Lecture 01 - 14

Railroad advertising

* 1890s * Corporate identity * Importance of railroad Examples: 1. Advertise for CH&D * Not just railroad but also other things are seen * Ad primary for railroad but also showing other products * Advertising agency to find opportunity to promote other products 2. * Not just the railroad but also advertising it is comfortable * Showing main line of railroad 3. * Create mascot for railroad * Three horizontal ad * In each one, logo (woman, Pheobe snow) of railroad and poem (about Phoebe snow) * Using coal and her dress is kept white

Wiener Werkstatte

* 1903 * Vienna workshop * Arts and Craft organization * Different from Britain; in Britain, everything done by hand but in Vienna they are starting to use machines; accepting new technology * Works from workshop will be sold in shops * Geometry is driving force; geometry is creating the form * New spirit in design that use geometry as an organizing principle (ex. Silverware by Josef Hoffmann)

Printing Press

* A printing press machine that applies pressure between an inked surface and a print medium * It is important because it allowed mass production, share large amounts of information quickly and in huge numbers. * In Germany, around 1440, goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable-type printing press, which started the Printing Revolution * Gutenberg press, replacing wood with metal and printing blocks with each letter, creating the European version of moveable type. * Gutenberg used his press to print Bible, which is the first complete extant book in the West, and it is one of the earliest books printed from movable type. * Letterpress printing is a technique of relief printing. Using a printing press, the process allows many copies to be produced by repeated direct impression of an inked, raised surface against sheets or a continuous roll of paper * Letterpress printing was the normal form of printing text from its invention by Johannes Gutenberg

Old Style 1470

* At this time, Venice was trading power house in Mediterranean, where printers can flourish / Route of printing * Blackletter typefaces were the original standard for printing, mainly because they mimicked the handwriting style of the time. In 1470, Nicolas Jenson recognized that simpler letterforms would result in being able to fit more text on a single page, resulting in shorter books with faster setup times. He created the first Roman typeface, based on Blackletter and Italian Humanist lettering. / Different from Gutenberg's black letter type * Nicolas Jenson created Roman Type, inspired by the text on ancient roman buildings. It was far more readable than blackletter, and caught on quickly. * Jenson's typeface was the first to be created based on typographic principles rather than manuscript models. His Roman type is the basis for multiple modern fonts * T is same height as h

Bayeux Tapestry c1100

* Bayeux Tapestry is a medieval embroidery depicting the story of Norman invasion of Britain * considered as a remarkable work of art and important as a source for 11th century history * made in Lenin * it is a sequential artwork that has more than 70 scenes representing the Norman conquest * Along the top and the bottom run decorative borders with figures of animals and birds * This is made entirely by women

Blackletter 1455

* Blackletter typeface (also known as Gothic or Old English typefaces) is a family of fonts that are inspired by the dark, saturated calligraphic letters of the Middle Ages. * Carolingian minuscule was the direct ancestor of blackletter * Both the uppercase and lowercase letters are defined by dramatic strokes and elaborate serif swirls. * blackletter first emerged as a type of handwriting script in the Middle Ages * In the fifteenth century, Johannes Gutenberg used his printing press to print a copy of the bible in blackletter type. Johann Gutenberg used a textualis typeface for his famous Gutenberg Bible in 1455. * Characteristics 1. Stylized: Lettering in blackletter typefaces has a highly stylized appearance rooted in medieval, classic calligraphy. The letterforms are often dense with flourishing ascenders and caps. 2. Contrasting strokes: Blackletter letterforms are typically characterized by angled strokes that mimic calligraphic handwriting, creating a sharp contrast between thick and thin strokes. 3. Serifs: Most blackletter fonts have serifs, the small flourishes on the end of their strokes, that loop elaborately and contribute to their stylized appearance.

WEB DuBois

* Civil activist * supported African American community in the United States * examples: 1. Large posters and graphics showing African American community 2. Two hemisphere, showing where slaves came from 3. pie chart: Black population and white population in Georgia, and color refers to different jobs 4. Black population in different countries 5. "City and Rural Population"; black population in city, where different colors (black, blue, yellow, red) indicated different numbers

American Type Founders ATF 1892

* Companies can focus on the typeface that they can do the best and sell not only to one particular city but any other cities in America. * Focusing on quality not quantity that often bad * American wide company * Beginning of American type company * ATF was the dominant American manufacturer of metal type from its creation in 1892 until at least the 1940s; it continued to be influential into the 1960s. Many fonts developed by American Type Founders in its period of dominance, including News Gothic, Century Schoolbook, Franklin Gothic, Hobo and Bank Gothic, are still in everyday use. * Before ATF, with the introduction of the Linotype, which could cast whole lines of body type in-house, demand for hand-set type was down. Additionally, type at this time was not standardized, either to body size or to base line, and printers resented the incompatibility of types from different foundries.

