Lecture 2 Exam
How many phalanges in each hand?
14
How many bones are found in the adult human skeleton?
206
At what age are all bones normally ossified?
25 years
The distal end of the radius articulates with how many bones of the wrist?
3
The renewal rate for compact bone tissue is
4% per year
The carpometacarpal joint consists of:
Base of metacarpal bone and distal end of carpal bone
The capitulum:
Both a and b (Articulates with the head of radius, Is a rounded knob on the lateral aspect of the humerus)
An increase in bone growth is promoted by which hormones?
Calcitonin and Calcitriol
Which is not a tarsal bone?
Capitate
(T/F) A boy's bones are usually ossified by age 18.
F
(T/F) A person's bones are usually ossified by age 16.
F
(T/F) During the repair of a severe fracture, minerals are deposited quickly such that the fracture may be completely repaired within three to five days.
F
(T/F) In the process of intramembranous ossification, bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme.
F
(T/F) Short bones have greater length than width.
F
(T/F) The diaphysis is a tough vascular fibrous tissue covering the bone.
F
(T/F) The epiphysis is a tough vascular fibrous tissue covering the muscle.
F
(T/F) The lacrimal bones form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and a small portion of the floors of the orbits.
F
(T/F) The main reason the body needs calcium is to make our bones strong.
F
(T/F) The thoracic vertebrae are the largest and the strongest of the unfused bones in the vertebral column.
F
(T/F) Vitamin D is not needed for the proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine.
F
(T/F) The appendicular skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk.
F (axial)
The hip joint is comprised of the
Femur and acetabulum
The tibiofemoral joint includes
Femur condyles and condyles of the tibia
The deltoid tuberosity of the humerus is found:
Midpoint of the shaft.
Put the bones cells in order of their maturation from unspecialized to specialized.
Osteogenic, osteoblast, osteocytes
What is the scapular notch used for?
Passageway for a nerve
Where does the biceps brachii muscle attach itself to the radius?
Radial tuberosity
(T/F) Bone remodeling plays a role in the maintenance of proper levels of calcium in the blood.
T
(T/F) Calcitonin inhibits activity of osteoclasts, speeds blood calcium uptake by bone, and accelerates calcium deposition into bones.
T
(T/F) Growth hormone causes long bone growth through ossification of the epiphyseal disk.
T
(T/F) Scoliosis is a lateral bending of the vertebral column, usually in the thoracic region.
T
(T/F) Spina bifida is a congenital defect of the vertebral column in which the laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally and unite at the midline.
T
(T/F) Steroid hormones are responsible for stopping long bone growth or ossification of your epiphyseal plate.
T
(T/F) The axial skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk.
T
(T/F) The bones of the skull are grouped into two categories: facial bones and cranial bones.
T
(T/F) The epiphyseal (growth) plate is a layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that is made up of four zones.
T
(T/F) The replacement of cartilage by bone is called endochondral ossification.
T
Which of the following is not true?
The appendicular skeleton does not include the girdles.
Which of the following is NOT true statement regarding the male and female pelvis?
The female pelvic inlet is heart-shaped and smaller than that of the male, which is larger and more oval.
Which is not true of the skull bones?
The skull contains foraminas but no fissures
Which of the following is true?
There are 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges
Which of the following is NOT true of surface markings on bone.
They provide movement within the bone
Which of the following is an unpaired cranial bone?
a and b only (frontal bone, occipital bone)
When the amount of calcium in the blood drops below the homeostatic set point, which of the following processes acts to restore blood calcium?
a, b, and c
Which of the following best describes the process of bone resorption?
acids and enzymes released by osteoclasts degrade collagen and dissolve away minerals
Which is more superior on the scapula.
acromion
Which of the following factors affect bone remodeling and growth?
all affect bone remodeling and growth (minerals, vitamins, hormones)
Which of the following tissues may be found within a bone (the humerus or upper arm bone, for example)?
all of the above
The female pelvis is ___ , than the male pelvis.
all of the above (Wider, Shallower, Larger in the pelvic inlet, Larger in the pelvic outlet)
Which organs are protected by bones in the axial skeleton?
all of the above (brain, heart, spinal cord, lungs)
Which of the following is not true for red marrow?
all of the above (it produces osetocytes, it stores fat, it can change to yellow marrow)
The arches of the foot:
are formed by metatarsal and tarsal bones.
