LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY FINAL

When exposed to sexual abuse testimony given by children at trial, it appears that jurors are ____ to believe young children compared to adolescents. a) less likely b) equally as likely c) more likely d) seldom apt

c) more likely

Which of the following is NOT likely to lead to a false confession? a) police intimidation b) police deception c) suspects fatigue d) suspects confidence

d) suspects confidence

When jurors are presented with polygraph evidence, they: a) are warned by the judge that the polygraph has questionable validity b) also must be hear an expert testimony to understand the evidence properly c) generally disregard d) take such evidence seriously

d) take such evidence seriously

Jurors that create a causal chain of events while listening to the evidence are assumed to be utilizing the _____ model of decision making. A) story B) mental meter C) mathematical D) audible

A) story

For a male experiencing sexual harassment at work, which one of the following phrases is most likely to be used by his bullies? A) "Stop acting like a pussy!" B) "Hey handsome, let's meet after work! C) "Men only have one thing on their mind!" D) "Who is free to work overtime this weekend?

A) "Stop acting like a pussy!"

Sabrina works as a bank teller. When one of the customers pointed a gun at her and demanded that she give him the key to the safe deposit box, she was so frightened that she could barely move. After the customer got the key, Sabrina was told to raise her hands and stand with her face into the wall for the rest of the time the bank robbery was unfolding. About 30 seconds passed between the time when Sabrina first saw the customer and the time she was told to turn to the wall with her hands raised. When recalling the event, she is likely to estimate that 30-second time period to have lasted about: A) 2 minutes. B) 15 seconds. C) 30 seconds. D) 1 minute.

A) 2 minutes.

The principle of punishment known as retribution is embodied by the following saying: A) An eye for an eye. B) Turning the other cheek. C) Anger punishes itself. D) Criminals are punished so that others may be amended.

A) An eye for an eye.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the current state of BWS acceptance? A) BWS is accepted by many practitioners but also criticized by many researchers. B) Both practitioners and researchers uniformly reject the BWS diagnosis nowadays. C) Both practitioners and researchers have been more accepting of BWS recently D) None of the above is correct.

A) BWS is accepted by many practitioners but also criticized by many researchers.

Some experts argue that, in battered woman cases, expert testimony should focus on the social reality of the woman's situation rather than on her psychological reactions. Which of the following is NOT a question that such social agency framework (SAF) testimony would raise? A) How charming and charismatic was the abuser to entice the woman to stay with him? B) How often did the woman call the police and what were the responses from the officers? C) What were the potential risks for the woman if she left her husband? D) Were there community resources the woman could use to help her leave the abuser?

A) How charming and charismatic was the abuser to entice the woman to stay with him?

Some legal scholars have been advocating for a system of professional jurors who can understand the complex evidence presented in court and know the law related to each case. However, there are some serious problems with this potential system. Which one of the following is NOT among these problems? A) It is not clear what course of studies professional jurors should complete to prepare for their jobs. B) Lots of money is needed to cover the professional jurors' salaries. C) Over time, professional jurors are likely to become friends with some lawyers or judges, D) which could bias their opinions. With time and extensive experience, professional jurors can become more jaded and conviction-prone.

A) It is not clear what course of studies professional jurors should complete to prepare for their jobs.

The following are some troubling issues with applying the Manson criteria when evaluating the accuracy of an eyewitness's identification. Which one of these statements is INCORRECT? A) Two of the five Manson criteria (view and attention) rely on survey measures developed by psychologists. B) The eyewitness's degree of certainty expressed during the trial can be very misleading. C) Three of the five Manson criteria (certainty, view, and attention) must rely on the self-reports of eyewitnesses. D) Most of these criteria are difficult to apply to actual crimes.

A) Two of the five Manson criteria (view and attention) rely on survey measures developed by psychologists.

Involuntary civil commitment is based on what: A) a person might do in the future. B) a person has done. C) the community wants. D) is available in terms of beds in institutions.

A) a person might do in the future.

According to Burgess and Holmstorm (1979) who coined the term RTS, ______ of rape victims report that they still have not recovered 5 years after the incident. A) about a quarter B) over a half C) about three quarters D) almost all

A) about a quarter

During the trial, each side is trying to win the case. However, the goal of the legal system overall is to: a) achieve justice b) achieve peace c) obtain compensation for all parties d) not be hampered by fairness

A) achieve justice

Even though there has been a lot of agonizing among legal scholars and legislators over the exact wording in the definition of insanity, the key question is how _____ interpret these definitions when deliberating a verdict. Research shows that they use their _____ notions of insanity. A) actual juries; preexisting commonsense B) actual juries; narrowly bound C) trial judges: preexisting commonsense D) trial judges; narrowly bound

A) actual juries; preexisting commonsense

Sylvester is hired by the defense to help select jurors who would be less likely to convict. This is an example of the following role played by psychologists in the legal system: a) advisor b) evaluator c) reformer d) clinician

A) advisor

The Sixth and Seventh Amendments guarantee the right to a trial by jury in criminal and civil cases, respectively. The jury is supposed to be: A) an impartial group representing community values. B) a group of defendant's neighbors and acquaintances. C) an unbiased group of people familiar with the defendant's reputation. D) a group of people representing different parts of the country.

A) an impartial group representing community values.

The M'Naghten rule lists several components to meet the standard of legal insanity. One of the components is that, at the moment of the crime, the accused must have: A) been laboring under a defect of reason. B) had an irresistible impulse. C) been possessed by a demon. D) been unable to exercise self-control.

A) been laboring under a defect of reason.

In terms of the burden of proof, in criminal cases, the standard of proof for a person to be found guilty is _____, whereas in civil trials, the standard of proof is usually _______. A) beyond a reasonable doubt; preponderance of the evidence B) preponderance of the evidence; beyond a reasonable doubt C) beyond a reasonable doubt; clear and convincing truth D) clear and convincing truth; preponderance of the evidence

A) beyond a reasonable doubt; preponderance of the evidence

During most death penalty trials, expert testimony about the defendant's future dangerousness is provided: A) by psychologists or psychiatrists B) by probation officers. C) via amicus curiae briefs. D) to the judge only, out of earshot of the jury.

A) by psychologists or psychiatrists

According to the text, when an attorney takes the opportunity to remove a potential juror, it is referred to as a: A) challenge. B) venire. C) obstacle to equality D) recross.

A) challenge

While PTSD was originally formulated to describe the psychological symptoms of _____ the category of people most likely to develop PTSD is _______. A) combat veterans returning from the war in Vietnam; victims of rape and severe physical abuse B) combat veterans returning from the war in Vietnam; kidnap victims C) kidnap victims rescued after several years in captivity; victims of rape and severe physical abuse D) kidnap victims rescued after several years in captivity: combat veterans

A) combat veterans returning from the war in Vietnam; victims of rape and severe physical abuse

In a high-profile case, trial consultants may be hired, Trial consultants use a(n) _____ approach to jury selection. A) data-driven B) intuitive C) logically questionable D) parapsychological

A) data-driven

How people actually think and behave is of utmost importance to psychologists. This is particularly true when considering how fairness is assessed. For example, Francisco worked twice as many hours as Ben did and so Francisco got paid twice what Ben got paid. This type of relationship between contributions to an effort and the obtained rewards refers to: A) distributive justice. B) procedural justice. C) interpersonal justice. D) equal-status contact.

A) distributive justice.

Research studies cited in the text show that trial consultants on average ______ affect the outcome of the trial, whereas some especially experienced lawyers _______. A) do not; substantially tilt the odds of winning the trial B) do not; convince the judge to dismiss the jury C) significantly; substantially tilt the odds of winning the trial D) significantly: convince the judge to dismiss the jury

A) do not; substantially tilt the odds of winning the trial

The term _____ is part of memory processing. It means gathering information and putting it into a form that can be useful later on. A) encoding B) storage C) heuristics D) retrieval

A) encoding

The Ibn-Tamas v. United States (1979) was one of the first cases where a(n): A) expert testimony on battered woman syndrome was offered. B) judge allowed expert testimony in court for the first time. C) woman convicted of murdering her husband was given a light sentence. D) jury acquitted the defendant based on the battered woman syndrome defense.

A) expert testimony on battered woman syndrome was offered.

After enduring years of abuse including regular beatings and humiliation from her alcoholic husband, Antoinette killed him one day after he fell asleep on the couch in a drunken haze. Now Antoinette is on trial for her husband's murder. The most likely verdict jurors would reach in this case is: A) guilty B) not guilty. C) not guilty by reason of insanity, D) guilty but mentally il.

A) guilty

Negative pretrial publicity makes jurors more likely to see the defendant as _____. When studies assessed if the judge's instructions to disregard the negative publicity make a difference, they found that such instructions ______. A) guilty; do not remedy the situation B) guilty; reduce the jurors' bias C) innocent; do not change the situation D) innocent; increase the jurors' vigilance

A) guilty; do not remedy the situation

Certain characteristics of the defendant are often considered by jurors. For example, Phillip is a known gang member. He was on trial for the death of a priest that he ran over while evading the police. In this case, it is likely that Phillip will receive a verdict that would be _____ if he had killed a _______ A) harsher than; fellow gang member B) harsher than; nun C) as harsh as; fellow gang member D) as harsh as; nun

A) harsher than; fellow gang member

Hypervigilance can best be described as: A) heightened attentiveness to the abuser's subtle behaviors. B) lessened attentiveness to the victim's needs. C) heightened sense of urgency to take action against the abuser. D) lessened sense of self-worth.

A) heightened attentiveness to the abuser's subtle behaviors.

Based on MacKinnon's typology, a form of sexual harassment is creating or failing to prevent a work atmosphere that is so contentious that victims cannot carry out their job responsibilities. This type of sexual harassment is referred to as: A) hostile environment. B) racial discrimination. C) quid pro quo harassment D) consensual relationship.

A) hostile environment

Cassandra is among very few women who work in construction. She has been targeted by multiple male co-workers who keep telling her crude sexual jokes, pinching her buttocks, and exposing themselves to her as a form of "fun" during lunch breaks. In Catharine MacKinnon's typology, this type of sexual harassment is referred to as: A) hostile environment. B) racial discrimination. C) systematic desensitization. D) consensual relationship.

A) hostile environment

One of the most famous examples of malingering involved the serial killer Kenneth Bianchi who was pretending to be _____ and faked _____. A) hypnotized; multiple personalities B) hypnotized; paranoid delusions C) psychotic; a manic-depressive disorder D) psychotic; paranoid delusions

A) hypnotized; multiple personalities

Studies have found that women are most likely to experience sexual harassment: A) in jobs dominated by men. B) when they dress provocatively. C) in schools and colleges. D) in high-stress work settings

A) in jobs dominated by men.

In Barefoot v. Estelle (1983), the American Psychiatric Association provided an amicus curiae brief stating that expert predictions of violence risk were _____ two out of three times. The Supreme Court held that experts ____ provide their opinion in such cases. A) incorrect; should still B) incorrect; should not C) likely to be correct more than; should D) likely to be correct more than; should still abstain when asked to

A) incorrect; should still

In the context of inadmissible evidence in a courtroom, a judge may rule that certain information should be disregarded by the _______. However, when told not to think about something, we often do the exact opposite and cannot get that thought out of our heads. This phenomenon is referred to as: A) jurors; ironic processes B) jurors; the story model C) media; ironic processes D) media; the story model

A) jurors; ironic processes

Insanity is considered a(n): A) legal term. B) psychological term. C) opportunity for the guilty to escape punishment. D) psychiatric diagnosis

A) legal term.

According to the text, it is useful to think of a trial as a ______ to help a jury or judge. A) method of providing information; arrive at a decision in the case B) method of providing information; determine the strength of evidence C) process of invention; arrive at a decision in the case D) process of invention; determine the strength of evidence

A) method of providing information; arrive at a decision in the case

According to the text, legal, permissible sexual behavior in the workplace is ____ common than illegal sexual harassment. The cases that end up in court involve especially ______. A) much more; severe or prolonged harassment B) much more common than; inappropriate language C) less; severe or prolonged harassment D) less; inappropriate language

A) much more; severe or prolonged harassment

Research first completed by Rita Simon in 1967, and later replicated in multiple studies by Finkel and his colleagues in the 1990s and 2000s, found that, when different sets of jurors are given different definitions of insanity based on legal terminology, there is: A) no impact on their verdicts. B) a great deal of difference in their verdicts. C) an increase in guilty verdicts. D) a decrease in guilty verdicts.

A) no impact on their verdicts.

Threat/control-override symptoms are common in people suffering from _____. What leads to the symptoms is their common delusion that others ______ them. A) paranoid schizophrenia; want to harm B) paranoid schizophrenia; don't matter to C) psychopathy; are unfair to D) psychopathy; are watching

A) paranoid schizophrenia; want to harm

If a potential juror is asked to be removed without explanations as to why he or she is unlikely to be able to deliver an impartial verdict, this type of removal is referred to as a: A) peremptory challenge. B) challenge for bias. C) challenge for cause. D) predisposition challenge.

A) peremptory challenge.

Psychopathy includes all of the following traits, EXCEPT: A) persistent feelings of anger and resentment. B) lack of empathy and lack of remorse. C) dishonesty and tendency to be manipulative. D) disinhibition, boldness, and meanness.