Store Windows

* Display of object in 3d environment * display & exhibition * Cabinet of curiosity

Henri Toulouse-Lautrec

* Drawer/print maker * He did 27 posters in his life time * Primary known as artist not really as a poster designer * Influenced by Japanese artwork * Uses flat fields of colors * He is not using the same primary color that Cheret used; black, red, yellow and greenish gray * Use red and yellow to create orange * These are lithograph (drawn on stone) * Since there are four colors, 4 stones are used * Experiment with liquid crayon * Organization/composition * Keeping eye moving * Now use Zinc plate instead of lithographic stone (because it's expensive) * Now use photography and translate into zinc plate

Frances Macdonald

* Frances Macdonald MacNair was a Scottish artist whose design work was a prominent feature of the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style) during the 1890s *

Jules Cheret

* French poster maker who learned color cartography in Britain * Produced large and exuberant posters * First specialist as a poster designer * Learned how to create liveliness just by using three to four colors (red/yellow/blue/black) * Designed more than 1000 in his life time * People at that time said that Cheret made the street into art gallery * These women that he used in poster is known as 'Cherettes' * As his work became more popular and his large posters displaying modestly free-spirited females found a larger audience, pundits began calling him the "father of the women's liberation."; It was freeing for the women of Paris, and heralded a noticeably more open atmosphere in Paris where women were able to engage in formerly taboo activities, such as wearing low-cut bodices and smoking in public.

Ludwig Hohlwein

* German * One of three extraordinary poster makers * His posters look different from Bernhard's * Using pattern as flat pattern; puts the emphasis on the word * Loved drawing animals * He liked Vienna workshop's lettering style for posters * Can see his brush strokes; sense the paint that he was using

Lucian Bernhard

* German * One of three extraordinary poster makers * Object posters * There was a Priester matches competition and Lucian Bernhard submitted the poster with no background and yellow and red match. One of the judges threw away his poster because they did not like it but one of the main judges thought that it is a successful poster. He thought that the new means of transportation in Berlin needed telegraphic poster that can give a quick message to the viewers. * Good understanding of color wheel for example, use of blue and orange * Flatness, quality of Japanese printing

Deutsche Werkbund

* German work organization * Invention based on Vienna workshop and British art and craft movement * German and the United States were two countries that were coming after economy supremacy of British empire. Germany was made as a country in 1870 from various states. Germany was industrializing quickly. * Realized that arts and craft affects the quality of goods, and also looked at Vienna workshop. People involved Werkbund, 1. Artists, designers and artisans; people who are creating the ideas, making prototypes and fashioning the models 2. Manufacturing sectors; 3. Schools; training people to work in the industry 4. Museums and Exhibitions; to show in public and trade fairs 5. German government; making national design policy which was the new idea

AEG

* Germany equivalent to the general electric company in the US Building: * designer of the building is Peter Behrens * Reinforced concrete

Automobile companies

* Identity * All the automobile companies had marks Italian: had heraldic nature French: mark from physical part of automobile heraldic shield British:

Shell Oil

* Identity * British company * In 1910s people were very aware of horse power of their automobile * Scallop shape for logo and added the name and used yellow and red * Color scheme for each rail road * Made more geometric and took off the name

American point (.0138") 1879

* In typography, the point is the smallest unit of measure. It is used for measuring font size, leading, and other items on a printed page * The basic unit of measurements in American typography was the pica * Twelve points, still referred to by the old name of "pica", is a unit used for measuring the lengths of lines of type.

Peter Behrens

* Industrial design; beginnings of designers for heavy industry * Architect and designer * One of people who started Werkbund * Designer director of AEG company * Designed typeface for AEG company Posters: * Type that he designed * Lamp; advocation of light; * Border around the edge of printed materials Industrial design: * Quite contemporary Stamps: * Used to promote the product * Most of them are in simple designs with plain background * was a leading German architect, graphic and industrial designer, best known for his early pioneering AEG Turbine Hall in Berlin in 1909 * He was a foundation member of the German Werkbund in 1907, when he also began designing for AEG, pioneered corporate design,graphic design, producing typefaces, objects, and buildings for the company.