This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction between bones involved in the joint.
articular cartilage
The medial and lateral condyles of the femur fit into what part of the patella?
articular facets
The ulna:
articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.
The function of vertebral processes is
attachment site for muscles
Bones of the adult skeleton are grouped in two principal divisions: the ___ skeleton and the ___ skeleton.
axial, appendicular
___ is the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.
bone remodeling
Which ridge serves as an attachment point for tendons of the thigh muscles?
both a & b (Gluteal tuberosity, Linea aspera)
What is the function of the interosseous membrane between the ulna and radius?
both a and b (Joins the shafts of both bones, Tendon attachment)
What is the function of the pelvic girdle?
both a and b (Support for vertebral column, attachment site for lower limbs)
Endochondral ossification involves forming bones ____ , whereas intramembranous ossification involves forming bones ____
by replacing hyaline cartilage; forming bone by growing out along a membrane.
The largest of the tarsal bones is the:
calcaneus
bone reduction
can be open or closed
These are extensions of the lacunae and are filled with extracellular fluid.
canaliculi
All of the following are functions of the human skeletal system except:
carbohydrate storage
Which of the following is NOT found in the axial skeleton?
carpals
In which phase of the human life cycle does bone deposition generally occur to a much greater degree than bone resorption?
childhood and adolescence
This is the anterior bone that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint.
clavicle
Which of the following is a protein secreted by osteoblasts during bone deposition?
collagen
When placed under mechanical stress, bone tissue becomes stronger through increased deposition of mineral salts and production of ___ fibers by ___
collagen, osteoblasts
___ contains few spaces and is the strongest form of bone tissue.
compact bone tissue
a ___ is a rounded protuberance at the end of a bone forming an articulation.
condyle
Which of the following is a step in the formation of intramembranous bone?
connective tissue and osteoblasts deposit the matrix and bone forms along membranes; outside bone develops into periosteum and the surface osteoblasts form compact bone
The ___ suture joins the frontal bone and both of the parietal bones.
coronal
Bones in the following area protect the brain.
cranium
a ___ is a ridge or an elongated prominence on a bone.
crest
The ___ of the ethmoid bone lies in the anterior floor of the cranium and forms the roof of the nasal cavity.
cribriform plate
This is the shaft of a long bone.
diaphysis
___ is the shaft of bone between epiphyses, which is solid, strong, and resists bending.
diaphysis
the ___ is the bone shaft or body - the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.
diaphysis
During adulthood, which of the following does NOT contribute to bone remodeling and growth?
enzymes
A ___ is the eminence at the articular end of a bone above a condyle.
epicondyle
The anatomical neck of the humerus includes the:
epiphyseal line
This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the Diaphysis to grow in length.
epiphyseal plate
the ___ is hyaline cartilage found on either end of a long bone which pushes out, enlarges, becomes calcified, and forms new bone.
epiphyseal plate
The proximal and distal ends of a bone are called the
epiphyses
This is the region of a long bone that articulates with other bones.
epiphysis
___ is the expanded portion at each end of long bones that articulates with another bone.
epiphysis
This cranial bone is anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to the nasal bones. It contains foramina for the olfactory cranial nerve.
ethmoid
the ___ bone is spongelike in appearance and is located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits.
ethmoid
Within bone tissue, the material that surrounds individual bone cells is called the ______.
extracellular matrix
a ___ is a small, smooth area on a bone.
facet
Ribs that do not have their own costal cartilages and attach directly to the sternum are called ___ ribs
false
Ribs that are not attached to the sternum at their anterior costal cartilages are known as
false floating (vertebral) ribs
Which gender shows the coccyx pointed inferiorly?
females
Which of the following is the correct sequence of bones of the lower limb, from proximal to distal ends?
femur, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
The lateral malleolus is found on the distal end of what bone?
fibula
One type of bone surface marking that allows for passage of blood vessels and nerves is a
fissure
a ___ is a groove or natural division, cleft, or slit.
fissure
The scapula is an examples of a ____ bone.