A) persistent feelings of anger and resentment

There are two aspects related to the purpose of the sexually violent predator civil commitment laws (SVP laws). One is the state's authority to protect the citizenry, also referred to as _____ power. The second component is the state's duty to protect those who cannot protect themselves, sometimes referred to as _____ power. A) police; parens patriae B) parens patriae; police C) police state; parental violence D) coercive; vulnerable citizen

A) police; parens patriae

Laws against discrimination are _____ in fighting overt discrimination, _____ subtle forms of racism. A) powerful; but it is much harder to change B) powerful; and they are just as effective in dealing with C) powerless; and they can do nothing against D) powerless: but they can effectively address

A) powerful; but it is much harder to change

Studies show that people somewhat consistently treat defendants of their own ______ more leniently. A) race B) gender C) social status D) political creed

A) race

Almost half of the U.S. states allow for a guilty but mentally ilI (GBMI) verdict. Many scholars question the GBMI verdict since it does not guarantee that the offender will: A) receive effective mental health treatment. B) not be released shortly after the treatment is over. C) not be retried. D) be found competent to refuse medication.

A) receive effective mental health treatment

Even though the Supreme Court ______ the Manson framework, several states continue to ______ criteria established in Manson. A) refused to amend; reexamine the outdated B) amended; refuse to apply the C) tried to amend; apply the scientifically proven D) amended; apply the outdated

A) refused to amend; reexamine the outdated

Certain ways of initial questioning of the eyewitness can significantly alter his recall of the crime scene. Retrieval inhibition occurs when an individual: A) selectively recalls some aspects of a situation while other aspects get ignored. B) generally inhibits verbal information while accurately retrieving visual memories. C) selectively recalls some aspects of a situation but cannot clearly express them in words. D) initially forgets some aspects of a crime scene but then recalls them days or weeks later.

A) selectively recalls some aspects of a situation while other aspects get ignored.

According to the original formulation of the rape trauma syndrome by Burgess and Holmstorm (1979), the first phase of the victim's recovery typically includes ______ and the second phase often includes _______ A) severe physical and emotional disturbances; self-blame B) severe physical and emotional disturbances; revenge C) suppression; revenge D) acceptance; suppression

A) severe physical and emotional disturbances; self-blame

Violent behaviors are only slightly more likely among people with severe mental illness. According to the text, a much more important factor is ____ which _____ violent behavior even among mentally healthy people. A) substance abuse; increases B) substance abuse; decreases C) violent video games; increase D) violent video games; decrease

A) substance abuse; increases

The story model predicts that jurors select the verdict: A) that best fits with the story they have constructed. B) based on other jurors' stories and interpretations. C) that the judge clearly favors D) based on their preexisting biases.

A) that best fits with the story they have constructed

The sexual discrimination law is an amendment to: A) the Civil Rights Act. B) the Don't Ask Don't Tell policy. C) the Bill of Rights, D) the Voting Rights Act.

A) the Civil Rights Act.

The early studies of recidivism that tracked people released from confinement found that: A) the vast majority of people deemed violent did not reoffend. B) the vast majority of people deemed non-violent did reoffend. C) the classification of risk based on clinical judgment is mostly correct. D) about half of the subjects reoffended within 3 years.

A) the vast majority of people deemed violent did not reoffend.

Oftentimes, the post-indentification boost in an eyewitness's confidence level about his or her testimony can be explained by cognitive dissonance, which is a(n): A) uncomfortable feeling when someone has conflicting thoughts. B) tendency to maintain a steady course of action. C) tendency to become more certain of your opinion over time. D) unconscious pleasant feeling when someone is positive of being right.

A) uncomfortable feeling when someone has conflicting thoughts.

Ashley stopped at the bank to deposit her paycheck, and then stopped at a nearby gas station to pick up a few grocery items. While she was at the gas station, a robber entered with his gun drawn and ordered everybody, including Ashley, to raise their hands and move to the back wall. After the robber gathered all the money from the cash register and collected the customers' wallets, he left. Later, at the police station, Ashley has mistakenly given a description of a bank teller's face when asked to describe the robber. This phenomenon is known as: A) unconscious transference. B) retrieval disinhibition. C) retrieval inhibition. D) unconscious scripts.

A) unconscious transference.

The historical wild beast test of insanity implies that the mental deficiency involved in insanity is related to: A) understanding and memory B) reflection and synthesis C) power hunger D) sexual drive

A) understanding and memory

Plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases must prove that the unwelcome verbal or physical behaviors against them _____ their job performance, and that the employer _____ about the harassing conduct. A) unreasonably interfered with; knew but did nothing B) unreasonably interfered with; tried to do something C) have improved; knew but did nothing D) have improved, tried to do something

A) unreasonably interfered with; knew but did nothing

The group of prospective jurors is referred to as ____, and the process of questioning these people to determine who among them will serve on the jury is called _____ A) venire; voir dire B) voir dire; venire C) venue; shadowing D) a shadow jury; inquiring

A) venire; voir dire

When an expert witness is presenting a testimony that is ______, the strength of expert's credentials is _______. A) very complex; especially important B) relevant for the case; often doubted C) less complex; extremely important D) critical to the case; irrelevant

A) very complex; especially important

The concept of repression has found ______ support in empirical research studies of real victims of _______ A) very little; traumatic events B) considerable, traumatic events C) very little; memory loss D) considerable; memory loss

A) very little; traumatic events

The knowledge and skills of social psychologists might be most relevant for the legal system in which of these cases? a) when studying the dynamics of jury deliberation b) when assessing a mentally ill defendant for potential risk of violence c) When deciding whether the eyewitness is able to remember the scene of a crime d) When evaluating which custody arrangement will most benefit the child

A) when studying the dynamics of jury deliberation

The Durham standard replaced the M'Naghten rule in 1954, to take into consideration: A) whether the act was caused by the mental disease or defect of a person. B) the presumption that defendants are sane at the time of their alleged crime. C) whether the defendant knew the nature and quality of their actions. D) the defendant's criminal history

A) whether the act was caused by the mental disease or defect of a person.

If juries systematically exclude _____ the legal system______. A) cognizable groups; would perform better B) cognizable groups; loses its legitimacy C) peremptory challenges; would perform better D) peremptory challenges; loses its legitimacy

B) cognizable groups; loses its legitimacy

In the reconstruction of memory, it is not uncommon to find that distortions may take place at any stage. The following statement about this process is INCORRECT: A) Distortions of memories can occur during the process of retrieval. B) Various sounds encoded during memory formation are the easiest part to retrieve. C) With encoding, we may select only some aspects of the event when forming the memory. D) Memory traces deteriorate with time passing.

B) Various sounds encoded during memory formation are the easiest part to retrieve.

Many factors impact the size of venire but it typically ranges from _____ people. A) 0 to 12 B) a few dozen to over a hundred C) several hundred to a thousand D) The size of venire does not vary, it is always the same.

B) a few dozen to over a hundred

A civil confinement is NOT considered to be: A) a detention. B) a punishment. C) preventative. D) helpful.

B) a punishment

An idiographic, qualitative approach to the prediction of violent behavior is based on _____ conducted by a clinician. Studies find this approach _____ when compared to actuarial methods of prediction. A) a specific case study; superior B) a specific case study; inferior C) observations in natural environment; superior D) surveys of large groups of people; inferior

B) a specific case study; inferior

According to the text, most rapes are committed by _____ with only approximately 15% of rapes being committed by _____ A) acquaintances; family B) acquaintances; strangers C) strangers; acquaintances D) strangers; family

B) acquaintances; strangers

According to the text, postpartum psychosis that Andrea Yates suffered from includes all of the following, EXCEPT: A) severe depression. B) acute headaches. C) feelings of overwhelming anxiety. D) being out of touch with reality.

B) acute headaches.

Most people believe that high stress _____ but empirical studies find that stress has _____ effect on memory. A) aids memorization; almost no B) aids memorization; a detrimental C) hurts memorization; a boosting D) hurts memorization; almost no

B) aids memorization; a detrimental

The psychiatric illnesses most commonly associated with successful insanity pleas include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) intellectual disability B) anxiety disorders. C) psychosis. D) mood disorders

B) anxiety disorders.

According to the story model, jurors construct their stories _____ the evidence at trial. A) before they are exposed to B) while hearing C) several days after hearing D) regardless of

B) while hearing

Courts have been more receptive to clinical psychologists than to other types of psychologists. The most probable reason is that, like lawyers, clinicians: a) can lie easily to achieve their ends b) are oriented toward the individual case c) care more about justice than the truth d) have a background in scientific methods

B) are oriented toward the individual case

The burden of proof for civil commitment is: A) beyond a reasonable doubt. B) by clear and convincing evidence, C) by a preponderance of the evidence. D) dependent on the defendant's prior criminal and hospital record.

B) by clear and convincing evidence

Suggestive questions can best be described as _____ leading questions _______. A) excluding; not volunteered by the child B) including; not volunteered by the child C) excluding; that were unsolicited D) including; that were solicited

B) including; not volunteered by the child

Due to the dissatisfaction with both the M'Naghten rule and the Durham standard, the American Law Institute proposed a new standard that has tried to satisfy all the key players. It offered a two-prong approach for insanity: one related to the _____ prong, or an inability to appreciate the wrongfulness of one's conduct, and the other related to the ______ prong, or an inability to conform one's conduct to the rules. A) cognitive; intuitive B) cognitive; volitional C) empathetic: cognitive D) empathetic: intuitive

B) cognitive; volitional

Research on improving eyewitness identification procedures is especially important in light of considerable human costs to false identification. Which one of the following is NOT among these costs? A) Lives of the wrongly identified innocent people could be shattered. B) The misidentified suspects are forced to falsely confess. C) Eyewitnesses who later discover their mistakes must live with a sense of guilt. D) The real criminals remain free to commit more crimes.

B) The misidentified suspects are forced to falsely confess.

Hypnosis was once considered a promising technique for refreshing witnesses' memories. However, it turned out to have some serious downsides. These downsides include the following, EXCEPT: A) Hypnosis can boost the witness's confidence in a misconstrued memory. B) The most vivid memories can be suppressed by hypnosis. C) Hypnosis can elicit false memories. D) The effects of suggestive questioning can be amplified by hypnosis.

B) The most vivid memories can be suppressed by hypnosis.

In the wake of sensational trials like those of M'Naghten and Hinckley, the public outrage about insanity defense equates it with a _____ and the majority of people feel that the insanity defense should be _____. A) convenient loophole; used more often B) convenient loophole; abolished C) safety net; used more often D) safety net; abolished

B) convenient loophole; abolished

With regard to strategies for jury selection, social scientists and lawyers appear to have different approaches, which became especially evident in the O. J. Simpson case. Social scientists rely on ______ whereas lawyers rely on ________. A) intuition; data collection B) data collection; intuition C) experience; intuition D) intuition; experience

B) data collection; intuition

According to the text, older judges generally rule in favor of the _____ whereas younger judges tend to rule in favor of the _____ A) plaintiff; defendant B) defendant; plaintiff C) big corporations; small businesses D) small businesses; big corporations

B) defendant; plaintiff

The concept that a person who commits a crime, receives punishment for it through the workings of our legal system, and afterwards makes a decision to never commit a crime again to avoid such punishment, is called: A) retribution. B) deterrence. C) mens rea. D) actus reus.

B) deterrence

The text indicates that one possible application of a useful batterer typology is to: A) engage victim advocacy groups. B) develop targeted interventions. C) write a self-help manual for victims. D) determine an appropriate length of sentencing.

B) develop targeted interventions.

The passage of the sexual _____ law is a result of ______ A) discrimination: a sincere effort to maintain equality B) discrimination; a ploy to dissuade support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 C) favoritism; the hippie movement of the 1960s D) favoritism; the feminists' push for gender equality

B) discrimination; a ploy to dissuade support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964

As noted in the text, almost three quarters of the jury deliberation time is devoted to the ______ and about 20% of the time is dedicated to discussing the _________. A) discussions of evidence: trivial details like hairstyle and clothes B) discussions of evidence; law and judges' instructions C) law and judges' instructions; evidence D) law and judges' instructions; trivial details like hairstyle and clothes

B) discussions of evidence; law and judges' instructions

When an employer treats some workers less favorably as a result of an immutable personal characteristic like race or gender, such behavior constitutes a category of discrimination called: A) adverse impact B) disparate treatment. C) failure to provide "reasonable" accommodation D) workplace environment

B) disparate treatment.

Judicial nullification instruction can best be described as an instruction that lets jurors know that they can_____ a strict interpretation of the law ______ that legal interpretation would result in an unjust verdict. A) only follow; even if B) disregard; if C) pursue; despite the fact D) summarize; and bring it to the judge's attention

B) disregard; if

It is often difficult to evaluate how much sexual harassment takes place on the job. One reason, according to the text, is that when asked about such past events, victims' reports might be biased due to: A) posttraumatic stress bias. B) distorted memories. C) the interviewer's poor interviewing skills. D) confusion about the purpose of reporting.

B) distorted memories.

As opposed to early juries at the dawn of the United States, modern-day juries consist of people who: A) have a first-hand experience with the criminal justice system. B) do not have a prior knowledge of the defendant. C) have not served in the armed forces. D) were born in the United States.

B) do not have a prior knowledge of the defendant.

When it comes to the issue of insanity defense, four states (Montana, Utah, Kansas, and Idaho) have: A) adopted the strictest standard of proof for insanity. B) entirely abolished the insanity defense. C) barred experts from testifying in court. D) instituted a mandatory insanity-certified jury trial process.

B) entirely abolished the insanity defense

Ricardo is conducting research on the effects of solitary confinement on mental health. This is an example of the following role played by a psychologist in the legal system: a) advisor b) evaluator c) reformer d) clinician

B) evaluator

In many death penalty cases, the sentence is decided based on the ______ standard, which is a probability that the defendant would commit an act of criminal violence and thus presents a continuous threat to society. A) concurrent dangerousness B) future dangerousness C) possibility of recidivism D) threat/control overrideq

B) future dangerousness

Interestingly, if a defendant is severely injured in the course of committing a crime, jurors are more likely to: A) hand down a harsh sentence. B) hand down a lenient sentence. C) disagree with the judge about a sentence. D) agree with the judge about a sentence.