Leonetto Cappiello

* Italian born designer and worked many years in France * Did a lot of advertisement of department store * Similar to the vitality and the use of Cherettes * Used solid and dark color for background and bright colors for letters and pictures * Lively composition * Cappiello did a lot of food and drink posters

Japanese prints

* Japanese prints were important for people developing poster in the west * Western artist took essential flatness * Textural quality of drawings, using clothes * Flatness of color * Posters are becoming more pictorial

Linotype 1884

* Keyboard operated machine * Ottmar Mergenthaler invented the machine * Use molten metal like Gutenberg's type * Linotype became one of the mainstay methods to set type, especially small-size body text, for newspapers, magazines, and posters from the late 19th century to the 1970s and 1980s,when it was largely replaced by phototypesetting and computer typesetting * The assembled line is then cast as a single piece, called a slug, from molten type metal in a process known as hot metal typesetting. The matrices are then returned to the type magazine from which they came, to be reused later. This allows much faster typesetting and composition than original hand composition * The slugs produced by the machine are rectangular solids of type metal as long as the line or column measure selected. Raised characters running along the top are a mirror image of the desired printed line. After hot-metal casting, a distributing mechanism returns each matrix to its place in the magazine. The slug of type, air-cooled briefly, is then placed in a "stick" for insertion in the proper position into the press form being assembled or made up.

Mon

* Mon is like an Asian heraldry * Show that they are belong to certain clan/group of family * Very geometric for the most part or based on plant form * Mon have originated as fabric patterns to be used on clothes to distinguish individuals or membership. Then it developed as heraldry where used in battle. It is seen on flags, tents and equipment. * Like European heraldry, mon were initially only used by aristocratic families and were gradually adapted by commoners.

Monotype 1887

* Monotyping is a type of printmaking made by drawing or painting on a smooth, non-absorbent surface. * The image is then transferred onto a paper by pressing the two together, using a printing-press * Stencils, watercolor, solvents, brushes, and other tools are often used to embellish a monotype print. * Monotypes can be spontaneously executed and with no previous sketch. * These process is being done by type setting companies/composition companies

Florence Nightingale

* Nightingale's graph is like a pie chart, cut into twelve equal angles. These slices advance in a clockwise direction. Each shows what happened in one month of one year. The outward reach of each slice shows how many deaths occurred in that month. * She made it because she saw so many people dying despite it's preventable * Dealing with Hospital hygiene * The graphic, which Nightingale used as a way to explain complex statistics simply, clearly, and persuasively, has become known as Nightingale's "Rose Diagram." * used colors

London Underground

* One of the great models of showing identity; strong identity programs * There were many companies for public transportation in London and one of them was London general omnibus company; wheels with wings / * Then companies united into one large company called "underground" ; picked up the idea of bar across the circle for the sign in 1905 * The way they expressed the words underground : Big U and D at the end, almost feel like tiles and underground Poster: * Frank Pick ; underground should promote itself * You will see posters in the posters that promote each stations that people can see different posters of variety of things Typeface: * Then created typeface for underground purposes * Designed by Johnson and Gil San was derived from this

Wood type, China c1000s

* One of the world's oldest printing techniques and invented by Chinese *Movable type was first created by Bi Sheng (990-1051), who used baked clay, which was very fragile. The Yuan-dynasty official Wang Zhen is credited with the introduction of wooden movable type, a more durable option, around 1297. * The wood type was more durable than clay type, but worn pieces could only be replaced by carving new ones. * It was a demanding task since there are thousands of Chinese characters and intensive training is required. * Rather than manually carving an individual block to print a single page, movable type printing allowed for the quick assembly of a page of text.

