders share decision making with group memebers
Compare and contrast the various leadership motives.
power motive: strong need to control resources tenacity: this personality trait allows the person to bounce back when something goes wrong and the person continues to work through the problem until it is resolved strong work ethic: this person believes in working hard equals success and achievement drive and achievement motive: the person finds joy and happiness in completing a goal or task to benefit the company and the people in it.
What kinds of things can a leader do in order to avoid micromanaging? Is micromanagement ever effective and if so, with what types of workers? (refer to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs)
prioritize what matters get feedback from the team communicate with the team step back and trust the team know your employees' limitations. Micromanage only when the company is in crisis, when an employee is new to a task, when creating a culture of collaboration
Describe examples of task-related personality traits and the importance of developing in this area.
proactive passion courage flexibility and adaptability emotional intelligence which includes: self awareness, self management, social awareness, relationship management
Describe the theory of situational (perspective of) leadership and the things that need to be taken into consideration in order for leaders to use this approach effectively.
the need to match two key elements appropriately: the leader's leadership style and the followers' maturity or preparedness levels.
Explain several things that all charismatic leaders have in common.
visionaries great communication skills inspire trust make others feel capable emotional expressiveness
In what situations might a leader choose to implement teamwork into an otherwise individual-performance-based establishment?
When there is a low performance, to save time, experience from others is needed to complete a task
Describe some situations where cross cultural communication may be needed and how a leader can adapt his/her style to meet the needs of the receiver.
In order for a leader to adapt his/her style to cross cultural differences the leader needs to learn about other cultures language and double meanings in order to avoid offending the other person.
Based on the meaning of the word "charisma", analyze how charismatic leadership may differ today compared to its historical origins.
In th epast charisma was seen as a positive and compelling quality that makes others want to be led by the person who has it. Today most people would question the person's motives, be more skeptical and ask more questions
Explain the difference between morals and ethics.
Morality refers to the moral rules we follow and ethics is the theories about those rules.
Analyze how being an ethical leader relates to also being socially responsible.
When a person is an ethical leader you can count on that person to be fair to everyone, because they do the right thing. They are able to seperate right from wrong.
Describe examples of general personality traits and the importance of developing in this area.
a trait that is observable both within and outside the context of work. These traits are related to the work and personal success of an individual: self-confidence Humility core self-evaluations trustworthiness authenticity extraversion assertiveness enthusiasm, optimism and warmth sense of humor
In what various ways might a leader show intelligence?
problem solving creativity conceptual thinking understanding people and situations knowledge of the business or task group
List the different parts of the communication process and describe each. Why did we spend so much time going through the communication process in class?
sender, encoding, channel selection, receiver, decoding message, feedback I think we went through the process in class because it is important for the peofessor to communicate information in a way that all of the students are able to understand, process and ask questions or participate in conversations.
How can learning about various cultures (and being open to them as opposed to judgmental) help a leader when communicating with a follower from a different culture than his/hers?
A leader should study the different cultures of their employees in order to avoid awkwardness or offending co-workers and/or group members. The leader should encourage workers to become a multi-cultural worker, because they are the type of people that recognize "all cultures are equally good and enjoy learning about other cultures (DuBrin, p. 452 )." If the leader has an office filled with employees or followers that are accepting of all cultures it will be easy to create a well-balanced and positive work environment.
Discuss how having integrity can lead to authentic leadership/servant leadership.
Authentic leaders are confident, hopeful, optimistic, and resilient individuals who are deeply aware of how they think and behave. A servant leader serves their employers by working on their behalf to help them achieve their goals, not the leader's own goal. When you have integrity you are loyal and stick to your principles. This leads to being an authentic leader by definition.
Describe the different conflict management styles discussed in our PPT and explain why using a variety of these styles is beneficial as a leader.
Avoidance - Combine lack of cooperation and unassertiveness. The people do not care about either party's concerns. Some managers stay out of the conflict so the two parties resolve their own issues. Accommodation - satisfying the other person's concern without taking care of themselves. Used to maintain a good relationship with clients. Competition - When a person only wants to achieve their own goals at the expense of the other person/party. This is a win - lose struggle. Compromise/Sharing- Halfway between domination and appeasement. Both parties compromise or split the difference. Neither party fully gaining what they wanted. Collaboration - Fully satisfies what both parties want. Win-win approach. Both parties gain something of value.
