Learning questions prep
after trial #11, the "No food until trial 11" group performed more like the __________________ group.
Food on every trial
A CS and UCS are associated so the CS now produces a CR without presentation of the UCS. if a new stimulus that is similar to the CS also produces the CR, we have an example of ______________
Generalization
Pavlov conditions a dog to salivate when he rings a bell. Now he changes the Beltaş one with a much deeper tone in the dog salivates, even though the bell is clearly different from the original one. Responding to a new stimulus as if it were the original CS is
Generalization
When Anna's old roommate would go to the kitchen first thing in the morning, she would always make coffee. And I would stay in bed a few extra minutes and grab a cup of coffee as she left for class. Now Anna hears her new roommate go to the kitchen, so she stays in bed for a few extra minutes. As she leaves for class, She is surprised that there's no coffee. It is mistaken assumption that her roommate would make coffee is based on
Generalization
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
Getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn three new songs on the violin
What is an example of operant conditioning
Giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem
Which is an example of operant conditioning?
Giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem
What do you think is going to happen on trial #12 for the "no food until Trial 11" group?
Group "c"
Which of the following is an example of a fixed reinforcement schedule?
Iliana taking her dog to the vet once a year
Based on changes in weather, bears typically hibernate for half the year. This is an example of an innate behavior, known as a
Instinct
Sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and Joey's moving to the mothers pouch immediately after birth are examples of _____________.
Instincts
In Bandura's Bono doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they
Kicked and threw the doll
Jimmy rides home from karate practice with his friend and his friend's mom each Tuesday night. One night, his friends mom can't, and he needs to get a ride from someone else. He's never driven the route before, but he's able to explain exactly where to turn to get home. This is an example of
Latent learning
Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called
Latent learning
_____________ broke the constraints of ________________, Which emphasize that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli
Latent learning ; behaviorism
Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called _____________.
Learning
Mary Claire watches her father bake bread every Sunday afternoon. Eventually, she starts to join him in the kitchen and he shows her the ropes of how it's done. After years of doing this together, Mary Claire decides she wants to open a bakery. This exemplifies
Learning
The basic idea behind observational learning is that
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say
Based on the data above were boys more likely to show aggression if they had seen a male model or a female model?
Male model
Based on the data above, were boys more likely to show physical aggression if they had seen a male model or a female model?
Male model
Based on the data above, were girls more likely to show physical aggression if they had seen a male model or a female model?
Male model
Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctors office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation?
Nausea
While he is at a meeting, Ruben tells a joke, and everybody laughs. Now he is at another meeting, and is thinking about telling another joke he heard. Everybody laughing at his joke at the first party is a
Positive reinforcer
Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?
Primary
Shelter, sex, and touch are all examples of
Primary reinforcers
Shelter, sex, and touch are examples of
Primary reinforcers
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
Punishment (Positive)
Reinforcement differs from punishment in that_____________________.
Reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to decrease in a behavior
Sean wants to teach his dog to turn the light on. What would be the best way to train his dog, utilizing the idea of shaping? What might he do using the concept of shaping?
Reward his dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the light switch, when she touches the light switch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command.
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?
infant sucking on a nipple
Jeffrey always enjoyed cooking simple meals for himself. When he was preparing a meal, he would frequently read new recipes and he liked to wander around the local Whole Foods store. When his friend Marsha asked that he help her with food for a party she was having, Jeffrey amazed everyone, including himself, when he prepared a feast that looked and tasted like it was done by a professional caterer. Jeffrey's newfound skill is an example of __________________.
latent learning
Terry keeps interrupting the teacher during spelling instruction. The teacher says he has to write each spelling word ten times for extra homework. The next day, Terry is thinking about interrupting the teacher. The extra homework is a
positive punisher
Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
Before Bandura proposed his Bobo doll experiment, most learning specialists believed that learning only occurred __________________.
when an individual did something and discovered the consequences directly
If the experimenter says one of the following statements, which do you think is most likely to make the child feel frustrated?
"These are the best toys, but we don't let just anybody play with them. We have decided to save these toys for other children"
The group with food on every trial is making about ___________ wrong turns on the average on Trial #6
16
All three groups are making about _____________ wrong turns on the average on trial #1
30
negative punishment refers to a situation where____________________
A behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior
positive reinforcement refers to a situation where___________,
A behavior was increased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior
On trial #1, the rats in all three conditions were_______
About the same
In order for _______________ to occur, it is best if the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is small, sometimes just a matter of seconds
Acquisition
Who proposed observational learning?