flat
Which type of bone is the occipital?
flat bone
Bones that are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue are
flat bones
The bones of the skull are an examples of ____
flat bones
The mesenchyme-filled spaces that are present between cranial bones at birth are referred to as
fontanels
An opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass is called a
foramen
As the spinal cord exits the cranium, it passes through an opening called the ____ of the occipital bone.
foramen magnum
a ___ is a furrow or shallow depression.
fossa
a ___ is a pit or cup-like depression.
fovea
This type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is usually seen in children.
greenstick
A ___ is a long narrow channel, depression, or furrow.
groove
____ stimulates IGF which stimulates reproduction of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal disk.
growth hormone
____ stimulates ____ which stimulates reproduction of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal disk.
growth hormone, IGF
Which of the following is not found in spongy bone.
haversian canals
a ___ is the proximal end of a bone
head
What is found in the glenoid cavity?
humerus
The glenohumeral joint includes:
humerus and scapula
Which of the following is the correct sequence of bones of the upper limb, from proximal to distal ends?
humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchyme tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____.
hyaline cartilage
Which of the following hipbones is superior?
ilium
Which of the bones listed contribute to the acetabulum? ilium, ischium, or pubis
ilium, ischium, pubis
When the amount of calcium in the blood rises above the homeostatic set point, which of the following processes acts to reduce the amount of calcium in the blood?
increasing the rate of bone deposition
In the process of ___ bone forms directly within mesenchyme arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes.
intramembranous ossification
The bones of the vertebrae are an example of ____
irregular bones
The vertebrae and facial bones are examples of ____
irregular bones
Which of the following is true for yellow marrow?
it can change to red marrow and store fat
Which of the following is not true for red marrow?
it can change to yellow marrow
Which of the following is true for red marrow?
it produces erythrocytes
Which of the following is not true for yellow marrow?
it produces red blood cells
Which list contains only facial bones?
lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones, mandible
Which of the following structures contains osteocytes?
lacunae
___ are bony chambers where osteocytes are located within the compact bone.
lacunae
Which is found medially?
lesser trochanter
A ___ is an anatomical line
linea
Osteons in compact bone tissue are aligned along
lines of stress
Which type of bone is the femur?
long bone
Of the following, which are the largest vertebrae?
lumbar
Which of the following minerals is needed when bones are growing?
magnesium
The clavicle articulates with which of the following to form the sternoclavicular joint?
manubrium
This is a structure of a long bone that stores energy.
marrow
This facial bone articulates with teeth.
maxillae
Which facial bone articulates with every other facial bone, except the mandible?
maxillae
a ___ is a passage or opening
meatus
A hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty, yellow bone marrow in adults is called the
medullary cavity
the ___ arteries enter the metaphyses of a long bone and, together with the nutrient artery, supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the metaphyses.
metaphyseal
This is the region in mature bone where the diaphysis and the epiphysis join.
metaphysis
On the proximal end of the humerus is found:
none of the above
The coxal bones unite posteriorly at a joint called:
none of the above
The following is/are attachment sites on the clavicle.
none of the above
Which of the following receives the trochlea of the humerus?
none of the above
This is the largest foramen in the skeleton
obturator foramen
Which of the following bones is not visible from the anterior view of the skull?
occipital
Which of the following is not a facial bone?
occipital
These projections on either side of the foramen magnum articulate with depressions on the first cervical vertebrae.
occipital condyles
What bone feature of the second cervical vertebrae articulates with the first cervical vertebrae?
odontoid process
Which is found in the elbow?
olecranon
The type of bone fracture characterized by the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin is known as a(n)
open (compound fracture)
The branch of medicine that deals with correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system is called
orthopedics
The process of bone formation is referred to as ___
ossification
Bone building cells that calcify cartilage are called
osteoblasts
Bone-building cells are called
osteoblasts
These are considered bone-building cells.
osteoblasts
These are considered bone-dissolving cells.
osteoclast
___ are bone-remodeling cells involved in calcium resorption
osteoclasts
___ are huge cells derived from the fusion of a large numbers of monocytes and are concentrated in the endosteum.
osteoclasts
What type of cell is most likely to be found inside a lacuna of mature bone?
