Lecture 3/1: Medicinal Molds (Exam 3)
Who was Cecil Paine?
"The forgotten man" 1930 first to successfully treat a human and four more Student of Alexander Fleming Lacked enthusiasm Never published results nor gave a paper on results
What is Pasteur's Germ Theory?
(1860) Diseases were spread by microorganisms
Who was Joseph Lister?
(1871) Urine sample contaminated with mold did not allow bacterial growth and sterile surgical techniques
Who was Louis Pasteur?
(1877) Anthrax could be rendered harmless by bacteria in soil
Who was Rudolf Emmerich?
(1887) Cholera could be prevented in animals by injection with Streptococcus bacterium
Who were Rudolf Emmerich and Oscar Low?
(1899) Isolated pyocyanase from Bacillus pyocyaneus, killed many different bacteria Inconsistent
Who were Andre Gratia and Sara Dath?
(1920s) Observed Penicillium contamination in one culture inhibited Staphylococcus aureus growth
Who was William Robert?
(1968) Found that bacterial growth was absent in cultures of Penicillium glaucum
What percentage of people are allergic to Penicillin?
10%
Alexander Fleming published his results in _____?
1929
What are examples of other types of antibiotics from asexual fungi?
Actinomycin, streptomycin, chloromycetin, tetracycline, chlorotetracycline
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming in 1928
Why is antibiotic resistance so dangerous?
Almost every type of bacteria has become stronger and less responsive to antibiotics Make strains that are more difficult to cure
What does penicillin look like?
Brush-like appearance of the fruiting structures
How was penicillin discovered?
By accident Fleming found fungal infection in his bacterial cultures Noticed bacterial growth was inhibited by fungus Fungus was inhibiting bacteria with metabolite it was producing
Why is Cyclosporin important?
Changed the face of organ transplants
What is penicillin called the "miracle drug"?
Changed the world of modern medicine
What is penicillin?
Class of antibiotics that come from mold
Who was Anne Miller?
First civilian patient to be successfully treated with penicillin, lying near death at New Haven Hospital, after miscarrying and developing an infection that led to blood poisoning
What happened to the first human patients in 1941?
First one died, next two successful, next one died
What honors did Alexander Fleming receive?
Knighthood in 1943 Nobel Prize in 1945
What was Fleming doing in the 1920's?
Looking for anti-bacterial agents because of soldiers deaths due to septicemia, during WWI
What is Lovastatin used for?
Lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease
What did Florey and Chain do in 1940?
Tests on lab animals
What is penicillin isolated from?
The mold Penicillium
What are antibiotics?
Substances that are released by bacteria and fungi as a means of inhibiting the organisms (chemical warfare)
What is Lovastatin produced by?
Aspergillus terreus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and related species
How did colleagues react to Alexander Fleming's Penicillin story?
Began to tire of it and dropped this research until 1939 Dr. Howard Florey and Ernest Chain continued his research
Penicillin secretes compounds that _____________________________.
Bind to cell wall of bacteria, prevents peptide chains from linking, and lyses (cuts) it
Fleming determined penicillin was (toxic/not toxic) to most lab animals
Not toxic
What does penicillin resemble?
Protein needed for production of cell wall
What did Ernest Chain successfully do in 1939?
Purified extract of penicillin
How did Chinese, Egyptians, and Indians of Central America use molds over 3,000 years ago?
To treat rashes and infected wounds
Why did Florey go to USDA lab in Peoria, IL?
Unable to make enough penicillin
What were cons of using penicillin at the time?
Unable to produce it in quantities necessary of practical use Produced by-products Unstable chemical
What was their solution to the shortage of penicillin?
Used organic wastes and corn steep liquor Pharmaceutical companies helped