Albert Bandura
Based on the data above, were children (boys&girl's) more likely to show physical aggression if they had seen an aggressive model or a non-aggressive model?
An aggressive model
Based on the data above, were the children (boys and girls) more likely to show verbal aggression if they had seen an aggressive model or a non-aggressive model?
An aggressive model
In classical conditioning, organisms learn to
Associate events that repeatedly happen together
Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself:
Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
______________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber design to reward animals for specific behaviors.
B.F. SKINNER
Based on the data above, did boys or girls on the average show more physical aggression toward the boho doll?
Boys
Which is an example of negative reinforcement?
Buckling you're seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep", sound in your car
Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
Checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day
Determine whether it is an example of classical conditioning or operant conditioning: Emily's mouth starts to water whenever she gets ready to eat fresh baked pizza. Recently she noticed that she now salivates when she drives past her favorite pizza shop on the way to school even though she cannot see or smell the pizza from inside the car.
Classical conditioning
Frank goes out with some friends to a new restaurant near campus. He gets fish-and-chips, but he also drinks a few too many mixed drinks and gets sick. The next time he goes to the restaurant, he avoids the fish-and-chips because the very thought of them make shim feel nauseous.
Classical conditioning
In ______the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
Classical conditioning
In pavlovs work with dogs, the "psychic secretions" were___________________.
Conditioned responses
Emma sells hotdogs For one dollar each in the strands at the local professional baseball stadium. For every hotdog she sells, she puts $.25 in her pocket and $.75 in her bosses change purse.
Continuous
If Jamal is teaching his son to say please and gives him a high-five each time he says it, then he is reinforcing his behavior on a ________________ reinforcement schedule.
Continuous
How could you design an experiment around the social learning theory
Determine how long it takes someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else
John got terribly sick after eating a burger at a local fast food chain. He cannot even drive past that restaurant without feeling nauseous. Oddly enough, he can eat at in the past several other fast food burger joints and not feel ill. What is most likely happening here?
Discrimination
Ivan Pavlov
Established the principles of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs
When previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it_______________
Extinction
Based on the data above were girls more likely to show aggression if they had seen a male model or a female model?
Female model
Monthly pay checks are an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?
Fixed interval
Monthly paychecks are an example of
Fixed intervals
Shoe make simple fabric dolls for a local craft store. The store only takes the dolls in sets of 25. For every $25 she delivers, the store pays her $10
Fixed ratio
Which group seems to have reached the dotted reference line most quickly?
Food on every trial
Jeanette comes home too late after her high school party. She loses her driving privileges for two weeks. A month later Jeanette is at another party and she is supposed to be home in a half hour. The loss of driving privileges is a
Negative punisher
A rat is placed in an environment where the floor gives the rat small electric shocks. The only way to get rid of the shocks is to press a lever in the corner of the box. The rat quickly learns to press the lever. This is an example of
Negative reinforcement
A rat is placed in an environment where the floor gives the rats small electric shocks. The only way to get rid of the shocks is depressed lever in the corner of the box. The rat quickly learns to press the lever. This is an example of
Negative reinforcement
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response is an organism is a
Neutral stimulus
When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think that the ringing bells signifies the end of class in the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a
Neutral stimulus
Before trial #11, the "No Food Until Trial 11" group performed more like the_________________ group.
No food on any trial
The dependent variable in tolmans study was
Number of errors made while running through the maze
Determine whether it is an example of classical conditioning or operant conditioning: Last week, Little Jack got a bag of cookies from the cabinet and ate them all. When his mother found out, she didn't let him watch television that evening as punishment. The next day Jack thinks about having cookies, but decide that it is not a great idea.
Operant conditioning
Doing something and then being influenced by what happens as a consequence of the thing you did is the basic idea behind
Operant conditioning
Gilllians kids struggle to get out the door in the morning for school, so she creates a sticker chart where they can put on a sticker each time they are ready to go before 7 a.m. Once they fill the chart, they'll get a new bunk bed. This is an example of operant conditioning
Operant conditioning
Determine whether it is an example of classical conditioning or operant conditioning: Mittens the cat just happened to brush against the refrigerator when Jana, her owner, was in the kitchen. Jana said, "Oh, you want some milk!" and gave her a little bowl. Mittens started hanging out near the refrigerator more often, which meant she brushed against it more often. Jana thought it was cute, so she gave her milk every time she brushed the refrigerator. Soon, mittens learned that brushing against the refrigerator was a sure way to get some milk.