B) hand down a lenient sentence

On several occasions, Andrea Yates tried to kill _____ and still the jury at her first trial found her _____ A) her children; not guilty B) herself; guilty C) her husband; not guilty D) her parents; guilty

B) herself; guilty

Symptoms of someone suffering from battered woman syndrome (BWS) may include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) body image distortion. B) high self-efficacy. C) high levels of anxiety. D) sexual intimacy issues.

B) high self-efficacy.

According to a study completed by Morgan and his colleagues (2004), stress appears to have an effect on eyewitness identification. Based on the study results, the rate of correct identification was _____ in low- stress conditions. A) similar B) higher C) lower D) None of the above is correct about eyewitness identification.

B) higher

Information released in the media through pretrial publicity is often _____ at trial. A) admissible B) inadmissible C) re-evaluated D) highlighted

B) inadmissible

When a judge dictates that certain evidence is to be ignored, jurors often feel that their freedom to choose to consider all evidence is threatened. Reactance theory suggests that this may motivate the jurors to consider the _____ evidence to a ____ degree when contemplating a verdict. A) inadmissible; lesser B) inadmissible; greater C) inadvertent: similar D) inadvertent; third

B) inadmissible; greater

When jurors change their minds because they are persuaded by the compelling arguments of other jurors, this phenomenon is also referred to as: A) open conflict. B) informational influence. C) normative influence. D) leniency bias.

B) informational influence.

Placing someone in a psychiatric facility against his or her will is known as: A) voluntary civil commitment. B) involuntary civil commitment. C) involuntary criminal commitment. D) deinstitutionalization

B) involuntary civil commitment.

Juries may base their verdicts on reasoning that ignores or goes beyond the law. This phenomenon is referred to as: A) a hung jury. B) jury nullification. C) overrule objection. D) ironic processes.

B) jury nullification

Peter was able to pick a guy who looked like his assailant out of a _______. When he was told that this was very helpful to the detectives working the case, Peter felt ______ certain that he remembered his attacker well. A) car; somewhat less B) lineup; even more C) cell; even more D) lineup; somewhat less

B) lineup; even more

Eyewitnesses depend on _____ to identify or describe a suspect. A) evidence B) memory C) scientists D) intuition

B) memory

It has been found that in jobs dominated by men, women are _____ to experience sexual harassment when compared to other working groups. A) less likely B) more likely C) equally as likely as men D) similarly likely

B) more likely

Until the second half of the twentieth century, wife battering was treated _____ most other forms of violence. A) much more seriously than B) much less seriously than C) as seriously as D) as lightly as

B) much less seriously than

"Tell me everything that happened" is an example of an open-ended request, which is considered a(n) _______ prompt in the NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol. A) invasive B) non-coercive C) overly forceful D) impractical

B) non-coercive

An individual who has a "recurrent, intense sexual urge or behavior involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children" is classified as a: A) sadist. B) pedophile. C) masochist. D) cyclothymic-disordered personality.

B) pedophile

According to the text, the _____ refers to a situation where the impulse is so overwhelming that the perpetrator would have committed the act even if a law enforcer stood beside him or her at the time of the crime. A) affirmative defense B) policeman at the elbow test C) policeman on the corner test D) wild beast test

B) policeman at the elbow test

Ben felt that he should have received more money for his efforts and he followed an established procedure to appeal his case to the supervisor, detailing the amount of work done and his contributions to the final product. Ben's ability to participate in the process of reward distribution.decisions is an example of: A) distributive justice. B) procedural justice. C) interpersonal justice. D) equal-status contact.

B) procedural justice

Most characteristics of a defendant do not seem to have any straightforward influence on a verdict. Among them are the following characteristics, EXCEPT: A) gender. B) race. C) wealth. D) social status.

B) race.

Even if a plaintiff in a sexual harassment case can prove that he has been consistently subjected to unpleasant and offensive remarks, gestures, and touching from male colleagues, he must have also: A) warned his bullies that the lawsuit is coming. B) reported these problems to the employer. C) tried to reason with the offensive co-workers. D) physically assaulted his abusers to prove he was offended.

B) reported these problems to the employer

A judge _____ accept(s) the challenges put forth by attorneys regarding jury selection. A) never B) sometimes C) always D) is obligated to

B) sometimes

According to the text, men in intimate relationships are _____ the victims of physical assault. A) never B) sometimes C) often D) about as frequently as women

B) sometimes

Even though the _____ is the best predictor of what kind of verdict the jury reaches in a case, different jurors evaluate and interpret the same evidence _______ A) strength of evidence; similarly B) strength of evidence; differently C) composition of the jury; similarly D) composition of the jury; differently

B) strength of evidence; differently

Eyewitness testimony is very important in court trials. In fact, it is often crucial because it is likely to be: A) more uncertain in court than in police settings. B) the most compelling evidence presented in court. C) only reliable if preceded by expert testimony. D) more fallible than is commonly believed.

B) the most compelling evidence presented in court.

According to the text, those found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) generally spend _____ time in secure mental hospitals than they would have served in prison had they been found ______ . A) the same or more; incompetent B) the same or more; guilty C) less; incompetent D) less; not guilty

B) the same or more; guilty

Bias-reducing instructions are used to assist eyewitnesses to be accurate in their identification of a suspect. An example of such instructions, as noted in the text, is telling the eyewitness that ________ in the lineup or photo spread. A) the detective has a strong feeling that one of the suspects might be B) the true criminal might not be C) the true criminal is likely to be D) the entire case rests on the selection of someone

B) the true criminal might not be

Children's memories are likely to be impacted by all of the following, EXCEPT: A) a stress-inducing interview style. B) their lack of understanding of the court proceedings. C) their desire to please the adults. D) a situation of being presented with a culprit-absent lineup.

B) their lack of understanding of the court proceedings.

The knowledge and skills of clinical psychologists might be most relevant for the legal system in which one of these cases? a) when selecting jurors potentially sympathetic to the defendant b) when assessing a mentally ill defendant for potential risk of violence c) When deciding whether the eyewitness is able to remember the scene of a crime d) When evaluating which custody arrangement will most benefit the child

B) when assessing a mentally ill defendant for potential risk of violence

In the case of a split jury, where about half favor "guilty" and the other half favor "not guilty" on the initial vote, it is more likely that the final verdict will be _____. This tendency is also referred to as the _______ bias. A) "guilty": leniency B) "guilty"; bystander C) "not guilty"; leniency D) "not guilty": bystander

C) "not guilty"; leniency

John was summoned for jury duty. He came to court and asked to be excused because he had to take care of his elderly and frail mother living with him and requiring near-constant supervision. According to the text, what he used is called the ______ plea. A) "elderly caregiver exclusion" B) exoneration clause C) "undue hardship or extreme inconvenience" D) automatic exemption

C) "undue hardship or extreme inconvenience

According to the text, rates of antisocial personality disorder in the general population are ____ whereas the incidence of this disorder in prison inmates is approximately ______ A) 70%; 0.3-3,3% B) approximately 50%; close to 100% C) 0.3-3.3%; up to 70% D) 33%; over 90%

C) 0.3-3.3%; up to 70%

Survey estimates cited in the text place the percentage of women who have ever experienced intimate partner violence at over______. A corresponding figure for men is over______ A) 3%; 1% B) 1%: 3% C) 30%; 20% D) 20%; 30%

C) 30%; 20%

Surveys of federal employees over a period of several years found that over _____ of women and about _____ of men claimed to have experienced sexual harassment within 2 years prior to the study. A) 70%; 15% B) 15%; 40% C) 40%; 15% D) 70%; 40%

C) 40%; 15%

_____ attorneys get more peremptory challenges because _____ at the trial. A) Prosecuting; they take precedence B) Prosecuting; these require the judge's approval C) Defense; their clients have more to lose D) Defense; they do not get to take the stand either first or last

C) Defense; their clients have more to lose

What is the ethical question most pertinent to the use of jury consultants? A) Does the use of jury consultants make an acquittal more likely? B) Does the use of jury consultants make a guilty verdict more likely? C) Do jury consultants make it more likely for a wealthy defendant to win the case? D) Do jury consultants promote scientifically unproven techniques?

C) Do jury consultants make it more likely for a wealthy defendant to win the case?

Juries are unusual groups of people performing unusual tasks. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about juries? A) Juries consist of people who most likely don't know each other and have little in common. B) During the trial, jurors only observe but cannot ask any questions from witnesses. C) Jurors have to leave their house and live in a hotel for the duration of the trial. D) Jurors are expected to suspend judgment until all relevant evidence has been presented.

C) Jurors have to leave their house and live in a hotel for the duration of the trial

______ is the term used to describe the biochemical representation of our experiences within the brain, which are known to deteriorate over time. A) Bottom-up processing B) Heuristics C) Memory trace D) Top-down processing

C) Memory trace

In studies examining racial biases in hiring decisions, all of the following findings have emerged, EXCEPT: A) Discrimination is very subtle and only evident when black and white applicants are in the mid-range their qualifications. B) Among job applicants with identical qualifications and comparable interpersonal characteristics, white applicants receive callbacks or job offers at over twice the rate of black applicants. C) Subtle forms of racism are especially strong in work environments where the majority of employees are black. D) Members of the white majority often doubt the competence of the first minority hires thinking they were hired for the sake of diversity rather than on their own merits.

C) Subtle forms of racism are especially strong in work environments where the majority of employees are black

The battered woman syndrome is intended to explain all of the following. EXCEPT: A) Why a battered woman is likely to believe she has brought the abuse upon herself. B) Why a woman abused by her partner is likely to become more isolated and dependent on her abuser. C) Why a woman trying to leave an abusive relationship is likely to be killed by her abuser. D) Why an abused woman fails to leave the relationship.

C) Why a woman trying to leave an abusive relationship is likely to be killed by her abuser.

Voir dire is all of the following, EXCEPT: A) the final stage in the jury selection process. B) a sort of pretrial interview held in open court. C) a way to exclude attorneys from influencing the trial outcomes. D) an opportunity for attorneys and the judge to question potential jurors.

C) a way to exclude attorneys from influencing the trial outcomes.

The Supreme Court made it clear in Barefoot v. Estelle (1983) that expert predictions of future dangerousness were _____ in capital sentencing ______ A) inadmissible; because of their high inaccuracy B) inadmissible; despite their likely accuracy C) admissible; despite their likely inaccuracy D) admissible: because of their high accuracy

C) admissible; despite their likely inaccuracy

During the trial, attorneys make opening statements and closing arguments for the purpose of: a) swaying the experts opinion b) convincing the opposing side's attorneys. c) advancing their version of the evidence d) finding out the truth of what happened.

C) advancing their version of the evidence

According to the text, in civil trials, corporations are held to a different standard than individuals. This difference may be a result of the notion that corporations _____ whereas individuals _______. A) pay lower awards; pay higher awards B) pay higher awards; go to jail C) are held to a higher standard of decision making; may have a lapse in judgment D) may have a lapse in judgment; go to jail

C) are held to a higher standard of decision making; may have a lapse in judgment

The tension building phase of the cycle of violence, as hypothesized by Lenore Walker, is often represented by _____, whereas the contrition phase often includes ______ expressed by the abuser. A) beatings; verbal threats B) kindness; denial C) arguing; remorse D) denial; anger

C) arguing; remorse

The term rape trauma syndrome (RTS) can best be described as a(n): A) established legal term. B) accepted medical diagnosis. C) cluster of symptoms identified in a sample of rape victims. D) psychological term applicable to all victims of abuse.

C) cluster of symptoms identified in a sample of rape victims.

The tendency of people to be better able to recognize faces of those within their own racial group than those outside their racial group is referred to as the ______ effect. A)same-race B) prejudice C) cross-race D) meta-analysis

C) cross-race

When describing memory, _____ is the first component required in the process necessary for retention. A) top-down processing B) retrieval C) encoding D) storage

C) encoding

It would appear as though there are certain personality traits or tendencies that have some bearing on jury verdicts. However, these traits only play a role in the jury decision if the: A) majority of jurors on the panel possess such characteristics. B) jury consultants prepare the jurors for the trial correctly. C) evidence presented by the prosecution is weak or ambiguous. D) trial lasts longer than a few days.

C) evidence presented by the prosecution is weak or ambiguous.

There are unique problems presented by insanity evaluations that make developing a test to evaluate insanity extremely difficult. All of the following are valid reasons for this, EXCEPT: A) a retrospective evaluation of a person's state of mind is involved. B) the legal elements of what constitutes insanity are not as well defined as those for CST. C) forensic assessment instruments can conflate CST with insanity. D) there are considerable variations from state to state in legal definitions of insanity.

C) forensic assessment instruments can conflate CST with insanity.

Pro bono is legal service: A) at a reduced price. B) based on ability to pay. C) free of charge. D) provided on a sliding scale.

C) free of charge

Studies have found that women who used violence against their abusers were likely to be found _____ in a jury trial, and expert testimony on BWS was likely to _____ A) guilty: support the prosecution's arguments B) not guilty: help the defendant win an acquittal C) guilty; make little difference D) not guilty; matter very little

C) guilty; make little difference

Rational thinking, in serial killers, is often: a) intact b) highly developed c) impaired d) dependent on the killer's age

C) impaired

The weapon focus effect means that the eyewitnesses' ability to remember the attacker is _____ if the attacker is holding a ______ A) improved; gun or knife B) impaired; gun rather than a knife C) impaired; gun or knife D) improved; gun rather than a knife

C) impaired; gun or knife

Volitional capacity refers to the defendant's: A) ability to understand court proceedings. B) substantial cognitive deficits detected by a test. C) inability to control his or her behavior. D) remorse about an action they took that led to the crime.

C) inability to control his or her behavior.