Paper c250-100BC

* Paper was invented in China * Paper is thin nonwoven material traditionally made from a combination of milled plant and textile fibres. * Sequence to paper introduction around the world China > Korea > Japan > Islam > Samarkand > Cairo > Fes(Morocco) > Spain (Islamic instruction of paper to Spain) > other European countries like France, England, Denmark, Holland > Mexico > Philadelphia * Laid paper is a type of paper having a ribbed texture and it was predominantly used in the pre-mechanical period of European papermaking * When people were producing books with papers, there were different ways of binding papers: scrolls/accordion/stab binding

Decorative 1690

* People People start to mix many type faces but the use of black letter continues * Decorative and display fonts became popular in the 19th century and were used extensively on posters and advertisements. * William Morris launched the Arts and Crafts movement and as part of the experimentation and innovation of the time, developed the Troy typeface. * Italic typeface is considered to be decorative. * italic type is a cursive font based on a stylized form of calligraphic handwriting. * influence from calligraphy, italics normally slant slightly to the right. Italics are a way to emphasize key points in a printed text, to identify many types of creative works, to cite foreign words or phrases, or, when quoting a speaker, a way to show which words they stressed.

Margaret Macdonald

* Rectilinear Art Nouveau Margaret Macdonald & Frances Macdonald They are married to Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Herbert NcNair They are sisters glosgo; big industrial city Cover of German publication "German art and decoration" : * Work done by Margaret * Linear illustration * White form is a woman * Peacock and woman on the background * Abstracted * Lines with flowers * Borders; two prominent rectangle * One of the earliest example of Art Nouveau that has * rectilinearity Menu for Miss-cranston Exhibition cafes: * Done by Margaret * Lettering done by hand * Three folding piece * Women holding rose on the background * Overwhelming rectilinear lines and squares used for decorative pattern motif * This is leading to the world of geometry; most important aspect of rectilinear

Script 1557

* Script typefaces are based upon the varied and often fluid stroke created by handwriting. * they are generally used for display or trade printing, rather than for extended body text in the Latin alphabet. * There are two main types of script fonts. Formal script fonts and casual script fonts. * They are very easy to recognize mostly because they have over-the-top curls and flourishes that extend from the serif. * So mainly there are three types of Script typeface: formal/casual/calligraphic

Alfred Roller

* Secession artist Poster * Decorative geometry motif * Lettering style is rectilinear on outside but inside, there is the spirit of curvilinear on plant forms; today's digital typeface called mojo

Kolomon Moser

* Secession artist * He was one of the foremost artists of the Vienna Secession movement and a co-founder of Wiener Werkstätte. Poster * Influenced by Scottish work * All thin proportion * Use of geometry * Figures (people) * Monoline letter * Hand lettering style

Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851

* The Crystal Palace was where the Great Exhibition was housed * exhibition space to display examples of technology developed in the Industrial Revolution * British showing success of industrial revolution * Showing technological powers and success of Britain; Technological achievement of building and products * The Great Exhibition was opened on 1 May 1851 by Queen Victoria. It was the first of the World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry. * The exhibits were grouped into four main categories—Raw Materials, Machinery, Manufacturers and Fine Arts.

Nuremberg Chronicle

* The Nuremberg Chronicle is an illustrated biblical paraphrase and world history that follows the story of human history related in the Bible. * It is one of the best-documented early printed books and one of the first to successfully integrate illustrations and text.

Advertising agencies

* The Rowland company advertising; one of the earliest advertising agencies * you have to buy ad in order to put them on the newspaper * it was hard to put ad on the newspapers in different locations because the artwork and type was set at a particular place * later, agencies got into the business of creating the artworks so that they would be made and sent to different newspapers and they all look the same * close to 1900s, there were advertisement everywhere

Typefounding

* The art of casting the characters on moveable types used in printing. * From Gutenberg's invention of "movable type" in the 1400's until the mid 1800's, type founding remained essentially the same—type metal was poured by hand into a mould closed by a matrix. * The mold that held the matrix was the real key to mass production. * With the industrial revolution and the increase in literacy and the accompanying rise in the demand for printed material, inventors turned their attention to mechanizing type founding equipment. * While these machines improved the speed of production and quality of foundry type, remained as labor intensive as it was in the 1400's. Not surprisingly, the first commercially successful type composing machine, the Linotype, was sold not for the quality of its type, but for the labor savings it produced. To further discuss the Linotype and the other machines that followed it, some basic type founding terms and concepts are needed.

Transitional 1700

* There are three types of printing type: 1. Blackletter 2. Old style 3. Transitional * They are often considered as transitional between old style fonts and more modern serifs. People wanted something new. * Two well-known transitional typeface examples would include Times New Roman and Baskerville. * Constructed letter over hand calligraphed letter => this is going to be a new idea for type * One of the great things about transitional is their legibility because they are not too aesthetic.

