Leadership Final
organizational
culture intensity
mindguards
protect themselves against adverse information
liking
use informal conversations to learn about others; offer sincere and timely praise and recognition
pressure
using intimidation or threats
characteristics of the performing stage in tuckman's model of group development include
- goal achievement - constructive conflict resolution - open communication
drivers of organizational culture
national culture business environment founder's values firm's vision and strategy
an attitude, feeling, opinion, or action shared by two or more people that guides behavior is a
norm
the stage in tuckman's group development process when the group resolves its power struggles in order to accomplish its goals is the ____ stage
norming
three levels of organizational culture
observable artifacts basic underlying assumptions espoused values
what type of reward system recognizes both individual and team performance
a hybrid reward system
position power, which includes legitimate, reward, and coercive power, is power that is connected with what
a job within an organization
what is true of informal groups
- Informal groups are based on friendship
what are components of confirmation bias
- a decision is made before investigating why it is the right decision - information is sought that confirms the already made decision and discounts information that does not
examples of situations where punctuated equilibrium can occur
- an inciting event - innovation
what are some of the tactics interviewer use to impress job candidates
- appearance of promotional items - nonverbal cues - administrative follow-up
what should be considered in assessing the feasibility of an alternative
- are customers resistant - does time permit
big data, the vast quantity of data available to decision makers, can
- enhance productivity - make information more transparent and usable - be used to develop new products and services
what are examples of bases of power that have a positive effect on the organizing framework
- expert - referent - reward
what are disadvantages to big data
- leaked private information - cybersecurity breaches
what describes the behavioral styles theory of leadership
- there is no one best style of leadership - leader behaviors can be improved and developed - leader behavior is more important than traits
what are the characteristics of companies with a market culture
- they are driven by results and achieving goals - they are focused externally and value stability
what reflects companies with an adhocracy culture
- they focus externally and value flexibility - they emphasize creation of new products and services - they are highly responsive to marketplace changees
what are the characteristics of basic underlying assumptions
- they guide the behavior of an organization - they are taken for granted over time - they reflect employee's core beliefs about the company
what are characteristics of high-performing teams
- they have an appropriate mix of knowledge, skills, and abilities - they have clear goals and responsibilities - they have trust and communication
what are reasons why it is import to assign blame correctly
- to keep your influence intact - to influence your behavior in the future
when decision makers are influenced by the first information they receive even if it is irrelevant
anchoring bias
characteristics of the rational decision-making model include the assumption that managers:
are objective possess all information needed to make the best decision
what is the primary purpose of task-oriented leader behaviors
assisting others in achieving their goals as well as the goals of the working group
the tendency to base decisions that is recent and easily recalled from memory is
availability bias
why does servant leadership promote leadership effectiveness
because it concentrates on providing support and growth opportunities to employees
the change stage entails providing employees with new
behavior models process/procedures technology information
what approach tries to find the unique behaviors that effective leaders have
behavioral styles
How do the news media influence availability bias?
by emphasizing unusual events
although personality and demographic similarities between leaders and followers are often associated with higher leader-member exchange relationships, what should managers avoid
creating a homogeneous work environment for the sake of having positive relationships
building a network
creating a support system inside and outside the organization
according to many CEOs, corporate ____ is key to making a company one of the best
culture
what technologies have recently begun to be used to improve direct patient care and medical supply chains
digital ordering virtual reality virtual reality and drones drones and digital ordering
if people display the personality trait that makes them less likely to make changes and more likely to have negative attitudes toward change, they are exhibiting what
dispositional resistance to change
what are the implications of LMX theory
diversity must be embraced expectations must be clear initiatives to improve poor LMX are critical
organizational
fear of inadequate performance
due to margie's strong technical skills and "can do" attitude, Lon perceives a high LMX between himself and his employee, Margie. Lon is considering how ___ influences the quality of an LMX
follower characteristics
workers who meet regularly to discuss ways to improve product quality are in a ___ group
formal
during the ___ stage of group development, members are likely to be uncertain about the group's leaders and goals
forming
during which stage of group development are people anxious about their roles, the people in charge, and the group's goals
forming
maintenance roles in a group are those that
foster supportive interpersonal relationships
internal forces of change
job satisfaction reward systems productivity
cognitive shortcuts or biases that are used to simplify the process of making decisions are known as
judgemental heuristics
nonverbal
laughing, smiling, leaning in
ingratiation
making higher ups feel good
extra organizational
managing career and education
harmonizer
mediates conflict through reconciliation or humor