Information that might be deemed prejudicial is likely to be considered as: A) reactance. B) leniency bias. C) inadmissible evidence. D) informational influence.

C) inadmissible evidence.

When we refer to _____ the focus is on the defendant's state of mind when the crime was committed. When we talk about ______, the focus is on the state of mind of the accused during the trial. A) competence; insanity B) competence; mental acuity C) insanity; competence D) mental illiness; insanity

C) insanity; competence

Anika has endured a regular barrage of sexist jokes and ridicule from some male colleagues in her predominantly male engineering department. She has been trying to ignore this harassment and tell herself that she does not care, that she will just focus on her work performance. This type of coping is referred to as: A) projection. B) transference. C) internally focused coping. D) externally focused coping.

C) internally focused coping

According to the text, most trials: A) are cancelled after the jury is already selected. B) are over in one day. C) last about a week. D) go on for months

C) last about a week.

One of the most criticized parts of the battered woman syndrome (BWS) is the ______ component. A) cycle of abuse B) acute battering C) learned helplessness D) hypervigilance

C) learned helplessness

According to the text, research studies find that the rate of reoffense after sexual crimes is _____ than the rate of reoffense after other crimes. A) slightly higher B) significantly higher C) lower D) not different

C) lower

We should be especially skeptical of allegedly recovered memories in the following cases, EXCEPT: A) recalling began as vague feelings rather than clear memories. B) abuse happened before the age of 3, according to the alleged memories. C) memories of abuse came back as flashes of particular incidents. D) the recollection involved extended abuse continuing into adolescence.

C) memories of abuse came back as flashes of particular incidents.

When jurors change their votes under pressure from other jurors, even though they did not change their minds, this phenomenon is referred to as: A) open conflict. B) informational influence. C) normative influence. D) leniency bias.

C) normative influence

Typically, jurors are provided with instructions ______. Studies show that preinstructions given to a jury before the beginning of a trial help jurors _______. A) before the trial begins; evaluate evidence differently B) before the trial begins; deliberate more slowly C) only after the trial is over; evaluate evidence differently D) only after the trial is over; deliberate more slowly

C) only after the trial is over; evaluate evidence differently

The idea of the insanity defense is based on the principle that: A) people are not quite normal. B) behavior of mentally ill people is irrational. C) people who commit crimes without full awareness should not be held fully responsible for their behavior. D) mentally ill people cannot be hold accountable for their actions.

C) people who commit crimes without full awareness should not be held fully responsible for their behavior.

Victims of rape trauma syndrome (RTS) and battered woman syndrome (BWS) may also meet the criteria for _____ which is an established medical diagnosis. A) borderline personality disorder B) chronic lateness syndrome C) posttraumatic stress disorder D) generalized anxiety disorder

C) posttraumatic stress disorder

Courts have emphasized that employers have a responsibility to assure harassment is not part of their overall environment. This means that employers need to: A) accept harassment as a norm. B) undergo a special training focused on harassment C) prevent and correct harassment. D) avoid situations of conflict.

C) prevent and correct harassment

Scholars argue that it may be more productive to focus on _____ rather than on predicting violence. In risk assessment, the emphasis should be on dynamic risk factors that can be changed through ______ A) observing; treatment B) observing; historical markers C) preventing; treatment D) preventing; historical markers

C) preventing; treatment

Civil commitments are based on the state's parens patria power. As a result, they are defined not as ____ but as a way to _____ A) detention; help people who cannot care for themselves B) detention; isolate sick people from the rest of the society C) punishment; help people who cannot care for themselves D) punishment; isolate sick people from the rest of the society

C) punishment; help people who cannot care for themselves

Kitty has been approached by her boss several times with propositions to ensure her job promotion if she agreed to a sexual relationship with him. According to Catharine MacKinnon's typology, this type of sexual pestering is called: A) hostile environment. B) racial discrimination. C) quid pro quo harassment. D) consensual relationship.

C) quid pro quo harassment

According to the text, insanity: A) refers to the defendant's state of mind at the time of the trial. B) affirms the psychiatric diagnosis according to the legal standards. C) refers to the criminal's state of mind at the time the crime was committed. D) confirms the defendant's moral responsibility.

C) refers to the criminal's state of mind at the time the crime was committed.

Isabella is advocating for a change in the way domestic violence victims are treated by police and the courts. This is an example of the following role played by psychologists in the legal system: a) advisor b) evaluator c) reformer d) clinician

C) reformer

Psychologists' recommendations for reducing the incidence of sexual harassment at work include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) making it clear that sexual jokes are inappropriate. B) eliminating sexually explicit material from the workplace. C) regularly interviewing female employees about their experiences. D) creating an official policy on gender-neutral recruiting and promotion,

C) regularly interviewing female employees about their experiences.

For a reasonable evaluation of scientific validity of potential expert testimony, one needs to have sufficient understanding of: a) court proceedings b) jury instructions c) research methods d) legal terminology

C) research methods

In modern jurisprudence, the presumption is that a criminal defendant is _____ and therefore ______ for his or her crimes. A) insane; responsible B) insane; not responsible C) sane; responsible D) sane; not responsible

C) sane; responsible

The movement to deinstitutionalize mentally ill patients was brought about by all of the following factors, EXCEPT: A) humanitarian advocacy. B) high financial costs of hospitalization C) shortage of medical professionals. D) the advent of antipsychotic medications.

C) shortage of medical professionals.

The fact that eyewitness testimony is so powerful in influencing jurors is only a problem if: A) the jurors return a guilty verdict. B) the case never goes to trial. C) the witness is mistaken. D) expert testimony is given.

C) the witness is mistaken.

It is ______ that jurors would be able to ignore past convictions if instructed to do so, especially if these convictions were for_______ A) likely; minor crimes B) likely; white-collar crimes C) unlikely; crimes like the one the defendant is being tried for D) unliky; crimes very different from the one the defendant is being tried for

C) unlikely; crimes like the one the defendant is being tried for

Predictions made by psychological experts regarding potential future violence are almost uniformily _____ by the courts. A) deemed null B) overruled C) upheld D) denied

C) upheld

The knowledge and skills of cognitive psychologists might be the most relevant for the legal system in which one of these cases? a) when selecting jurors potentially sympathetic to the defendant b) when assessing a mentally ill defendant for potential risk of violence c) When deciding whether the eyewitness is able to remember the scene of a crime d) When evaluating which custody arrangement will most benefit the child

C) when deciding whether the eyewitness is able to remember the scene of a crime

The size of venire depends on all of the following, EXCEPT: A) the trial location. B) rulings of the presiding judge. C) whether the defendant is indigent. D) how much media attention the case received.

C) whether the defendant is indigent.

The concept that individuals with impaired cognitive understanding should not be held culpable, was used as early as the Roman Empire. Roman law classified those individuals to be non compos mentis, or: A) not quite all there. B) mentally competent. C) without mastery of mind. D) mens rea.

C) without mastery of mind.

Legal scholars who criticize the scientific validity of BWS have noted that it also had some positive effects on the legal system. Which of the following is NOT one of these positive effects? A) It raised awareness about the ubiquity of domestic violence. B) It stimulated research on the dynamics of violence in relationships C) it helped expose the limitations of the old-fashioned, rather sexist legal standard of self-defense. D) It led to more women being acquitted than convicted in trials where BWS testimony was used.

D) It led to more women being acquitted than convicted in trials where BWS testimony was used.

______ was the first person to be subjected to the ______ laws (SVP laws). A) Michael Crane; sojourn violent potential B) Thomas Barefoot; sojourn violent potential C) Prosenjit Poddar; sexually violent predator civil commitment D) Leroy Hendricks; sexually violent predator civil commitment

D) Leroy Hendricks; sexually violent predator civil commitment

Expert witnesses are individuals that present testimony in court. All of the following is true about expert witnesses, EXCEPT: A) They usually help the jurors make sense of complex evidence. B) Their testimony is based on their specialized training or knowledge. C) Expert testimony is most influential when presented clearly. D) Most experts who testify in court do so for free (pro bono).

D) Most experts who testify in court do so for free (pro bono).

According to the text, all of the following statements about people with serious mental illnesses are correct, EXCEPT: A) A mentally ill person is more likely to be a victim than a perpetrator of violence. B) Proper treatment of mental illness can essentially eliminate the slight increase in the risk of violence. C) Substance abuse increases the likelihood of violence. D) Playing video games increases the likelihood of violence.

D) Playing video games increases the likelihood of violence.

Burgess and Holmstorm (1979) have described recovery from rape as a two-stage process consisting of the _____ phase and the ______ phase. A) acceptance; healing B) suppression; reorganization C) acute crisis; suppression D) acute crisis; reorganization

D) acute crisis; reorganization

The likelihood of "continuous threat to society" that expert predictions of risk are supposed to address in capital penalty cases is problematic. All of the following are valid reasons for this, EXCEPT: A) This standard should refer to "prison society" since the alternative to the death penalty is life in prison. B) The factors contributing to prison violence are different from those contributing to violence in general society C) Very few court cases have addressed this issue so it is unclear which "society" the standard refers to. D) Psychological tests measuring future dangerousness are much less accurate when applied to "prison society."

D) Psychological tests measuring future dangerousness are much less accurate when applied to "prison society."

A judge would often refuse to allow experts to present information about RTS to the jury. All of the following would be typical reasons for the judge's decision, EXCEPT: A) RTS testimony may interfere with the jury's fact-finding role. B) RTS testimony may lead to more invasive questioning of the victim, C) RTS testimony may bias the jury against the defendant. D) RTS testimony may lead to a successful plea of incompetence.

D) RTS testimony may lead to a successful plea of incompetence.

Research evidence suggests that, when judges and juries disagree, all of the following is true, EXCEPT: A) Juries are more lenient than judges in less serious cases like shoplifting or marijuana possession. B) Judges are more likely than juries to rule in favor of injured plaintiffs in civil trials. C) The jurors' understanding of complex evidence is just as good, or maybe even better, than the judges' understanding. D) Such disagreements between judges and juries never happen.

D) Such disagreements between judges and juries never happen.

Developments related to the insanity defense can be traced back: A) 2 decades. B) 50 years C) 100 years D) several centuries.

D) several centuries.

Self-defense can be used in a court of law when a woman is facing charges as a result of killing her batterer. However, specific criteria need to be met to plead self-defense. Which of the following does NOT meet the requirements of self-defense? A) The victim was in danger of imminent bodily harm. B) No reasonable avenue of escape existed. C) The force used to repel the abuser's attack was reasonable and proportional to the danger. D) The abuse was regular, and the victim felt scared even when the abuser was asleep.

D) The abuse was regular, and the victim felt scared even when the abuser was asleep.

It is basically impossible to calculate the rate of reoffense for sexual offenders correctly. All of the following reasons for that are valid, EXCEPT: A) Recidivism rates based on rearrest do not take into account unreported crimes. B) Self-reports of perpetration are likely to underestimate recidivism rates due to the stigma associated with sexual crimes C) Self-reports of victimization are likely to underestimate recidivism rates due to underreporting by victims. D) The longer recidivism is tracked, the lower are the reoffense rates.

D) The longer recidivism is tracked, the lower are the reoffense rates.

Among the military, the rate of reported harassment has been found to be about ____ for females and over ____ for males. A) 10%, 25% B) 25%, 10% C) 25%; 60% D) 60%, 25%

D) 60%, 25%

As a result of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), discrimination based on which of the following characteristics is illegal? A) Age and gender. B) Race and national origin. C) Disability and religion. D) All of these are legally protected against discrimination.

D) All of these are legally protected against discrimination.

A meta-analysis of several dozen studies that collected data from tens of thousands of people demonstrated that those who are targets of harassment develop a variety of symptoms. Their problems might include: A) negative physical symptoms. B) emotional distress. C) posttraumatic stress disorder. D) All of these could result from sexual harassment.

D) All of these could result from sexual harassment.

Two basic forms of sexual harassment at work were categorized by a Yale law professor: A) Howard Smith, B) Peter Glick. C) Gloria Steinem, D) Catharine MacKinnon.

D) Catharine MacKinnon

The principle of punishment known as general deterrence is embodied by the following adage: A) Turning the other cheek B) An eye for an eye. C) Anger punishes itself. D) Criminals are punished so that others may be amended.

D) Criminals are punished so that others may be amended

Studies have analyzed wrongful conviction cases that were later overturned because DNA testing proved the wrongfully convicted person innocent. Of the following major causes of wrongful convictions, which one is found to be the most prevalent? A) Forensic science problems. B) Faulty informant (or jailhouse "snitch") testimony. C) False confessions. D) Eyewitness misidentification.

D) Eyewitness misidentification.

Marissa has been beaten by her husband on multiple occasions. She has learned to anticipate her husband's impending violence by carefully observing minute signs of his moods and behaviors. Which of the following terms is used to describe this type of heightened attentiveness in battered women? A) Cycle of abuse. B) Acute battering C) Learned helplessness. D) Hypervigilance.

D) Hypervigilance

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) contains _____ in its classification of mental disorders. A) rape trauma syndrome (RTS) B) battered woman syndrome (BWS) C) battered spouse syndrome (BSS) D) It contains none of these.

D) It contains none of these.

The biggest problem regarding the use of the cognitive interview with eyewitnesses is the difficulties that police have with: A) avoiding the creation of erroneous memories during the cognitive interview. B) creating the right space required for the cognitive interview. C) preventing the interviewee from slipping into a hypnotic state. D) adopting the interviewing style that is so different from their usual one.

D) adopting the interviewing style that is so different from their usual one.