Trajan Column c114

* Trajan Column is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy * Roman Empire excavated Egyptian writing (hieroglyphic, hieratic, demotic) and only left Greek because they thought Greek is their ancestor and their writing system had come from the ancient Greek. * Trajan shows an excellent example of the Square Roman Capitals script, which was often used when script needed to be carved into a monument of stone. * No spaces between the words like ancient Egyptian * our letters, capital and lower letters, came from Majuscules (capital letters) & Miniscule (lower case letters) * highly readable, because the letters are squared, with straight lines, angular forms, uniformity in height across the line. * On the Trajan column, the words (or their abbreviations) are separated by dots or points, called punctus, at the medial point of the line. This was a common practice during this time as a way to separate words

Women's suffrage

* Trying to get women to vote Examples: 1. Metaphor that she does not have a boat 2. Linking women with convicts and lunatics who are also not allow to vote * posters were very powerful at that time * Along with women's suffrage, many political cartoons were produced which were also very powerful to the society.

Wilhelm Deffke

* Wilhelm Deffke was the head of graphic design, as many considered him to be the "godfather of the advertising logo" * Deffke worked as an artistic assistant for graphics, figural composition and architecture in Peter Behrens ' studio . Here he met Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe * From 1913 to 1914 Wilhelm Deffke and Carl Ernst Hinkefuß worked for the Berlin company Otto Elsner. Here they also designed printing documents for the HAPAG high-speed steamer Imperator * Deffke saw the logo as the basis for all commercial advertising media. By 1950 he designed over 10,000 company and product logos, which were characterized by a functional and abstract design language. * He was known for his clean and structured style, famously shown in his work on Reemtsma cigarettes.He was cautious in his simpleness, which became so recognizable for many in the industry.

William Morris

* William Morris was a British textile designer, poet, artist, novelist, architectural conservationist, printer, translator and socialist activist associated with the British Arts and Crafts Movement. * Interested in printing * Middle age typeface * Leader of Morris company Morris Company * Group of manufacturers in workshop, working nicely and thinking quality over expediency (quantity) * Spread quick in Britain * Theoretical approach in design change. * Handmadeness; fine hand made * Art and craft designers glorified middle ages * Lettering is in German black letter style in middle ages.

Sans Serif c1815

* Without serif, which is the one that does not have extending features * Sans-serif typefaces tend to have less stroke width variation than serif typefaces. They are often used to convey simplicity and modernity or minimalism. * The term comes from the French word sans, meaning "without" and "serif" of uncertain origin * William Caslon IV produced the first sans-serif printing type in England for the Latin alphabet * Some of the most popular sans serif fonts on the black include Arial, Helvetica, Proxima Nova, Futura, and Calibri

Wood type 1827

* Wood has been used for letterforms and illustrations dating back to the first known Chinese wood block print from 868 CE. The forerunner of the block print in China was the wooden stamp. * Darius Wells of New York invented the means for mass producing letters in 1827, and published the first known wood type catalog in 1828. In the preface to his first wood type catalog, Wells outlined the advantages of wood type. Wood type was half the cost of metal type, and when prepared by machine it had smooth, even surfaces, where the possibility of unequal cooling caused large lead type to distort. * How wood type is made: take wood and trace the letter, then on the pantographic machine, there is a cutting device that cut the wood away * you can have various sizes of wood types

Cuneiform (Sumerian) c3200BC

* Writing system that developed in ancient Sumer * One of the oldest forms of writing * Pictorial * People needed a record of transactions * Pieces of clay and many different shapes * invented symbols that developed from literal form * from picture to abstract form * draw/write with sticks and triangular end to the end

William Playfair

* a Scottish engineer and political economist * As secret agent, Playfair reported on the French Revolution and organized a clandestine counterfeiting operation in 1793 to collapse the French currency. * The founder of graphical methods of statistics,[2] Playfair invented several types of diagrams * the line, area and bar chart of economic data, pie chart and circle graph, used to show part-whole relations. * At that time, people were not making economic and political decision using data and visual information * helped in presenting economic situation and balance of payment (import and export)

Hieroglyphic (Egypt) c3200BC-400

* considered as holy writing * A hieroglyph was a character of the ancient Egyptian writing system * system that employs characters in the form of pictures * Invented alphabetic system which stands for sound * Hieroglyph combined logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements * Later, Hieratic and Demotic Egyptian scripts were derived from Hieroglyphic writing. * Hieroglyphic was really for higher class people/royal people so people developed more on hieratic and demotic. * Hieratic and Demotic are the different stages of turning hieroglyphics into a more usable writing system.