In what ways might paying attention to the behavioral theory approach to leadership be more effective than the trait theory?
Behavior theory focuses on what a leader can do and can be taught leadership skills and devop new leadership skills. Trait theory focuses on the belief a leader is born with leadership skills and cannot be taught.
Argue for the importance of developing strong nonverbal communication and what channels may have to be used sparingly—or at least chosen careful—to take into consideration the critical nature of NVC?
Body language (NVC - nonverbalcommunication) is important because people process information with the eyes and their ears. Body language can tell people a lot about how the person really feels, personality etc. communication channels to be used sparingly: social media
Explain the differences between consideration and initiating structure.
Initiating structure: Organizing and defining relationships in the group by engaging in such activities as assigning specific tasks, specifying procedures to be followed, scheduling work and clarifying expectations. Consideration: "The degree to which the leader creates an environment of emotional support, warmth, friendliness, and trust (DuBrin)."
Distinguish the difference between internal and external motivation. Which is more effective, when, and with what "types" of followers?
Internal motivation is when you are happy with accomplishing tasks and meeting goals. External motivation is when you need rewards and praise from other people
In what situations might the leadership role be shared and what are the advantages of this? Is there ever a down side to sharing leadership?
It can increase accountability within organizations and improve the implementation of organizational decisions. Some drawbacks are: time, peer attitudes
Explain a variety of ways that leadership can be satisfying...but also dissatisfying.
It is satisfying when the leader inspires their followers and they believe in the leader's goals and aspire to reach those goals for the good of the company. It is dissatisfying when the followers are not motivated to reach the goal of the company, not enough resources, lack of communication between the leader management
Delineate the differences between the five ethics theories described in class and provide an (industry) example of each. Ethics theories may be applied in such a way that influence our decisions in various situations:
Rights theory: Immanual Kant focused on the right of a person to choose for him or herself what they will do with the lives they have been given and be respected for the choices they make. Other rights are based on agreements or contracts with others and should be honored. Other basic rights include the right to privacy, the right to not be hurt and the right to the truth. b. Common good theory: It is when "certain conditions are equally to everyone's advantage (Santa Clara University)". The catholic religious also defines the common good as all social systems, institutions and environments work together to benefit all people. This theory forces us to think about the things we can all benefit from and how do we work together to achieve those goals? c. Fairness theory: Aristotle said, "equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally (Santa Clara University)". This means treat people with equal status the same way. We should not give benefits to certain people without a justifiable reason, when the two people have the same status. Fairness must be consistent when we think about how we treat people, because favoritism and discrimination is wrong. d. Utilitarian approach: This approach focuses on the consequence of one's actions. If the result of a decision is good then ethically the action was right and if the result was bad then ethically the action was wrong. This approach is used to justify military war, because the outcome is for the good of the majority of people. e. Virtue ethics approach: This was developed by Aristotle and other Greek philosophers. The only way to have virtue is to practice moral decisions every day. We should practice honesty, bravery, justice and generosity to become an honorable and moral person. When a person practices these virtues every day, it becomes easier to make the right or moral decision especially when they are very difficult.
In what ways are Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and the ERG theory related. Which one is stronger in your opinion and why?
Self actualization because that person is self-motivated and that becomes a personality trait and will affect performance over a long period of time.
Discuss the effects shared leadership can have on team effectiveness.
Shared leadership has a positive impact on teams when there are complex tasks to accomplish.Each team member has a diverse set of skills, abilities, and expertise. In shared leadership, all team members act as leaders and followers at different times. As a result, when leadership is shared among team members, the team can leverage the expertise of each individual at different times and in different ways.
Explain why it's so common that we hear (in the press, for example) of the leader doing something wrong and not the followers?
The leader is the representative of the followers. If something goes wrong it is the leaders fault, because they did not allocate resources efficiently
Considering the communication process, explain why the linguistic style of a leader is so critical in an organization.
The linguistic style of the leader is important, because everyone needs to understand no matter their cultural background or education level. The leader needs to know their audience when speaking.
In what way might the Pygmalion effect apply when using initiating structure?