Operant cooling
Darkness will naturally cause your pupils to dilate, since they are opening up to let it more light from the surroundings. Light causes the pupil to contract. Knowing this, how could you design a classical conditioning experiment forcing the pupils to dilate?
Ring a bell directly before turning the lights off, twenty times in a row. Then ring the bell
In Pavlov's classical experiment with dogs, the unconditioned response is _______________ and the conditioned response is_________________.
Salivation, salivation
Money is an example of which type of reinforcer?
Secondary
Stickers on a sticker chart are an example of which type of reinforcer?
Secondary
Stickers on a sticker chart or an example of which type of reinforcer?
Secondary
According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she
Sees a character on T.V. get rewarded for being violent towards another character
Jackie wants her dog to bring her the mail each day after it's dropped in through the mail slot. Instead of trying to teach her dog, dodger, all at once, she begins by giving him treats each time he goes to the mail slot. This is an example of
Shaping
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.
Shaping
Dave has been working with a therapist to give up smoking. He has learn to stop having cravings when he sees someone about to light up a cigarette and thank he is free. Then he goes to a party, sees a guy about to light up, and experience a strong cravings. What is going on?
Spontaneous recovery
In Watson and Rayner's experiments, little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates __________________
Stimulus generalization
Which of the following is not true about latent learning?
The behaviors are present innately, without experience
Based on the data above, did boys or girls on the average show more verbal aggression toward the Bobo doll?
The difference is not clear
In the study with little Albert, he was conditioned to fear a rabbit because it was paired with a frightening loud sound. In this example, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
The loud sound
In Tolman's study, the independent variable was _____________.
The presence of food at the end of the maze
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together
The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."
According to the law of effect, behaviors That are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organisms are more likely
To be repeated
Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? For example, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate
Unconditioned stimulus
Don does remodeling for the strange old guy who lives in the big house. He has been working there for eight months, and always puts in 25 hours a week. He is never sure when he's going to get paid. Sometimes the old guy pays him twice in a single week and other times he doesn't give him anything for three weeks. On the average, he gets paid about every 10 days.
Variable interval
Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable interval
Which schedule of reinforcement best fits the persons system of receiving income. Myron is a waiter in a college restaurant. Sometimes he gets a tip and sometimes the students leave nothing. Whether the night is busy (Friday) or dead (Tuesday), on average he gets a real tip from about 50% of his customers, but some nights everyone is generous and other nights everyone is stingy.
Variable ratio
Sven eats popcorn every time he goes to the movies. He goes to a new theater with no concessions and finds that his mouth is watering for popcorn the entire time. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
Watching a movie
What is an example of operant conditioning?
When a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot
Negative punishment refers to a situation where
a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?
attention, retention, reproduction, motivational
In ____________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
classical
Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
3-year-old Lacy always gets her favorite juice in her Scooby-Doo cup, so she drinks readily. But now the Scooby-Doo cup is in the dishwasher, so mom puts her juice in the Dora the Explorer cup that is identical to the Scooby-Doo cup except for the decorations. Lacy refuses to drink because she ____________________.
discriminates between the Scooby-Doo cup and the Dora the Explorer cup
Ben has a job with a landscape service. He works about 35 hours each week. He is always paid on Friday afternoon, and his salary is always the same.
fixed interval
A light and a shock are associated so the light now produces a fear response without presentation of the shock. If a new light that is similar to, but not identical to the original light produces the fear response, we have an example of _______________.
generalization
The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a
model
Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?
money
____________________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior
negative punishment
Dave has a splitting headache. He decides to go for a run and like magic the headache disappears. The next time he has a headache, he is thinking about going for a run. The disappearance of the headache is a
negative reinforcer
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.
occurs as a result of experience
Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded.) which kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.
shaping
Richard is teaching his son, Cody, to throw darts. At first, he gives Cody a piece of candy each time the dart hits the dartboard. As time progresses, Richard starts only rewarding Cody when the dart hits one of the inner rings of the dartboard. Finally, Richard only rewards Cody when he hits the bullseye. This example best illustrates the concept of ___________.
shaping
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
Extinction occurs when
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?
the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light