Carolingian Minuscule

* in calligraphy, clear and manageable script developed in the medieval European period so that the Latin alphabet could be easily recognized by the literate class * writing system that everyone could read; standardize writing for communication * used in Holy Roman Empire * uses capital and lower case * there are spaces between words * The script is derived from Roman half uncial and the insular scripts

Photography 1826

* invented in 1820s but not be put to use for printing until the 1880s * For 50 years, photographs existed as continuous tone pictures that came from different photographic processes * At that time, printers did not know how to reproduce photographs because they were continuous tone

Ukiyo-e

* is a genre of Japanese art which flourished from the 17th through 19th centuries * Literally meaning, "pictures of the floating world" * Its artists produced woodblock prints and paintings of such subjects as female beauties; kabuki actors and sumo wrestlers; scenes from history and folk tales; travel scenes and landscapes; flora and fauna; and erotica * The earliest ukiyo-e works emerged in the 1670s, with Hishikawa Moronobu's paintings and monochromatic prints of beautiful women. Colour prints were introduced gradually, and at first were only used for special commissions. By the 1740s, artists such as Okumura Masanobu used multiple woodblocks to print areas of colour. * As printing was done by hand, printers were able to achieve effects impractical with machines, such as the blending or gradation of colours on the printing block * Ukiyo-e was central to forming the West's perception of Japanese art in the late 19th century, particularly the landscapes of Hokusai and Hiroshige.

Stereotype 1846

* is a solid plate of type metal * developed in the late 18th century and widely used in letterpress, newspaper, and other high-speed press runs * A stereotype plate is much stronger and more durable under the press run than would be the composed page of type. It is gradually being replaced, however, by photopolymer (photosensitive plastic) and lithographic plates * The composition of individual cast metal types into lines with leading and furniture, tightly locked into a forme, was labor-intensive and costly. * While stereotypes were useful in book publishing, it was in newspaper publishing that they came into their own. * William Ged, Scottish goldsmith who invented (1725) stereotyping, a process in which a whole page of type is cast in a single mold so that a printing plate can be made from it.

Slab Serif/Egyptian c1805

* is a type of serif typeface characterized by thick, block-like serifs. Serifs are big and heavy * The slab serif was also the first type style to be considered a display type. * The slab serif had a lot of visual impact and in a post-industrial world. As the printing of advertising material began to expand in the early nineteenth century, new and notionally more attention-grabbing letterforms became popular. * The Slab Serif or Egyptian is also home to further subsets of typeface styles, like the Fat Faces which are fundamentally Didones (or Moderns) * slab serifs were increasingly being called "Egyptians," even though there was no connection between this typeface and traditional Egyptian writing systems.

Watermarks

* is an identifying image or pattern in paper that appears when viewed by transmitted light caused by thickness or density variations in the paper. * The oldest form of watermarks are referred to as "wire watermarks." These were made by bending pieces of wire that sewed onto screen in linear * This was done while the paper was still wet/watery and therefore the mark created by this process is called a watermark. * Watermarks were first introduced in Fabriano, Italy, in 1282 * There are two main ways of producing watermarks in paper; the dandy roll process, and the more complex cylinder mould proces

Heraldry

* is the use of inherited coats of arms and other symbols to show personal identity and family lineage Heraldry was first used in middle ages. * Originally limited to nobility, making symbol for wealthy family * heraldry was important in the organization of the armies * Western heraldry spread beyond its core territory of Latin Christendom in the 17th century, Western heraldic traditions being adopted in the Russian Empire. With colonialism, the use of heraldry has spread to other continents, e.g. Africa and the Americas. * Heraldry was largely developed to coat of arms, the principal part of a system of hereditary symbols dating back to early medieval Europe, used primarily to establish identity in battle. * In battles, not only on flags but individual soldiers are marked with heraldic signs * Arms evolved to denote family descent, adoption, alliance, property ownership, and, eventually, profession. * Like all other human creations, heraldic art has reflected the changes of fashion.