researchers determine leadership characteristics by using a statistical procedure called ____ - _____, which computes average relationship between two variables
meta analysis
organizational identity, collective commitment, social system stability, and sense making device are the four functions of ____ culture
organizational
a model of occupational stress suggests that potential stressors can be at which levels
organizational group extra organizational individual
intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self-interest of individuals or groups that are not endorsed or aligned with those of the organization are known as
organizational politics
a negative byproduct of positively reinforcing group role and norm adherence is that groups tend to
ostracize those who do not conform
initiating structure represents leader behaviors that define what group members should be doing to maximize
output
what is it called when decision makers overestimate their skills relative to those of other participants
overconfidence bias
authority
people respect credible experts
scarcity
people want information and opportunities that are hard to get
individual
perceived lack of control over events
the stage of group development characterized by a lot of helping behavior among group members to achieve goals is the ___ stage
performing
which stage in tuckman's model of group development focuses on resolving task problems and achieving more than one person could alone
performing
rhonda operates a small restaurant with a very large and complex menu. the employees form a coalition to convince rhonda to streamline and focus the menu. this change in policy ultimately results in decreased food costs, more customer satisfaction, and greater profits. this is an example of ___ that is
political action; positive
the ability to marshal human, informational, and other resources to get something done is
power
hard influence tactics include
pressure legitimating tactics
rationalization
protects "pet" ideas and assumptions
coordinator
pulls together ideas and suggestions
the decision-making model that assumes managers are fully objective and have all the data needed is the
rational decision model
personal appeals
referring to friendship or loyalty when making a request
if you focus on reducing the symptoms of stress, you are using
symptom management strategies
what type of thinking is described by daniel kahneman as intuitive and unconscious thought
system 1
what type of thinking is described to be analytical and conscious thought
system 2
the extent to which team members are dependent on each other to accomplish their work is called
task interdependence
one way for companies to improve productivity, competitiveness, and customer service is through
technology
evaluator
test group's accomplishments against criteria
the group process that anonymously generates ideas or judgments from physically dispersed experts is
the delphi technique
the expanded view of resistance states that it is caused by the interaction between the changer, the change recipient, and
the relationships between the change recipient and change agent
picking a solution is which step in the rational decision-making process
third
administrative
timing of communication, feedback, and follow up
in order to address changing demographics, firms are changing the work environment and benefits packages
to attract and retain diverse employees
exchange
trading favors, making or implying promises
trying to identify the personality characteristics or interpersonal attributes that can differentiate leaders from followers is called
trait approach
clarifying employees' roles and task requirements and providing followers the positive and negative rewards contingent and performance is called
transactional leadership
when tom installed controls for things such as accounting procedures and inventory audits and then rewarded his employees for using the system, he was making use of
transactional leadership
triggers such as change, strong competition, or vague performance measures create
uncertainty in organizations
stereotyped views of the opposition
underestimates opponents
at which stage of lewin's three stage model of planned change does the organization provide employees with a convincing reason to change
unfreezing
creating the motivation to change occurs in the ____ stage of lewin's change model
unfreezing
rational persuasion
using logic, reason, or facts to convince another
blaming others
minimizing association with failure
because gaps can influence attitudes and performance, it is important for managers to reduce gaps between espoused values and what other type of values
enacted
gatekeeper
encourages all members to participate
what type of leadership is exhibited in sustained displays of hostile verbal and nonverbal behavior
abusive supervision
what are some upward impression management techniques employees use to impress their managers
- associating themselves with other employees on the fast track - working on key projects that need help
what can leaders engage in to promote psychological empowerment in employees
- behaviors that enhance perceptions of meaning - behaviors that encourage self-determination - behaviors that encourage employee competence
the three blaming styles researchers found in people from a large variety of industries include
- blaming oneself - denying blame - blaming others
the forms of power associated with one's job or position in an organization are referred to as position power and include
- coercive power - legitimate power - reward power
the bases of power that result in compliance include
- coercive power - reward power - negative legitimate power
the main ways that people react when others try to manage or influence them are
- commitment - compliance - resistance
core traits that are associated with leaders
- conscientiousness - emotional stability - intelligence
commonly used influence tactics include
- consultation - ingratiation - inspirational appeals - rational persuasion
what statements are true about emotional intelligence and leadership
- emotional intelligence helps people with transformational leadership - emotional intelligence helps people lead; however, it does not help solve all problems
making sense of their surrounding helps employees with what two things