Unanimity is required by _______ of the states in capital murder trials. A) none B) some C) most D) all

D) all

Liberation hypothesis postulates that in situations where evidence is ______ jurors base their decisions on other factors such as their ________. A) strong, political views B) strong, past experience or prejudice C) ambiguous; civic duty D) ambiguous; past experience or prejudice

D) ambiguous; past experience or prejudice

April displays conventional values, with relatively inflexible viewpoints, generally identifying with authority figures and finding weakness to be intolerable. One might consider her personality to be indicative of _____ which is one of the jurors' characteristics associated with ______ verdicts. A) locus of control; harsher B) belief in a just world; more lenient C) authoritarianism; more lenient D) authoritarianism; harsher

D) authoritarianism; harsher

Because clinicians were not aware of how often offenders reoffend, which is called the _____ clinicians' predictions would _____ the likelihood of violent behavior. A) actuarial rate; underestimate B) actuarial rate; overestimate C) base rate of reoffense; underestimate D) base rate of reoffense; overestimate

D) base rate of reoffense; overestimate

In addition to issues with memory in general, other things can introduce biases. Studies show that interference can take place during the process of identification of a suspect: Witnesses may feel more certain about their memory of an event or perpetrator as a result of ______ and ____ . A) lineup procedures; confusion B) biased.questioning: stress C) stress; concern D) biased questioning: lineup procedures

D) biased questioning: lineup procedures

The courts' decisions with regard to civil commitment laws tend to support the idea that psychological experts _____ predict future violence, _____. A) cannot: in line with the scientific evidence B) cannot; despite strong evidence to the contrary C) can: in line with the scientific evidence D) can; despite strong evidence to the contrary

D) can; despite strong evidence to the contrary

The Insanity Defense Reform Act (IDRA) of 1984 required that the _____ prove the insanity of the defendant at the time of the crime _____. A) defense; beyond a reasonable doubt B) prosecution; beyond a reasonable doubt C) prosecution; by clear and convincing evidence D) defense; by clear and convincing evidence

D) defense; by clear and convincing evidence

One of the norms of distributive justice is ______, which is the concept that rewards are to be distributed according to each individual's contributions to the group. A) the principle of need B) equality C) unanimity D) equity

D) equity

Ginger had been victimized by sexual harassment from her supervisor for over six months. She tried to appease the harasser, attempted to avoid him, but eventually filed an internal complaint. Her form of coping is known as: A) projection. B) transference. C) internally focused coping. D) externally focused coping.

D) externally focused coping.

To make jury service less burdensome, the one day or one trial system is used in many areas. It means that: A) every trial lasts one day. B) jurors are picked for each day of the trial separately. C) jurors selected for jury duty participate in as many trials as can be held in one day. D) for jurors who are selected, the jury duty will be over after the trial ends, and for the dismissed jurors, the jury duty is over.

D) for jurors who are selected, the jury duty will be over after the trial ends, and for the dismissed jurors, the jury duty is over.

Cross-race effect has been shown to maintain consistent strength: A) regardless of exposure to races other than one's own. B) for those from bi-racial families. C) despite special training intended to reduce it. D) for people of different ages.

D) for people of different ages.

Evidence that is meant to damage the credibility of a witness or the defendant's reputation is also referred to as _____ evidence. A) complex B) reactance C) ironic D) impeachment

D) impeachment

James has a history of violent behavior. Many times, he has demonstrated he has not mastered the ability to maintain control over his own emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. This inability is also known as: A) locus of control. B) self-esteem. C) self-reliance. D) impulsivity.

D) impulsivity

A false negative means that a person was: A) correctly predicted to become violent. B) incorrectly predicted to become violent. C) correctly predicted to be non-violent. D) incorrectly predicted to be non-violent.

D) incorrectly predicted to be non-violent

Nicole is a defense attorney handling a high-profile case. Much rests with the decision of the jury in terms of damages that the defendant may be required to pay. To help in the process, Nicole decides to pull together a group that matches the demographics of the actual jury and have them sit in the courtroom during trial and be exposed to the same evidence the actual jury would be seeing. The group Nicole is assembling is known as a: A) mock jury B) trial jury. C) potential jury. D) shadow jury.

D) shadow jury.

According to the text, all of the following shrink the size of the jury pool, EXCEPT: A) no-shows. B) exemptions. C) exclusions. D) summons.

D) summons

It turns out that the jury nullification option is a double-edged sword. Studies have showed that the nullification instructions allow juries to treat _____ offenders more leniently and ______ offenders more harshly. A) wealthy: poor B) poor; wealthy C) mentally ill; mentally sound D) sympathetic; unsympathetic

D) sympathetic; unsympathetic

As hypothesized by Lenore Walker, a recurring cycle of abuse consists of: A) tension building - acute battering - release. B) tension - release - contrition. C) acute battering - release - contrition. D) tension building - acute battering - contrition.

D) tension building - acute battering - contrition.

According to the text, psychological studies find that eyewitness testimony: A) only influences jurors if preceded by expert testimony. B) loses its compelling properties as more time passes between the crime and the trial. C) is more reliable than is supposed by most people. D) is more fallible than is commonly believed.

D) is more fallible than is commonly believed.

The benefit of the cognitive interview is that: A) it arouses the eyewitness's senses to help restart the memory retrieval process. B) the eyewitness's memories become fragmented and well-defined. C) it requires the right space prepared for the cognitive interview. D) it helps the witness relax and mentally reinstate the details of the crime event.

D) it helps the witness relax and mentally reinstate the details of the crime event.

While selecting a jury, it is important for lawyers to figure out which jurors will be favorable to their case. It is legally permissible for the lawyers to ______ to gather additional information. A) fairly; reach out to potential jurors through Facebook B) most; post on potential jurors' Facebook profiles C) least; friend potential jurors on Facebook D) least; read potential jurors' Facebook profiles

D) least; read potential jurors' Facebook profiles

Legal definitions of insanity are crafted by: A) legíslators and psychologists. B) judges and psychiatrists. C) social workers and psychologists. D) legislators and judges.

D) legislators and judges.

Although a battered woman's reluctance to leave the abusive relationship _______, research has found that a lot of battered women are killed by their abusers ______ A) is justified; in self-defense B) is justified, before leaving C) may seem illogical; in self-defense D) may seem illogical; after leaving

D) may seem illogical; after leaving

The opposite to the Roman concept of non compos mentis is an awareness that criminal behavior is wrong. In the modern legal system, a term used for such awareness is: A) not missing a screw B) mental competence. C) psychological mindfulness. D) mens rea

D) mens rea

The majority of harassment cases are ______ make it to court. Of those that go forward to court and are litigated, only about _____ of decisions are made in favor of the plaintiff, or the alleged victim. A) reported and about half: 1% B) reported and about half; a third C) not reparted and do not: 1% D) not reported and do not: a third

D) not reported and do not: a third

The length of civil confinement is: A) specified at sentencing. B) determined by the legal system alone. C) determined by psychiatrists alone. D) not specified up front.

D) not specified up front.

According to the text, what we generally see and remember is impacted by what we expect to see. This tendency to maintain firmly held beliefs about a sequence of expected behaviors is referred to as: A) meta-analysis. B) unconscious transference. C) retrieval inhibition. D) preexisting scripts.

D) preexisting scripts.

Scripts help us to _____ but can also _____ eyewitness memories. A) change our expectations about the world; get mixed in with B) change our expectations about the world; enhance C) process information more efficiently: enhance D) process information more efficiently: get mixed in with

D) process information more efficiently: get mixed in with

Only 200 years ago, women were treated like ____ and most wife beatings were seen as a _____ matter. A) men; criminal B) men; private C) property, criminal D) property, private

D) property, private

According to the article Neuroscience in the Courtroom, recent advances in neuroscience have: a) improved the reliability of expert witnesses b) increased cohesiveness of jury decision making c) made brain scans a universally accepted piece of evidence at trials. d) raised important questions about free will and personal responsibility

D) raised important questions about free will and personal responsibility

When determining whether a particular behavior is offensive, a judgment needs to be made as to whether others in the same situation would have considered the environment as hostile. This standard is referred to as the: A) consensual relationship agreement. B) disparate treatment standard, C) interpersonal justice standard. D) reasonable person standard.

D) reasonable person standard.

The one day or one trial system is used to: A) increase guilty pleas. B) reduce the time defendants spend in jail. C) turn criminal into civil cases. D) reduce the number of hardship exemptions.

D) reduce the number of hardship exemptions.

Isaac is on trial for murder, and the evidence against him is not very strong. The jury is most likely to reach a guilty verdict if they learn that Isaac: A) lives in a homeless shelter. B) has dropped out of high school. C) has a confederate flag sticker on his car. D) regularly hangs out with gang members.

D) regularly hangs out with gang members.

The repression hypothesis posits that traumatic memories can be maintained in the _______ for years, and the use of _______ techniques may be helpful in uncovering them. A) consciousness; cognitive enhancement B) consciousness; relaxation and visualization C) unconscious; cognitive enhancement D) unconscious; relaxation and visualization

D) unconscious; relaxation and visualization

Jeremy has worked in a prison for 15 years and has been called to jury duty. He is to serve on a criminal case involving the shooting of a guard during a prison riot. Based on the definition of a challenge for cause, Jeremy would be a(n): A) unbiased jury member. B) expert witness. C) likely juror. D) unlikely juror.

D) unlikely juror

In theory, the number of challenges for cause is _____ while peremptory challenges _____. A) limited; increase over time B) limited; are at the discretion of the judge C) unlimited; increase over time D) unlimited; are capped at a small number

D) unlimited; are capped at a small number

Which of the following statements correctly reflects the current legal status of the polygraph? a) Almost half of the states have banned the use of polygraph results in court b) Only five states allow the use of polygraph evidence in court c) the Supreme Court has banned the use of polygraph tests in criminal trials d) Polygraph evidence can only be used in criminal but not civil cases

a) Almost half of the states have banned the use of polygraph results in court

One reason why adult hearsay testimony may be perceived differently from that of a child is that: a) adults are more confident in their testimony b) children are less nervous c) adults are more likely to lie without feeling nervous d) children are more likely to make eye contact

a) adults are more confident in their testimony

At each locus of the DNA strand, a person has two genetic characteristics, or _______: on inherited _______ a) alleles; from each parent b) loci; from birth, another aquired c) alleles; from birth, another acquired d) loci; from each parent

a) alleles; from each parent

Which one of the following situations would be an example of false negative error? a) an expert declares there is no match when it actually matches b) an expert declares a match when there is no match in reality c) a judge declares a mistrial d) a jury nullifies the expert's credentials

a) an expert declares there is no match when it actually matches

Bullet matching results: a) are inconsistent and unproven, even after they have been used in thousands of trials b) are generally confirmed by scientific studies to be reliable and can be safely used in court c) can always match to a particular suspect if the gun is recovered d) demonstrate that each bullet is unique and can be identified as such

a) are inconsistent and unproven, even after they have been used in thousands of trials

Two component of the presumed child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome (CSAAS) are the denial of abuse and recantation of abuse. Researchers who analyzed actual interviews with sexually abuse children found that, in reality, the denial and recantation of abuse: a) are unusual b) are very common c) happen only with older children d) happen only in small tightly knit communities

a) are unusual

According to research completed by Bond and DePaulo (2006), people's ability to distinguish lies has a _____ above chance rate of accuracy, and efforts to improve people's ability to discern lies have ______ a) barely; not been very successful b) significantly; been very successful c) significantly; not been very successful d) barely; been very successful

a) barely; not been very successful

Suggestive questioning of children is most likely to _____ and can lead to _____ prompted by repetitive questioning. a) be done first by their parents; false allegations of abuse b) be done first by their parents; projecting sexual abuse on the interviewer c) elicit true information; a complete account of abuse d) elicit true information; projecting sexual abuse on the interviewer

a) be done first by their parents; false allegations of abuse

Forensic identification can best be defined as the process of linking: a) physical evidence to a particular individual b) theory to fact c) a particular individual to a source d) physical evidence to a crime scene

a) physical evidence to a particular individual

Based on the text, the advantage of information-gathering techniques over accusatorial methods is that: a) both approaches increase the number of true confessions while information-gathering techniques reduce false confessions. b) both approaches increase the number of true confessions while accusatorial techniques reduce false confessions c) information-gathering techniques can be used for the purpose of obtaining national0security intelligence while accusatorial techniques can only be used with domestic suspects d) both approaches can be used for the purposes of obtaining national security intelligence.

a) both approaches increase the number of true confessions while information-gathering techniques reduce false confessions.

The polygraph may be used as a _______ tactic to evoke ________ a) coercive; a confession b) gentle; turning over the evidence c) hidden; the naming of suspects d) blunt; the sympathy of jurors

a) coercive; a confession

One of the characteristics thought to be indicative of childhood maladjustment has been identified among quite a few serial killers. It is: a) cruelty to animals b) mental illness c) extroversion d) temper tantrums

a) cruelty to animals

Killers that tend to be more impulsive and select victims more randomly are referred to as: a) disorganized killers b) organized killers c) stalkers d) mission killers

a) disorganized killers

To reduce error and bias, a blind test can be administered to a forensic examiner, which means that the examiner: a) does not know he or she is being tested b) does not know the correct procedure to follow c) is given a test once a year d) performs a test while being blindfolded

a) does not know he or she is being tested

The ultimate goal of questioning suspects is to: a) elicit a confession b) define parameters for a search c) determine a basis for the DNA analysis d) provide a basis for the DNA analysis

a) elicit a confession

According to the text, psychology _______, whereas the legal system ________ a) emphasizes the characteristics of groups; emphasizes individual cases b) emphasizes individual cases; emphasizes the characteristics of groups c) applies abstract principles; understands the general nature of humans d) develops legal protocol; generalizes the details of a case

a) emphasizes the characteristics of groups; emphasizes individual cases

The _____ shows a video image of the brain in action. a) fMRI b) NCCA c) CBCA d) EEG

a) fMRI

The tendency to hold an individuals dispositional causes such as personality responsible for his of her behavior is referred to as the: a) fundamental attribution error b) functional fixedness c) frustration-aggression hypothesis d) false memory syndrome

a) fundamental attribution error

Research noted in the text reveals that jurors: a) have difficulty interpreting statistical statements. b) understand statistical information reasonably well. c) rely on qualitative results only. d) rely on quantitative results only.

a) have difficulty interpreting statistical statements.