Lithography 1798

* lithos 'stone', and graphein 'to write' * is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. * Originally, the image to be printed was drawn with a greasy substance, such as oil, fat, or wax, onto the surface of a smooth and flat limestone plate. Lithography works because of the mutual repulsion of oil and water. The image is drawn on the surface of the print plate with a fat or oil-based medium (hydrophobic) such as a wax crayon, which may be pigmented to make the drawing visible. * In the lithographic process, ink is applied to a grease-treated image on the flat printing surface; nonimage (blank) areas, which hold moisture, repel the lithographic ink. This inked surface is then printed—either directly on paper, by means of a special press, or onto a rubber cylinder

Packaging/Labels

* representing identity * using wood type for packaging or labels have a problem when it gets wet, it gets deteriorate easily * use wood type or metal engraving * highly detailed * a lot of advertising card and posters were handed out on the street or hung up on the wall * labels from 1820 is quite ostentatious

Secession

* secession refers to an historic break between a group of avant-garde artists and conservative European standard-bearers of academic and official art in the late 19th and early 20th century. * Of the various secessions, the Vienna Secession (1897) remains the most influential. * Vienna: 1. Rectilinear art nouveau 2. Secession 3. Vienna workshops * Lettering Artist interested in mono lettering Geometric * Kolomon Moser * Secession artist

Metal type, Korea c1234

* the oldest book existing in the world printed in metallic movable types is printed in Korea * The oldest movable metal type book is called Jikji which contains essential teachings of the Buddhas * developed during the Goryeo dynasty in the early 13th century. * Materials used to make Korean movable type ranged from wood to various metal alloys, with bronze metal type being the most common. * The primary methods of casting metal type were lost-wax casting and green-sand casting.

Charles Joseph Minard

* was a French civil engineer recognized for his significant contribution in the field of information graphics in civil engineering and statistics. * Minard was, among other things, noted for his representation of numerical data on geographic maps, especially his flow maps. * Flow map: A flow map is a type of thematic map that uses linear symbols to represent movement. * Charles Joseph Minard map of the 1812 French invasion of Russia: Invasion of Russian by Napoleon army; black line indicating the march out * In the map's combination of data connected to change over time and space, the presentation is imbued with a distinctly narrative quality regarding the French army's defeat in the campaign against Russia. In this narrative, Minard adds an extra dimension: Not only did Napoleon's men meet a threat from the Russian army, but also from the weather.

Johannes Gutenberg

* was a German inventor, printer, publisher, and goldsmith who introduced printing to Europe with his mechanical movable-type printing press * Gutenberg's printing press was considered a history-changing invention, making books widely accessible * Gutenberg press, replacing wood with metal and printing blocks with each letter, creating the European version of moveable type. * Gutenberg used his press to print Bible, which is the first complete extant book in the West, and it is one of the earliest books printed from movable type. * Letterpress printing is a technique of relief printing. Using a printing press, the process allows many copies to be produced by repeated direct impression of an inked, raised surface against sheets or a continuous roll of paper * Letterpress printing was the normal form of printing text from its invention by Johannes Gutenberg

Beggarstaffs

* was the pseudonym used by the British artists William Nicholson and James Pryde for their collaborative partnership in the design of posters and other graphic work Example: Harper's Magazine * Poster for Harper's magazine by Beggerstaffs * Background is red and uniform is also red and outline is missing; background is merging with figure; figure and ground is merging * Can feel 3 dimensional quality * Nice use of white; eye bounces between text

Cabinets of Curiosity

* were collections of notable objects. The term cabinet originally described a room rather than a piece of furniture. They are like today's museum * Cabinets of curiosities served not only as collections to reflect the particular curiosities of their curators but as social devices to establish and uphold rank in society. * Modern terminology would categorize the objects included as belonging to natural history, geology, ethnography, archaeology, religious or historical relics, works of art, and antiquities. * a. Denmark; collective from nature b. Italy; shelves, boxes, things that people can pull out; collection c. British; 1780s/Summerset House; Idea of Museums

Woodcut 700s

* woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking * oldest form of printmaking * knives and other tools are used to carve an image into the surface of a wooden block. The raised area are inked and printed while areas that are cut away do not retain ink and will remain black in the print. * It is a light and delicate process because the space between what's stand is very small or narrow * Since its origins in China, the practice of woodcut has spread around the world from Europe to other parts of Asian countries and then to Latin America * After woodcut, wood engraving or intaglio was developed, which is a printmaking technique in which a print is made from a design incised on the transverse section, or end, of a hardwood block.