- knowing how the organization intends to achieve it long term goals - understanding why the organization does what it does
what are aspects of team composition
- knowledge and experience of members - skills and abilities
the theory that assumes leaders will develop unique personal relationships with each of the people reporting to them is called
- leader - member - exchange
how can artificial intelligence help managers enhance business operations
- managing customer communications - gaining insight through data analysis - automating processes
what are the disadvantages to kahneman's system 2 thinking
- mental energy requirement - time consumption
Among the stages of group development in Tuckman's model are:
- norming - forming - performing
what are types of task interdependence
- pooled - sequential - reciprocal
collaboration includes which aspects
- task coordination - information sharing
types of task-oriented leadership
- transactional leadership - initiating structure
inspirational appeals
appealing to emotions, ideals or values
artifactual
appearance, manner of dress, visual items presented
which approach tries to find the unique behaviors that effective leaders have
behavioral styles
when someone you are attempting to influence not only joins your cause, but works at it even harder than you do, it is
commitment
contributes to the team's work
completes work accurately and on time
the collection of jobs, personalities, skills, experience, and knowledge of team members is the team's
composition
what is a goal of collaboration
ensuring a collective outcome is completed
social loafers can be prevented by
ensuring accountability
consistency
get a personal commitment
group
inconsistent manager behavior
role conflict, role ambiguity, and job security are examples of stressors at which level
individual
a set of shared expected behaviors for members of a group as a whole is called a group
role
social proof
role models and peer pressure build influence
the least effective way to use evidence based decision making is to
support a decision that has already been made
verbal
what interviewers say and how they say it
under what circumstance can change resistance be reduced
when change agents and recipients have a trusting relationship
interpersonal attributes that leaders may possess
- extraversion - agreeableness - narcissism - machiavellianism
what are true about implementing corporate change
- gathering feedback about the change is beneficial - don't assume people consciously resist change - people often resist change due to work environment issues
what are some of the individual level behavioral outcomes associated with high level leader member exchange (LMX) relationships
- greater employee engagement in organizational citizenship - less employee turnover
important characteristics of organizational culture
- impacts outcomes at multiple levels - learned over time - influences our behavior at work - shared concept
what are some of the forms that resistance takes when opposing those who try to assert their power
- indifference - sabotage - passive-aggressiveness
what are examples of core influence tactics that are most effective at building commitment
- inspirational appeals - rational persuasion - consultation
bernard bass associated what behaviors with leaders
- inspiring others - rallying employees around a common goal - creating vision and strategic plans
robert cialdini's research identified six principles for influencing people. what ideas were these principles based on
- people have fundamental responses to influence attempts if your efforts align with the fundamental responses, your influence increases
what are positive uses of politics
- protesting unfair treatment by employers - helping an organization adapt to new policies
what are the negative effects of organizational politics at the individual level
- reduced job satisfaction - increased employee turnover - increased stress
what are forms of power you possess independent of your job or position in an organizaiton
- referent power - expert power
what are the negative effects of organizational politics at the group and organization levels
- restricted information flow - wasted time - diverted attention
the forms of power associated with one's job or position in an organization are referred to as position power and include
- reward - legitimate - coercive
four functions of organizational culture
- sense making device - organizational identity - social system stability - collective commitment
what are causes for internal human resource problems and may signal a need for organizational change
- the match between individual and organizational needs - employee perceptions regarding the way they are treated at work
what best reflects companies with hierarchy culture
- they view efficiency as one measure of effectiveness - they emphasize stability and control - they focus internally, with a high degree of structure
important takeaways from trait theory include that
- traits impact leader effectiveness - it can be important to hiring and promoting decisions - having a "global mindset" is important
high LMX relationships create what
- trust - mutual obligation
the three levels of organizational culture differ in what ways
- visibility - resistance to change
creating a favorable image
adhering to organizational norms
reciprocity
both good and bad deeds will be repaid in kind
a technique used to help groups generate ideas by silently and individually writing them down and then sharing them is
brainstorming
invulnerability
breeds excessive optimism and risk taking
how does organizational socialization embed their cultures in new employees
by promoting and reinforcing core values and beliefs
what describes someone who helps organizations to deal with old problems in new ways
change agent
stages in lewin's change model
changing refreezing unfreezing
when confronting failure, what do experts suggest you do
choose who you share it with fail productively talk about it
companies with an internal focus with a value on flexibility rather than stability and control are said to have a _____ culture
clan
what type of company culture resembles family type organizations where collaborations are encouraged with trust and support among employees