When detectives were asked in a study about their views on profiling, most said they found it: a) helpful b) accurate c) overbearing d) questionable

a) helpful

In a study examining the effectiveness and accuracy of profiling, criminal profiles led to the identification of a perpetrator: a) in less than 3% of cases b) in over 90% of cases c) within a week of profile construction d) within a month of the profile construction

a) in less than 3% of cases

In a study examining the effectiveness and accuracy of profiling, the vast majority of criminal profiles were found to be: a) inaccurate and inconsistent b) inaccurate but useful c) accurate but useful d) accurate but of little help

a) inaccurate and inconsistent

Hearsay testimony is generally ____ in court but most states do allow an exception to the hearsay rule for _____ victims. a) inadmissible; child b) inadmissible; elderly c) admissible; child d) admissible; vulnerable

a) inadmissible; child

Daniela was _______ and she waived her Miranda rights during her arrest. She decided to tell the police her side of the story without waiting for an attorney. The most likely reason she did that is because she has________ a) innocent; nothing to hide b) guilty; something to hide c ) guilty; no reason to worry d) afraid; no reason to worry

a) innocent; nothing to hide

Because of a long exhaustive interrogation, Kathryn just wanted the questioning to stop, so she confessed to the crime knowing that she did not commit it. This type of confession is called an: a) instrumental-coerced confession b) instrumental-voluntary confession c) internalized-coerced confession d) internalized-voluntary confession

a) instrumental-coerced confession

Two fingerprint examiners have independently concluded that the suspect can be excluded as the source of the print. This scenario illustrates the _______ of the fingerprint analysis as a measure. a) interrater reliability b) test-retest reliability c) temporal consistency d) interpersonal validity

a) interrater reliability

A serial killer has been dumping his victims' bodies along the highways in several states. Using computer programs for geographic profiling, a crime analyst is close to pinpointing a buffer zone, which is an area where the perpetrator: a) is less likely to commit crimes b) is more likely to commit crimes c) did commit crimes that have not been discovered yet d) tries to return to, in order to clean up the crime scene

a) is less likely to commit crimes

Sir Francis Galton, who was the first to describe fingerprint patterns and use them for matching, was an early pioneer in the field of psychometrics, advocating the idea that individual psychological traits can be: a) measured b) developed c) improved d) swapped

a) measured

When assessing for common traits among stranger rapists, Mokros and Alison (2002) found that there was ______ among criminals who committed similar crimes. a) no demographic resemblance b) a great deal of similarity c) a common theme in the motives for rape d) a similar childhood history

a) no demographic resemblance

Trial consultants are usually hired to perform the following duties: a) preparing witnesses and shaping trial strategy b) citing law and writing abbreviated briefs c) performing psychological evaluations and risk assessment d) conducting research and advocating for reform

a) preparing witnesses and shaping trial strategy

The process of drawing inferences about a suspect's personality, behavior, motivation, and demographic characteristics based in the crime scene information is referred to as: a) profiling b) characterization c) development of personality d) visionary types

a) profiling

The Daubert trilogy of cases impacts trial courts by: a) putting the burden of decisions about allowing expert testimony on trial judges b) demonstrating that judges understand social science research and methods c) making judges take statistics courses and regular refresher training d) proving scientific research is well understood by key actors in the legal system

a) putting the burden of decisions about allowing expert testimony on trial judges

According to a study conducted by Honts and colleagues (1994), the use of countermeasures _______ the detection of guilty suspects by 50%, and the examiners ________ able to tell that the suspects were manipulating their own arousal patterns. a) reduced; were not. b) increased; were c) reduced; were d) increased; were not

a) reduced; were not.

The comparison question test (CQT) posits that guilty individuals react more strongly to ______ questions, whereas innocent people react more strongly to _______ questions. a) relevant; comparison b) comparison; relevant c) known; unknown d) unknown; known

a) relevant; comparison

According to the text, confirmation bias is one's tendency to: a) seek out evidence that supports one's pre-existing beliefs b) confirm the obvious when everybody else is already convinced anyway c) conclude that the suspect is lying despite having trusted this person before d) attribute errors in judgement to agreement with others

a) seek out evidence that supports one's pre-existing beliefs

Like with any other technique, what would be required to demonstrate the usefulness of profiling is: a) systematic research b) stories and case studies c) DNA evidence d) media portrayals

a) systematic research

When reviewing sexual abuse testimony given by children at trial, it appears that jurors _____ the testimony of children in sexual abuse cases. a) tend to believe b) tend to doubt c) are often instructed to disregard d) defer to the judge when interpreting

a) tend to believe

Temporal consistency is sometimes referred to as: a) test-retest reliability b) interrater reliability c) superior validity d) interobserver agreement

a) test-retest reliability

Reliability refers to: a) the consistency of a measure or observation b) whether the measure is actually measuring what its supposed to measure c) a situation of low validity d) the definition of the details of a match

a) the consistency of a measure or observation

In geographic profiling, an anchor point refers to: a) the location from where attacks might be launched b) the area where the offender is least likely to commit crimes c) the last known area where the offender committed a crime d) one of a series of locations where the offender is believed to be hiding

a) the location from where attacks might be launched

The famous Brown v. Board of Education (1954) case, besides being one of the most important Supreme Court rulings of the 20th century, was a milestone in the psychology and law alliance for the following reason: a) the ruling cited research conducted by social scientists b) the judge admonished social scientists for their testimony c) the jury overruled the social science expert's opinion d) the jury opinions were influenced by the expert's testimony.

a) the ruling cited research conducted by social scientists

What is the best description of the NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol? a) this is a technique designed to reduce biased questioning and elicit true responses from children b) this is a technique using closed-ended questions to interview alleged victims who are children c) this is a protocol for using Bobo dolls to release children's desire for letting their anger out. d) this is a coercive approach to interviewing intended to overcome the resistance of an abuse victim.

a) this is a technique designed to reduce biased questioning and elicit true responses from children

There are good reasons why most states allow hearsay testimony when a child is the alleged victim. Which is NOT such a reason? a) to shield jurors from the biasing impact of young children's cuteness b) to protect the victim from being questioned in unusual and formal settings c) to spare young children the intimidating atmosphere of the courtroom d) to avoid the traumatic experience for the victim of facing the alleged abuser

a) to shield jurors from the biasing impact of young children's cuteness

According to the text, profiling is regarded as a mostly ______ technique a) unvalidated b) validated c) research d) biometrical

a) unvalidated

Much research has demonstrated that most victims of traumatic events h ave ____ memories of the episode. a) vivid b) few c) completely repressed d) first repressed then recovered

a) vivid

Which of the following patterns of thinking demonstrates the fundamental attribution error, or the tendency to attribute other people's behavior to dispositional causes? a) "If the police believe the suspect is guilty, he is likely guilty if there are no other suspects b) "if the suspect were innocent he would not have confessed" c) "if I were on a jury I would convict a suspect who has confessed" d) "If the suspect passed a polygraph test he must be innocent"

b) "if the suspect were innocent he would not have confessed"

The text identifies three fundamental problems with forensic identification. Which of the following is NOT among these problems? a) many forms of identification evidence have a weak scientific foundation b) Forensic identification is too often conducted at the crime scene rather than in a lab c) There is always a risk of contamination or misrepresentation of the trace evidence d) The way information about a match is communicated to a judge or jury can be misleading

b) Forensic identification is too often conducted at the crime scene rather than in a lab

The comparison question test (CQT) polygraph technique utilizes comparison questions that are supposed to make a person uncomfortable (so called known lie questions). Which of the following questions is NOT a good comparison question for a CQT? a) Did you ever do anything illegal or dishonest? b) Have you ever tried a food you did not like? c) Have you ever lied to get out of trouble d) Did you ever wish a person you hated got hurt?

b) Have you ever tried a food you did not like?

According to the text, all of the following statements about false confessions are true, EXCEPT: a) It may be impossible to know what percentage of all confessions are false. b) Studies prove that false confessions are extremely rare. c) Proven false confessions are only a small portion of all false confessions. d) Studies show that about a quarter of wrongful convictions involve false confessions.

b) Studies prove that false confessions are extremely rare.

A qualitative statement made by an expert when presenting evidence is: a) a subjective statement corroborated by statistics b) a non-statistical statement about the strength of a match c) based on research studies rather than on the analysis of trace evidence d) supported by peer review from multiple experts analyzing the same case

b) a non-statistical statement about the strength of a match

In a series of experiments replicating Loftus' research, Hyman and his colleagues set out to create false memories of fairly unusual past events. The results of their studies show that again, about ____ of the participants had developed false recollections. a) 10% b) a quarter c) three quarters d) 90%

b) a quarter

After the Miranda v. Arizona (1966) decision, all suspects must be informed of their so-called Miranda rights. These constitutional rights include all the following EXCEPT the right to: a) remain silent b) admit guilt c) have an attorney present during questioning d) have a court appointed attorney provided for those who cannot afford an attorney

b) admit guilt

In consideration of scientific testimony, gatekeeping in the legal sense includes: a) determining the court session protocol and procedures b) assessing the scientific validity of potential testimony c) counseling juries on the value of scientific evidence d) providing instructions to the jurors before they start deliberation

b) assessing the scientific validity of potential testimony

Many people believe that profiling is effective in solving crimes. These perceptions are: a) corroborated by systematic research b) based on first-person accounts of FBI profilers c) a result of DNA evidence testing d) supported by the use of psychometric scales

b) based on first-person accounts of FBI profilers

In the mid-1990s, the hysteria of day care child abuse cases has ____ while claims of having recovered memories of past sexual abuse have ______ a) basically died down; continued at a slower pace b) basically died down; proliferated c) continues unabated; slowed down considerably d) continues unabated; basically died down

b) basically died down; proliferated

Many serial killers suffer from _____ that impairs their _______ a) brain injury; modus operandi b) brain injury; rational thinking c) bedwetting; self-esteem d) low self esteem, modus operandi

b) brain injury; rational thinking

The basic theory behind the polygraph is that lying: a) affects brain activity patterns b) causes physiological arousal c) changes the coloration of skin d) makes swallowing harder

b) causes physiological arousal

According to the text, when police use the polygraph, it is usually done for the purpose of: a) finding out additional information b) coercing the suspect to confess c) aiding in figuring out the motive d) exposing corrupt police practices

b) coercing the suspect to confess

According to the textbook, police prefer a confession because: a) interrogators have a chance to practice their skills b) confessions save time c) confessions absolve guilt d) suspects are released after admitting to a crime

b) confessions save time

Techniques such as biting one's tongue, pressing one's toes to the floor, or counting backwards are all examples of: a) aiding in polygraph testing b) countermeasures to polygraph testing c) aversion to polygraph testing d) liar's stereotype

b) countermeasures to polygraph testing

The technique that uses systematic analysis of written statements to assess the credibility of accounts related to a particular event is called: a) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) b) criteria-based content analysis (CBCA) c) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d) Polygraph

b) criteria-based content analysis (CBCA)

Shelly testifies in court that DNA recovered at the crime scene is likely to come from the suspect because less than 0.0001% of population have this specific genetic marker. This type of identification is called a(n): a) simple match b) match plus statistics c) qualitative statement d) inconclusive statement

b) match plus statistics

In the 2000s, claims of recovered memories _____, mostly in response to _____. a) slowly decreased; research showing that false memories can be easily implanted b) decreased drastically; successful lawsuits against therapists who had created false memories c) had stabilized; realizations that false memories bring more pain than relief to the victims d) had increased; new legislation awarding substantial sums of money to the victims

b) decreased drastically; successful lawsuits against therapists who had created false memories

In the UK, the police and criminal evidence (PACE) act was enacted to make it illegal to trick suspects or to lie for the purpose of coercing suspects to confess. Studies show that _____ of pressure tactics and trickery, suspects are ____ likely to admit guilt. a) along with the decline; less b) despite the decline; just as c) despite the increase; more d) along with the increase; just as

b) despite the decline; just as

Profiles are created primarily for the purpose of: a) aiding in understanding human nature b) developing some leads in the ongoing investigation c) studying criminal investigation techniques d) embarrassing investigators for pursuing the wrong suspects

b) developing some leads in the ongoing investigation

Fingerprint evidence is _____ for jurors to understand because, unlike DNA analysis information, it does not involve ________. a) harder, probabilities b) easier, probabilities c) harder, multiple sources d) easier, multiple sources

b) easier, probabilities

A false positive means that a(n): a) expert declares there is no match when it actually matches b) expert declares a match when there is no match in reality c) judge declares a mistrial d) jury nullifies the expert's credentials

b) expert declares a match when there is no match in reality

According to the text, the most common response to traumatic experiences is not ______ but ______ a) forgetting; repression b) forgetting; flashbacks c) flashbacks; repression d) flashbacks; memory implantation

b) forgetting; flashbacks

When psychology and law are discussed as embodying different cultures, the following underlying differences between the two fields are considered most important: a) peer-review practices and precedents. b) goals, methods, and styles of inquiry. c) burdens of proof and levels of adequacy. d) levels of education required for practice.

b) goals, methods, and styles of inquiry.