Parchment 80

*Books made in the west and first made by hand * Parchment is a writing material made from skins of animals * In the west before paper introduced in Europe, books were made in parchment * Therefore, there was a widespread of scribe as profession * buy parchment > cutting pages with knife > scribing lines > drawing on parchment

Modern & Fat Face 1770

1. Modern typeface: * Didot is the first person who made modern types * Modern types need to be large * Modern fonts are recognizable by their thin, long horizontal serifs, and clear-cut thick/thin transitions in the strokes. * The stress is vertical, i.e. there is no slant on the letters. * They tend to look very structured and could be considered cold. Having said that, modern fonts can look really eye-catching and very elegant at large sizes. They are not suitable for large amounts of body text, either on the web or in print. 2. Fat Face typeface: * a fat face letterform is a serif typeface or piece of lettering in the Didone or modern style with an extremely bold design. * A major development of the early nineteenth century was the arrival of the printed poster and increasing use of printing for publicity and advertising material. This presumably caused a desire to make eye-catching new types of letters available for printing. Large typeface clearly intended for poster use began to appear in London in the second half of the eighteenth century

Islamic diagrams/maps

A. Islamic maps: * Islamic map is the study of geography and cartography in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age * Islamic geography reached its apex with Muhammad al-Idrisi in the 12th century It makes the world much more easy to understand the geography and cartography of the world * South is at the top B. Islamic diagrams: * A lot of medical document from ancient Greek * They were forbidden to cut open the bodies so they produced many diagrams to study medical field * There are many diagrams in various fields but especially in science, art, and math

Alphonse Mucha

Alphonse Mucha * was a Bohemian and Czech painter, illustrator, and graphic artist, living in Paris during the Art Nouveau period, best known for his distinctly stylized and decorative theatrical posters In his posters, 1. Prominent use of hair of woman, which means woman new young spirit 2. Smoke is also branding Art Nouveau 3. Borders and full background to fill up the entire space with color and texture 4. Color schemes are secondary colors-orange, brown, purple and green; colors of nature 5. Lettering also have curvilinear spirit Lettering: * Look almost like liquid; curvilinearity * Hand drawn * Printers are using wood and metal type * Art Nouveau artist using lithograph, which they have complete freedom of drawing; taking liberty of letter

Curvilinear Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau: * When separate Art Nouveau into two parts, 1. Curvilinear Art Nouveau 2. Rectilinear Art Nouveau * Art Nouveau is everywhere in the world Curvilinear Art Nouveau: * Curvilinear Art Nouveau comes first * Began in Britain but flourishes in across Europe * Architecture/furniture that has "undulating" lines or swirls * Based on plants motifs from Arts and Craft(1880s) works; development of plant forms as the major form of Art Nouveau * Idea is the new spirit of art, getting away from traditional form * Ex. Casa Mila by Gaudi/Mucha's works/Tiffany's works/Toorup's poster

Rectilinear Art Nouveou

Art Nouveau: * When separate Art Nouveau into two parts, 1. Curvilinear Art Nouveau 2. Rectilinear Art Nouveau * Art Nouveau is everywhere in the world Rectilinear Art Nouveau Starts later about 1900s, 10 years after Curvilinear Margaret Macdonald & Frances Macdonald They are married to Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Herbert NcNair They are sisters glosgo; big industrial city Cover of German publication "German art and decoration" Work done by Margaret Linear illustration White form is a woman Peacock and woman on the background Abstracted Lines with flowers Borders; two prominent rectangle One of the earliest example of Art Nouveau that has rectilinearity Menu for Miss-cranston Exhibition cafes Done by Margaret Lettering done by hand Three folding piece Women holding rose on the background Overwhelming rectilinear lines and squares used for decorative pattern motif This is leading to the world of geometry; most important aspect of rectilinear

Arts&Crafts

Arts & Craft movement: * Response to large factories that destroyed countryside * Rapid industrialization * Destroyed a lot of towns by smoke from factories * Response to demeaning labor that people were doing in factory * Their critique was sharpened by the items that they saw in the Great Exhibition of 1851, which they considered to be excessively ornate, artificial, and ignorant of the qualities of the materials used * The Century Guild was a significant pioneer in establishing the Arts and Crafts movement as the first Guild, a forum for all artists - architects, designers, craftspeople and writers- to aim 'the unity of art'. * Private press movement; followed William Morris to produce high quality of goods * Because of arts and craft movement, schools began to teach art and craft; school programs were created to train people