clan
the process by which people evaluate the meaning of events and demands on their own well-being is called ___ appraisal
cognitive
leader behavior associated with creating mutual respect or trust while concentrating on the group members' needs and desires is called
consideration
what type of problem solving technique, also called brainwriting, allows participants to submit their ideas over the internet
electric brainstorming
what are the values that employees actually exhibit based on their observations of what occurs on a daily basis
enacted values
the three phases in daniel feldman's organizational socialization model are
encounter change and acquisition anticipatory socialization
what are goals of relationship oriented leadership
enhancing employees' skills creating positive work relationships between employees and their leaders creating positive work relationships among coworkers
the tendency to stick to an ineffective course of action when it is unlikely that a bad situation can be reversed is
escalation of commitment bias
actions in which you avoid or ignore stressors are called
escape strategies
___ ___ represent aspirations that are explicitly communicated to employees
espoused values
the explicitly stated values and norms that are preferred by an organization are called
espoused values
standard setter
evaluates group processes
expects quality work
expects the team to succeed and cares about producing quality work
large organizations often hire lobbyists with experience in regulatory agencies because the lobbyists have
expert power
forces that originate outside of the organization are
external
other known reasons people resist change
fear of failure loss of status peer pressure fear of the unknown
customers prefer meat that is sold as "85% lean" instead of "15% fat", shows that people view choices more favorably when shown in terms of gains rather than losses. this is an example of what type of bias
framing bias
what type of bias relates to the manner in which a question is posed
framing bias
coalition tactics
getting others to support your efforts to persuade
characteristics of servant leadership
healing awareness stewardship listening
keep team on track
helps plan and organize work
the competing values framework identifies what fundamental types of organizational culture
hierarchy adhocracy clan
what are some of the emerging sources of stress according to the american psychological association
housing instability discrimination hunger
kotter believes that change most often fails not because of poor planning but because of ineffective
implementation
dressing for success is the political tactic also know as
impressing management
according to cialdini's research on influencing people, how should the six principles he found be used
in combination
conscious efforts to affect and change a specific behavior in others are
influence tactic
soft influence tactics include
inspirational appeals rational persuasion
organizational politics is defined as
intentional actions to improve individual or organizational interests
what do you call changes that come from inside the organization
internal forces for change
bending the rules
interpreting or not enforcing rules to serve your own interests
consultation
involving others in planning and making decisions about changes
possesses relevant skills, knowledge, and abilities
is able to make meaningful contributions to the team
bernard bass concluded that leaders manage, and manager do what
lead
managers who obtain compliance because of their formal authority to make decisions use
legitimate power
interpersonal relationship variables that have the greatest effect on LMX
like each other trust similar to each other
when employees understand why the firm does what it does and how it intends to accomplish it long term goals, the culture is said to be helping members
make sense of their surroundings
what are powerful internal forces for change
production slowdowns strikes significant absenteeism
what are influences of a change agent's actions and perceptions
recipients' inactions recipients' actions the quality of agent's relationship with recipients
one of the reasons that networking is a useful skill is that it provides ____ power
referent
individuals or organizations that obtain compliance by promising or granting rewards use which base of power
reward power
when jen received a bonus for reaching her sales goal, her employer was using which form of power
reward power
perceptions of how able you are able to deal with a given demand is called
secondary appraisal
servant leaders demonstrate the conceptualization characteristic by
seeking equilibrium between long range and short term thinking
a focus on increased service to others rather than oneself is called
servant leadership
a focus on increased service to others rather than oneself is called ____ ____
servant leadership
follower
serves as a passive audience
managers can reduce the likelihood of escalation of commitment bias if they
set minimum targets for performance and compare results to targets make decision makers aware of the costs of persistence
group
sexual harassment
extra organizational
socioeconomic status
how do soft influence tactics differ from hard influence tactics
soft tactics are friendlier
observable artifacts that can be present in a firm's culture are
special parking spaces manner of dress awards
a company's ability to make a profit without sacrificing the resources of its people, the community, and the planet is called
sustainability
legitimating tactics
using one's authority or organizational rules or policies; support from superiors
ingratiation
using praise, flattery, humor, or helpfulness before making request
the competing ___ framework was first developed by researchers trying to classify different ways to assess organizational effectiveness
values
what do behavioral scientists call a leader member exchange relationship
vertical dyad
individual
work overload
a norm is ___ shared by two or more people that guides behavior
- attitude - feeling - opinion
evidence based decision making holds the promise of
- avoiding decision making biases - improving performance
know as the three C's, what characteristics must team players possess in order for their team to be successful?