The situation that occurs when a managerial leader believes that a group member will succeed, and communicates this belief without realizing it.
"If followers feel as though they are being treated fairly" refers to what motivation theory? What kinds of things can a leader do to help ensures followers are motivated (as opposed to de-motivated) by this in the workplace?
There are 3 basic components to keep followers motivated: Valence: Attractiveness of worth of an outcome Instrumentality: Probability that performance will lead to certain outcomes Expectancy: Probability that effort will lead to correct performance of the task Everyone is motivated in different ways. Get to know the followers and what motivates them. Train and encourage, set attainable goals
In what ways can a leader or manager use impression management to influence followers?
They attempt to create the impression that they are important, competent and in control of events. Succeses are announced and celebrated, negative outcomes blamed to the environment.Highly visible symbolic actions are one way to create the impression that a leader is dealing with problems. Follower contributions to effective leadership. The tendency to credit succesful events to leaders obscures the significant contributions offollowers. Motivated competent followers are necessary for the succesful performance of work carried out by the leaders unit.
Describe the seven main factors that can be used to trace immoral/ethical behavior.
a. Greed is taking more than a person should at the expense of others, even though other people worked just as hard or even harder. b. Gluttony is taking more than a person should and without sharing it with other people in the company or investing it back into the company. c. Avarice is taking more than what a person has actually earned. d. The level of moral development at the pre-conventional level is when a person is more concerned about punshments and rewards than actually doing the job well. In order to avoid punishment and ensure a reward, this person would make things look better than they actually were in order to receive a promotion or salary increase rather than to be demoted or fired. e. Entitlement is what a person feels when they believe they can take or do whatever they want without considering the affects it would have on others. f. The situation is when the leaders at the top take semi-legal risks and then the other leaders throughout the company do the same thing, because they think it is acceptable or even expected. g. Motivated blindness is seeing what we want to see, because the benefits are so great; instead of seeing that how the company is profiting is wrong.
In your opinion what are the top five roles of the leader?
effective communicator planner team-builder provides resources for the followers makes decisions
Differentiate between effective and efficient communication...which is more important and how can they both lead to breakdowns in communication?
effective: means you deliver a message and the receiver understands it exactly as you intended. efficient: you deliver your message quickly in a way that allows the receiver to hear it, interpret and make use of it as you intended. It is more important for the receiver to understand exactly what the sender is communicating. Breakdowns can happen when the receiver is decoding the information. The receiver also needs to be an active listener
What communication channels should be used if one is short on TIME in needing feedback?
face to face or personal networks like telephone or email
What are some of the guidelines a leader should consider when providing constructive feedback?
make it timely prepare before the meeting ask the recipient for feedback stick to the facts actively listen dont get emotional end on a positive note
Define follower and explain the various types. How do the types impact the role of the leader?
provide valuable supports to leaders. They listen, reflect, comply, question and legitimize the leader. The amount of influence followers have on leaders shows up in organizational policies, communication methods and the workplace environment. -Isolates: completely detached and passively support the leader -Bystanders: typically detached when it fits their self-interests, focuses on perks rather than the work. -Participants: show enough engagement to invest some of their own time and money to make a difference. -Activists: considerably engaged and invested in the people and processes -Diehards: super-engaged to the point that they are willing to go down for their own cause or willing to oust a leader if they are harming the company
Describe the functions of management and explain why many managers fail to complete all these functions?
responsible for planning, organizing, directing/leading, controlling/accountability usually fail to complete these functions, because they do not empower their employees to reach the goals of the company, they look for problems and blame empoyees, low morale
Evaluate the trait leadership theory in terms of its effectiveness in creating the image or appearance of an effective leader. Explain how and when it was created and relate those facts to its simplicity. In what ways is it an effective/ineffective measure of preparing for/being seen as a strong leader?
those characteristics that you possess as an individual that help contribute to your ability to lead. Trait leadership theory (TLT) suggests tat you are a good leader because of your physical, cognitive, and emotional traits.
What is the biggest difference between transactional and transformational leadership?
transformational bring about continuous learning, innovation, and change; the followers are motivated over a long period of time transactional: promote compliance by followers through both rewards and punishments. Through a rewards and punishments system. The followers are motivated only for a short period of time.