osteocyte
Which type of cell may differentiate into an osteoblast?
osteogenic cell
The components of compact bone tissue are arranged into repeating structural units called
osteons or haversian systems
___ is seen in postmenopausal women and is associated with a decrease in calcium in the bones.
osteoporosis
Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?
parathyroid
Calcium ion exchange is regulated by hormones, and the most important hormone involved in this process is ___ hormone.
parathyroid
Which of the following hormones helps raise blood calcium levels?
parathyroid hormone
Which of the following is not a facial bone?
parietal
This is a bone that develops in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
patella
The ____ is a tough vascular fibrous tissue covering bone.
periosteum
a ___ is a projection or outgrowth of bone or tissue.
process
This depression is found laterally and inferior to the trochlear notch.
radial notch
a ___ is a branch; one of the divisions of a forked structure.
ramus
The correct sequence of processes that occur during bone elongation at the epiphyseal plate are:
resting, proliferation, hypertrophication, calcification
A vitamin A deficiency results in ____, whereas a vitamin D deficiency results in ____
retardation of bone development; rickets
A vitamin D deficiency results in ____ , whereas a vitamin C deficiency results in ____
rickets; slender fragile bones
Which of the following do the pelvic girdles articulate with?
sacrum
Which of the following bones is located in the posterior thorax between the second and seventh vertebrae?
scapula
The patella is an example of a ____ bone.
sesamoid
The carpals are examples of ____ bones.
short
This is a bone located within ankles or wrists.
short bone
a ___ is a cavity within a bone
sinus
A vitamin C deficiency results in ____ , whereas a vitamin A deficiency results in ____
slender fragile bones; retardation of bone development.
Which cranial bone articulates with every other cranial bone?
sphenoid
Which of the following is found in the axial skeleton?
sphenoid
a ___ is a sharp process of bone
spine
What is the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum called?
sternal angle
This part of the clavicle is rounded and articulates with the manubrium of the sternum.
sternal end
Joe was found dead. His hyoid bone was broken. What was the most likely cause of death?
strangulation
These bones include the organs of hearing and balance and articulate with the mandible.
temporal
Which bone includes an opening for the ear canal (the external auditory meatus) and articulates with the mandible?
temporal bone
The medial and lateral epicondyle are found on the distal end of the humerus and are used for
tendon attachment
Which endocrine gland secretes calcitonin (CT)?
thyroid gland
About 25% of all stress fractures involve which bone?
tibia
Compact bone is composed of units called osteons. In contrast, spongy bone is composed of _____.
trabeculae
Which of the following is not found in compact bone.
trabeculae
___ are numerous branching bony plates found within spongy bone.
trabeculae
a ___ is either of the two bony processes below the neck of the femur.
trochanter
This is a spool shaped surface of the humerus medial to the capitulum that articulates with the ulna.
trochlea
Which notch is found between the olecranon and coronoid process?
trochlear notch
Ribs that have costal cartilages and attach directly to the sternum are called ___ ribs
true
a ___ is a small rounded elevation or eminence on a bone.
tubercle
A ___ is an elevated round process of a bone.
tuberosity
Which of the following bone surface markings forms attachment points for connective tissue?
tuberosity
Cervical vertebrae can generally be identified by the presence of
two transverse foramen
Which is the longer bone?
ulna
___ must be present in your diet for calcium absorption in the small intestine.
vitamin D
During infancy, childhood, and adolescence, bones grow in length when cells in the _____ undergo mitosis.
zone of proliferating cartilage
The two bones that form the prominences of the cheeks as well as part of the lateral wall and floor of each orbit are the
zygomatic bones
Which of the following is not a step in the formation of endochondral bone?
Hyaline cartilage changes to adipose tissue.
Growth hormone stimulates ____ which stimulates reproduction of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal disk.
IGF
The mastoid process
Is the point of attachment for several neck muscles
Which of the following is true of the radius?
It articulates with the lunate, scaphoid and triquetrum at the wrist
Which of the following is not a step in the formation of endochondral bone?
Connective tissue and osteoblasts deposit matrix and bone along membranes
What is inflammation of the costal cartilage called?
Costochondritis