If the imprint came from a popular type of Adidas sneaker, it reflects _____; if it as a unique pattern of wear and tear, it reflects _____ a) individual characteristics; group characteristics b) group characteristics; individual characteristics c) a matrix source; an origin source d) an origin source; a matrix source

b) group characteristics; individual characteristics

Bearing witness to what someone else said outside of court is called: a) unsubstantiated rumor b) hearsay testimony c) non-admissible evidence d) half-admissible evidence

b) hearsay testimony

______ measures almost imperceptible changes in the heat of the human face. a) criteria-based content analysis b) high definition infrared thermal imaging c) the electroencephlogram (EEG) d) laser doppler vibrometrometry (LDV)

b) high definition infrared thermal imaging

All of the following problems lead to fingerprint evidence being imperfect and prone to error, EXCEPT: a) latent prints are often smudged or partial b) if the number of matching ridge characters reaches 16, the two prints match. c) there is no information on how common certain ridge characteristics are in the populations d) each fingerprint examiner makes decision based on his or her own perception of the fingerprints.

b) if the number of matching ridge characters reaches 16, the two prints match.

The use of CCTV is another way that children can testify in a case. CCTV allows the judge and jury to see the child without exposing the alleged victim to the emotional trauma that may be present itself if the child were to see t he defendant. In the case of Maryland v. Craig, the US supreme court decided that the ____ the defendants right to confront his or her accuser. a) need to gather the truth from the child is as important as b) importance of protecting the child victim outweighs c) rights of the alleged child victim are as important as d) potential emotional trauma to the child is not as significant as

b) importance of protecting the child victim outweighs

The purpose of exculpatory scenarios is to: a) exclude various possible reasons for the crime to have been committed b) increase the probability of a confession through offering a justification for the actions c) reduce confusing circumstances, so an admission of guilty is less likely d) maximize the importance of the suspect's reasons for committing the crime

b) increase the probability of a confession through offering a justification for the actions

When profilers construct a criminal profile, they mostly seem t o rely on: a) psychometric scales b) instinct-based judgments c) investigative reporting d) systematic research

b) instinct-based judgments

Jeremy purposely confessed to a crime he did not commit to cover for his wife. This type of confession is referred to as an: a) instrumental-coerced b) instrumental-voluntary c) internalized-coerced d) internalized-voluntary

b) instrumental-voluntary

According to the text, research on jurors' perceptions of confessions shows that: a) it is easy for jurors to discount or ignore a confession when told it is false b) it is very difficult for jurors to discount a confession, even when told it is false c) jurors can forget the confession if told by the judge that it is false d) none of the above

b) it is very difficult for jurors to discount a confession, even when told it is false

According to the text, one of the first criminal profiles was developed by Dr. Bond based on the victims autopsies in the _______ case, in ______ a) jack the ripper; 1996 b) jack the ripper; 1888 c) mad bomber; 1957 d) mad bomber; 1996

b) jack the ripper; 1888

Legal realism, as expressed by Karl Llewellyn in the 1920s-1930s, embodied all of the following views EXCEPT: a) law should promote the common good b) law should be judged independent of its effects c) social science research should be embraced d) judges should be active interpreters of the law

b) law should be judged independent of its effects

Fingerprint patterns identified by Sir Francis Galton in the late 1800s, include all of the following EXCEPT: a) loops b) whorls c) bridges d) arches

c) bridges

Which one of the following statements about the application of criminal profiling to police investigations is INCORRECT? a) most characteristics in the profiles are of little use to investigators b) most cases for which criminal profiles were developed have been solved with their help c) many traits identified in criminal profiles are ambiguous and open to interpretation d) incorrect profiles may divert police resources to pursuing the wrong trail.

b) most cases for which criminal profiles were developed have been solved with their help

Research exploring the effect of repetitive questioning on preschool-aged children's responses found that: a) most children continued to provide correct accounts of past events b) most children changed their answers to incorporate the suggested falsehoods c) repetitive questioning has produced additional details of the true past events d) children would often stop answering the adults' questions all together

b) most children changed their answers to incorporate the suggested falsehoods

The federal Polygraph Protection Act (PPA) of 1988 prohibited the use of polygraph by: a) all private employers for the purpose of hiring for a job b) most private employers for the purpose of hiring for a job c) all public employers including criminal justice agencies d) all public employers except for national security agencies

b) most private employers for the purpose of hiring for a job

Get-tough interventions like Scared Straight and boot camps have been found: a)extremely effective in reducing recidivism. b) not to work and even backfıre. c) promising but in need of further evaluations. d) not to be amenable to evaluation.

b) not to work and even backfıre.

Serial killers tend to select victims: a) completely at random b) of a particular type c) based on their movie crushes d) of above-average intelligence

b) of a particular type

According to the text, children who recant previous allegations of sexual abuse are likely to have been abused by a: a) stranger b) parental figure c) peer d) family friend

b) parental figure

Police may use a variety of evidence ploys during an interrogation. This is possible because: a) suspects get bored b) police can lie during interrogation c) interrogators like trying out new, creative approaches d) police need to make sure the interrogation lasts a long time

b) police can lie during interrogation

Based on research studies of people's abilities in lie detection, the following statement is true: a) most people can easily detect when another person is lying b) police detectives are no better at detecting lies than college students c) training does significantly improve lie detection abilities d) fidgeting and avoiding eye contact are reliable clues that the person is lying

b) police detectives are no better at detecting lies than college students

In a study by Pinzotto and Finkel (1990) that has compared the accuracy of profiles developed by trained profilers with those of students, it was found that _____ created more accurate profiled ______ a) students; across b) profilers; but only for sex offenses c) students; but only for sex offenses d) profilers; in all cases

b) profilers; but only for sex offenses

amicus curiae briefs: a) help experts testify in court get their point across b) provide a way to influence the court when expert testimony is not allowed c) summarize the questions raised by the jury during the deliberation of a verdict d) reflect scientists lack of interest in the legal system

b) provide a way to influence the court when expert testimony is not allowed

Unlike other polygraph tests, the guilty knowledge test (GKT): a) relies heavily on the expertise of polygraph examiners b) reduces polygraph examiners to mere technicians c) places the burden of proof on the polygraph machine d) places the burden of proof on the polygraph examiner's skills

b) reduces polygraph examiners to mere technicians

According to the text, the analysis of bullet striations, tool marks, and bite marks for comparison identification is: a) scientifically sound and widely used in court b) scientifically unproven but routinely used in court c) well-established as reliable evidence but not used often in court d) scientifically weak and unreliable but should still be used in court

b) scientifically unproven but routinely used in court

When a crime is committed: a) forensic identification is almost always possible b) some kind of physical trace is often left behind c) the crime scene contains fingerprints and saliva d) the perpetrator tries to get as far away as possible from the scene of the crime.

b) some kind of physical trace is often left behind

Among the types of questionable forensic evidence that has been used in courts for decades, the text mentions the chemical composition of the bullets and handwriting analysis. What is the reason these are not valid techniques? a) each case is unique and cannot be compared to others b) the error rate is too high to make the techniques useful c) it is very rare to find bullets and handwritten notes at the crime scene d) the techniques are too expensive and there are very few experts in these

b) the error rate is too high to make the techniques useful

According to the text, even though fMRI is a promising technique, it has multiple serious limitation. Which of the following is not one of these limitations? a) The person inside the fMRI machine must be motionless during the procedure b) the fMRI machine is highly portable c) The procedure is expensive d) Images of the brain can be taken no more rapidly than every 1.5 seconds

b) the fMRI machine is highly portable

Many serial killers appear to have an elevated level of: a) religious zealotry. b) violent sexual fantasies. c) sense of grandeur. d) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

b) violent sexual fantasies

A robbery suspect is apprehended and being read his Miranda rights by the police woman arresting him. The suspect is most likely to _____ his Miranda rights. a) exercise b) waive c) remember d) enjoy

b) waive

The hypothesized differences between organized and disorganized killers: a) can lead to easy identification of suspect b) were not confirmed in empirical studies c) earned a Nobel prize for the authors if the typology d) were extensively tested in field experiments

b) were not confirmed in empirical studies

The NASH system is utilized to classify the: a) probative evidence. b) criminal typology. c) causes of death. d) profile data.

c) causes of death

Nia is a cognitive psychologist. Her knowledge and skills might be most relevant for the legal system in which one of these cases? a) when advising on the assessment of violence risk for the defendant b) when deciding whether jurors understand jury instructions correctly c) when assessing a mentally ill defendants competency to stand trial d) When studying the impact of domestic violence exposure on children

b) when deciding whether jurors understand jury instructions correctly

Validity refers to: a) the consistency of a measure or observation b) whether the measure is actually measuring what it is supposed to measure c) a situation of low value d) the definition of the details of a match

b) whether the measure is actually measuring what it is supposed to measure

guilty knowledge test (GKT) is one of the most promising polygraph techniques to date. However, there are some limitations to its usefulness. Which of the following is one of the main limitations of GKT? a) most criminals remember the scene of their crimes very vividly b) GKY does not attempt to detect lies, only the usual physiological reactions c) a sufficient number of crime facts uniquely known by only the criminal is often not available d) polygraph examiners are reluctant to take on the leading role in formulating the questions

c) a sufficient number of crime facts uniquely known by only the criminal is often not available

According to the text, most forensic examiners hold a(n): a) master's degree b) PhD c) bachelor's degree d) associates degree

c) bachelor's degree

Legal realists: a) thought judicial decisions reflected principles found in nature b) Felt judges used careful logic to arrive at a single correct decision in a particular case c) believed judges constructed the law through their interpretations of evidence and precedent d) showed little interest in applying social science research to the legal system

c) believed judges constructed the law through their interpretations of evidence and precedent

Delia is a prosecutor working on a case where allegations of child sexual abuse perpetrated by a daycare center worker have been made. The child's parents are very concerned and want Delia to investigate the allegations. When it comes to the use of child interviewing props, Delia's best course of action is to use anatomically details _____. Moreover, these props should be used _____ a) dolls; only after the child has made a disclosure of abuse b) dolls; as soon as possible c) body diagrams; only after the child has made a disclosure of abuse d) body diagrams; as soon as possible

c) body diagrams; only after the child has made a disclosure of abuse

When the police utilized a good cop-bad cop approach, the suspect is likely to: a) clam up and not talk b) insist he is innocent in front of both cops c) confess to the good cop when alone with him d) confess to the bad cop when alone with him

c) confess to the good cop when alone with him

According to studies, which form of evidence is the most incriminating one (likely to lead to conviction)? a) eyewitness testimony b) expert testimony c) confession d) DNA analysis

c) confession

A fingerprint examiner's decision about a match may be influenced by whether he is told the suspect has confessed to the crime. This tendency to seek out information that supports one's beliefs is known as: a) expected outcome b) integration of thought c) confirmation bias d) attribution error

c) confirmation bias

Our tendency to seek out information that supports our beliefs otherwise known as: a) expected outcome b) liar's stereotype c) confirmation bias d) attribution error

c) confirmation bias

Research by Gail Goodman and her colleagues (1998) examined the use of a closed-circuit television (CCTV) for child testimony. The results show that the use of CCTV _____ the emotional distress in children ____ the accuracy of their testimony a) increases; and jeapordizes b) increases; but doesn't reduce c) decreases; and improves d) decreases; but also reduces

c) decreases; and improves

Training people to detect lies ______ their ability ______ their confidence in their ability to discern lies a) improves; but undermines b) improves; and enhances c) does not improve; but raises d) does not improve; and thwarts

c) does not improve; but raises

Psychologists as evaluators are most likely to be doing research to answer the following question: a) who committed the crime? b) can laws be improved? c) does the policy or program work? d) is the lawyer using an effective trial strategy?

c) does the policy or program work?

All of the following problems plague forensic science, EXCEPT: a) financial ties and conflict of interest are common in forensic science b) forensic science has been marked by secrecy and fear of negative findings c) each scientific study undergoes extensive scrutiny by peer reviewers d) most examiners lack advanced graduate training in scientific methods

c) each scientific study undergoes extensive scrutiny by peer reviewers

According to the text, it is not easy to calculate the false positive rate for most types of trace evidence because: a) jurors feel unprepared and lacking specialized education to understand such details b) judges would not allow it in court testimony by a forensic expert c) forensic examiners do not want to participate in studies of error rates d) this is not a research question scientists are interested in answering

c) forensic examiners do not want to participate in studies of error rates

Nicholas was brought in for questioning and asked to provide his fingerprints. Based on fingerprint evidence, he was excluded as a suspect. This means that the fingerprints found at the crime scene were: a) too smudged to prove to be his b) incomplete and could not be matched c) found to be from someone else d) inconclusive

c) found to be from someone else

The reliance on maps and mathematics to develop predictions about possible locations of future crimes is referred to as: a) criminal profiling b) characterization c) geographic profiling d) the NASH system

c) geographic profiling

A survey was administered to high school seniors in Anytown. According to the survey results, fewer than 0.5% of the students drove drunk in the previous 6 months. A month later, the survey was repeated and it again indicated that fewer than 0.5% of Anytown seniors drove drunk in the previous 6 months. Based on this information, the survey has: a) high interrater validity. b) A low interrater reliability. c) high test--retest reliability. d) low measurement validity.

c) high test-retest reliability

There are several conclusions that can be drawn from research on implanting false memories. Which of the following conclusions is INCORRECT: a) the majority of people in the studies did not succumb to memory implantation b) hypnosis and other therapeutic techniques facilitate the production of implanted memories c) if a person is 100% sure the memory is true it is often a good indicator of a true memory d) people who strongly believe in the possibility of recovering a suppressed memory are more likely to "recover" false memories.

c) if a person is 100% sure the memory is true it is often a good indicator of a true memory