- collaboration - competency - commitment
group influence brings individuals into the social fabric of an organization by
- communicating norms - communicating role expectations
the delphi technique is useful when
- conflicts will impair communications - certain individuals may dominate the group - face-to-face discussions are impractical
the task that facilitate a group's work include
- defining a common purpose - clarifying a common purpose
what elements influence decision makers falling into the trap of anchoring bias
- feedback - stereotypes - impressions
Rank Tuckman's five stages of group development. The first stage should be the top item on your list.
- forming - storming - norming - performing - adjourning
list the four steps in the rational decision making model
- identify the issue - come up with potential solutions - evaluate the possibilities and select a solution - put the solution into practice and evaluate it
what are included in common teamwork competencies
- interacting with team members constructively - keeping the team on track - contributing to the team's work
daniel kahneman describes two types of thinking. why is system 1 "fast"
- it is automatic - it relies on mental shortcuts - it is instinctive
daniel kahneman describes two types of thinking in his book, "thinking, fast and slow". why is system 2 "slow"
- it is deliberate - it helps override wrong intuition - it is logical
what are the disadvantages to kahneman's system 1 thinking
- jumping to conclusions - poor follow-through
what are the benefits of norms
- norms provide more efficient group operations - norms bring a sense of order to a group - norms help groups move through the development process
a role is a set of expected behaviors for a particular ____ position, while a ____ role is a set of expected behaviors for members of the group as a whole
- position - group
the purposes served by norms in an organization include
- reducing time spent on the development process for groups - having pre-established guidelines for groups
what accurately describes social loafers
- social loafers can distract or disrupt the work of other team members - social loafers expect the same rewards as other members of the team - social loafers produce low-quality work
what statements describe how building workflow rhythm fosters collaboration in teams
- team efforts are better coordinated - team members know what they need to do and when - team members have their interdependent needs met
what are three ways managers use evidence or data in the decision making process
- to support a decision - to inform a decision - make a decision
what is it called when a decision maker recognizes information that supports a decision, while ignoring contracting information
confirmation bias
recorder
documents discussions and outcomes
what statement is true about effective team members
effective team players display commitment, collaboration, and competence
the first two steps in the rational decision-making model are
generating alternative solutions determining the issue at hand
what are the disadvantages of hindsight bias
having overconfidence in foresight, which leads to bad decisions
clear goals and responsibilities with an appropriate mix of knowledge, skills, and abilities are specifically associated with ____ teams
high-performing
what is an example of a formal group
hiring committee
Punctuated equilibrium is concerned with
how a group functions in the face of change
inherent morality
ignores ethical implications
interacts constructively with team members
listens to teammates and accepts feedback
peer pressure
loyalty of dissenters is questioned
what is an example of an informal group activity
making a craft together
the decision making heuristic used when people estimate the probability of an event occuring based on impressions about similar occurrences is
representativeness bias
cost and quality are criteria that are crucial in evaluating
solution
self-censorship
stifles critical debate
during which which stage of tuckman's group development process are people likely to test the leader's policies, form subgroups, and determine how they fit in the group's power structure
storming
individuals may test or rebel against the leader's policies in tuckman's ____ stage of group development
storming
initiator
suggests new goals or ideas