The combined DNA index system (CODIS) maintained by the FBI: a) is still in the process of being constructed b) relied on voluntary DNA donations from the FBI employees c) if the most frequently used DNA database in the world d) has been closed due to the high rate of error

c) if the most frequently used DNA database in the world

According to the text, the use of anatomically correct detailed dolls when interviewing children under the age of 6 is likely to ____ the number of false allegations of sexual abuse. a) have no bearing on b) decrease c) increase d) equalize

c) increase

After an intense interrogation process, Matthew became convinced that he robbed the store since all physical evidence pointed at him. This form of false confession is called an: a) instrumental-coerced confession b) instrumental voluntary c) internalized-coerced d) internalized-voluntary

c) internalized-coerced

The ______ approach treats laws as being actively constructed by judges as serving social policy goals, whereas _____ treats laws as evolved to reflect the principles found in nature. a) legal objectivism; environmental law b) environmental law; legal objectivism c) legal realism; "natural law" d) "natural law"; legal realism

c) legal realism; "natural law"

Some promising low-tech methods of lie detection include all of the following, EXCEPT: a) asking the suspects to tell their stories backwards b) insisting that suspects maintain eye maintain eye contact with the interrogator c) making suspects listens to their own story recorded d) asking suspects to draw a picture

c) making suspects listens to their own story recorded

According to research noted in the text, jurors that heard both adult hearsay witnesses and child testimony deemed the hearsay testimony: a) less credible b) equally as credible c) more credible d) less accurate

c) more credible

A study by Kassin and his colleagues (2005) found that police detectives were ______ likely than college students to judge false confessions as true, and were ______ confident about their judgments. a) more; less b) less; less c) more; more d) less; more

c) more; more

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a) Lying is very common and widespread b) deception makes social interactions go more smoothly c) most people never tell lies d) There are a lot of different types of lies and reasons for lying

c) most people never tell lies

All of the following are possible explanations for why suspects waive their Miranda rights, EXCEPT: a) the suspect may not understand his or her rights clearly b) people are used to signing waivers of various kinds c) police are very careful in explaining to suspects their rights d) people do not want to create an impression they are guilty

c) police are very careful in explaining to suspects their rights

Aisha had been going through an emotionally tough time after the separation from her long-term partner and her psychotherapist suggested some hypnotic sessions. During these sessions, Aisha has started vaguely recalling being fondled by her father as a baby while he was giving her baths. Memories of this type are referred to as: a) unconscious memories b) regressed memories c) recovered memories d) unknown memories

c) recovered memories

Roles that psychologists may play in the legal system include the following: a) auxiliary judges b) gatekeepers c) reformers d) parapsychologists

c) reformers

Victims in a string of murder cases were all mutilated in a specific way, which makes profilers think of this feature as a(n) ______that may reveal something about the perpetrator's personality. a) anchor b) vision c) signature d) lead

c) signature

research has essentially discredited the idea at the heart of the profiling process that _____ crimes are committed by ______ people. a) different; different b) different; similar c) similar; similar d) similar; different

c) similar; similar

Psychological profiling mostly relies on the _______ of a particular profiler. a) psychological education b) clinical experience c) skilled intuition d) unstructured interview

c) skilled intuition

According to research studies described in the text, mock jurors who reported that they disregarded the confession as clearly coerced were _____ likely to convict the defendant a) somewhat less b) significantly less c) still more d) not more

c) still more

The ways the Daubert trilogy affected the legal system include all of the following, EXCEPT: a) judges are now more likely to exclude expert testimony, even if its scientifically sound b) lawyers often shop around for an expert who would support their side c) superior courts are more likely to question trial judges decisions about allowing expert testimony d) experts are virtually never prosecuted for perjury, even if they provided biased and scientifically incompetent testimony

c) superior courts are more likely to question trial judges decisions about allowing expert testimony

Liam is a 4 year old who is being questioned by his mom about his physical contact with a guest visitor to Liam's day care center. Even though the visitor never touched Liam, the mother keeps asking which part of Liam's body the visitor touched first. Liam is likely to: a) keep denying the physical contact occurred b) stop talking altogether c) tell mom what she wants to hear even if he has to make it up d) tell mom the truth even if it hurt

c) tell mom what she wants to hear even if he has to make it up

A shocking wave of cases where day care workers in multiple states were accused of sexually abusing children in their care captured the attention o f the media in the US in the late 1980s and into the 1990s. All of the following were common features of these unrelated cases EXCEPT: a) the bizarre character of the alleged sexual abuse b) no medical evidence of sexual abuse c) the availability of video recordings of sexual abuse sessions d) the ability of the alleged abusers to keep their sexual activities secret for long periods of time.

c) the availability of video recordings of sexual abuse sessions

The rates of accuracy of the polygraph have been calculated using controlled lab studies and mock crimes. These rates are likely to be somewhat inflated for the following reasons EXCEPT: a) subjects in these studies do not have much to lose b) lies that subjects in these studies tell are very simple c) the polygraph machines used in these studies are outdated d) subjects in these studies have not been trained in countermeasures

c) the polygraph machines used in these studies are outdated

Kurt was arrested even though he was innocent. All of the following are likely reasons he waived his miranda rights EXCEPT: a) he felt he had nothing to hide b) he did not want to seem uncooperative c) this was the first time he heard about the right to remain silent d) the police explained the Miranda rights to him in a quick, perfunctory tone

c) this was the first time he heard about the right to remain silent

According to the text, legal culture tries to avoid ________ whereas for psychology, _______ is an integral part of the scientific process. a) opinions b) decisions c) uncertainty d) injustice

c) uncertainty

According to the text, the _____ intelligence hypothesis posits that human intelligence was accelerated by the need for humans to develop social skills related to manipulation, pretense, and deception. a) crystallized b) fluid c) Goleman's emotional d) Machiavellian

d) Machiavellian

Brandeis's brief in Muller v. Oregon (1908) was a milestone in the development of the psychology and law union because it: a) Relied on expert testimony from professional psychologists b) expanded graduate training for psychologists c) mandated the use of research training for judges d) Open the door for US courts to use social scientific evidence

d) Open the door for US courts to use social scientific evidence

The knowledge and skills of developmental psychologists might be most relevant for the legal system in which of these cases? a) when studying the dynamics of jury deliberation b) when assessing a mentally ill defendant for potential risk of violence c) When deciding whether the eyewitness is able to remember the scene of a crime d) When evaluating which custody arrangement will most benefit the child

d) When evaluating which custody arrangement will most benefit the child

The main similarity between Bertillon's anthropometry and modern biometrics is that both: a) use iris color and other facial features to identify individuals. b) are established fields of science that are widely used in court. c) establish the relationship between the skull shape and personality. d) aim to identify an individual based on measurable anatomical traces.

d) aim to identify an individual based on measurable anatomical traces.

Research has demonstrated that some techniques used in interviewing children in abuse cases are especially helpful. These techniques include all of the following EXCEPT: a) simplified instructions b) taking an oath to tell the truth c) explicit statement stipulating that the interviewer does not know what happened d) asking the same question more than once

d) asking the same question more than once

Jack was extremely uncomfortable with admitting to a crime against a minor so he kept denying any involvement. The interrogator has been very understanding and nice, suggesting that Jack had committed the crime without realizing the victim was a minor. This situation illustrates a combination of which influence strategies inherent in the Reid Technique? a) loss of control and social isolation b) social isolation and certainty of guilt c) loss of control and minimization of culpability d) certainty of guilt and minimization of culpability

d) certainty of guilt and minimization of culpability

Hearsay testimony is sometimes admissible in trials where a child is the alleged victim because: a) defendants need to see the accuser b) younger children are sophisticated about sexual matters c) prosecutors want to see the victim d) children may have a hard time facing their abuser

d) children may have a hard time facing their abuser

The following are likely reasons that the crime of child sexual abuse is underreported. Which one of these statements is NOT such a reason. a) children who are too young to talk b) young children may not interpret sexual exploitation as abuse c) children may fear retaliation if they tell anyone about the abuse d) children may project the abuse they have experienced onto their toys

d) children may project the abuse they have experienced onto their toys

Sam is a cognitive psychology. What aspect of the legal process might he provide assistance with to the court? a) determining the general fairness of the legal system b) advising at what age children are fully cognizant of their actions within the law. c) evaluating the defendants competence to stand trial d) clarifying whether jurors understand the instructions for deliberating a verdict

d) clarifying whether jurors understand the instructions for deliberating a verdict

Jared was questioning a suspect using the Reid technique, and after a long and exhausting interrogation, the suspect falsely confessed to the crime just to put an end to the interrogation. When hearing this confession, Jared felt even more confident that the suspect was guilty. This is an illustration of the phenomenon that psychologists call: a) false-positive bias b) attribution bias c) exhaustion bias d) confirmation bias

d) confirmation bias

Research in the field of social psychology has discovered that people tend to _______ the impact of situational forces and this process is responsible for believing that suspects in police custody would ____ to a crime they did not commit a) overestimate; confess b) overestimate; not confess c) disregard; confess d) disregard; not confess

d) disregard; not confess

A simple match statement by a forensic expert: a) uses statistical analysis b) applies probability categories c) defines specific features and their liklihood d) does not use statistical terms

d) does not use statistical terms

Lying is considered an adaptive behavior, from a(n) _____ point of view. a) psychodynamic b) cognitive c) behavioral d) evolutionary

d) evolutionary

Among the techniques looking at brain activity patterns, ______ is better able to locate the precise area of the brain activity, whereas _____ is better able to determine timing of the activity. a) CBCA; EEG b) fMRI; CBCA c) EEG; fMRI d) fMRI; EEG

d) fMRI; EEG

According to the text, the most prevalent use of polygraph in the US is: a) to detect and fire those who abuse illegal drugs b) by private non-governmental businesses c) in the criminal justice system d) for national security purposes

d) for national security purposes

According to the text, all of the following ways to ease the child testimony burden have been suggested EXCEPT: a) bringing a support person to court b) bringing a support animal to court c) familiarizing the child with courtroom procedures and personnel d) having siblings administer the cross-examination of the child

d) having siblings administer the cross-examination of the child

All of the following traits can be defined as vulnerabilities to making false confessions EXCEPT: a) youth b) mental illness c) low intelligence d) high aggression

d) high aggression

Biometrics is theL a) study of facial features b) study of skull shapes c) identification of anomolies for the purpose of matching d) identification based on measurable anatomical traits

d) identification based on measurable anatomical traits

All of the following statements are true about implicit bias EXCEPT: a) implicit bias is subtle b) people are unaware of their own implicit biases c) in highly stressful situations, a person i s more likely to act based on implicit bias d) implicit bias cannot be corrected, even with time and reflection

d) implicit bias cannot be corrected, even with time and reflection

Before the 1930s, an interrogator in the US would be likely to use all of the following actions to elicit confessions EXCEPT: a) beating a suspect b) applying electric shocks c) dragging a suspect by her hair d) imprisoning the suspects kids

d) imprisoning the suspects kids

Diego is a forensic expert who is asked to testify whether the wound that the victim died from came from a knife found in the suspect's car. Diego has confirmed high level of agreement between the knife and the wound, which in his professional opinion means the wound was produced by the knife in question. This type of opinion is called: a) quantitative statemeny b) uncorroborated match c) match plus statistics d) individualization

d) individualization

Jillian had often suffered from a delusional behavior disorder. When brought in for questioning, she started out by confessing to a crime that she had taken no part in. The term used for this type of false confession is an: a) instrumental-coerced confession. b) instrumental-voluntary confession. c) internalized-coerced confession. d) internalized-voluntary confession.

d) internalized-voluntary confession.

Even though a _______ may rule that a confession is inadmissible because it was coerced, such rulings are _____ a) jury; common b) judge; common c) jury; rare d) judge; rare

d) judge; rare

According to the text, the current state of the criminal justice system in the US makes all of the following likely to happen EXCEPT: a) police lie to suspects to elicit a confession b) suspects are likely to waive their miranda rights c) judges rarely rule a confession to be coerced and therefore inadmissible in court d) juries can often determine if the confession resulted from psychological coercion

d) juries can often determine if the confession resulted from psychological coercion

Research by Kassin and his colleagues has shown that even when ______ had no problem recognizing that a confession was coerced, they still voted ____ more often. a) police; not guilty b) jurors; not guilty c) police; guilty d) jurors; guilty

d) jurors; guilty

At the end of the 19th century, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes famously said: "Law is the government of the living by the dead." His saying reflects the currently relevant principle that: a) criminal murder cases have to be solved even if the suspect is already dead b) past decisions are often discarded to make way for the new understanding c) applying law is a living, breathing, constantly changing process d) legal rulings in cases decided a long time ago may still apply to current cases

d) legal rulings in cases decided a long time ago may still apply to current cases

In forensic identification, it is crucial to know whether a specific technique, for example, hair analysis, can actually measure if one hair matches another one. If the technique doesn't do a good job, it means it has: a) high interrator validity b) low external reliability c) high test-retest reliability d) low measurement validity

d) low measurement validity

Lying can best be described as: a) straightforward b) always intentional c) easily detected d) multifaceted

d) multifaceted

The Reid technique is _____ used by police in the US when questioning suspects. Establishing a sense of loss of control as part of this technique makes suspects feel _____ a) rarely; vulnerable b) often; empowered c) rarely; empowered d) often; vulnerable

d) often; vulnerable

There have been studies on the use of anatomically detailed dolls as props when questioning children who are suspected of having been victims of sexual abuse. Overall, the research: a) proves that only false allegations of sexual abuse are increased b) suggests that only true allegations of sexual abuse are elicited c) clearly shows that these props decrease the number of any allegations of sexual abuse d) on the effectiveness of these props is inconclusive

d) on the effectiveness of these props is inconclusive

Killers that can be described ad carefully selecting their victims are referred to as: a) disorganized killers b) serial killers c) stalkers d) organized killers

d) organized killers

_______ Can be described as an effort to figure out how the world works whereas _____ provides a system for meting out just desserts a) Law; science b) science; culture c) culture; law d) science; law

d) science; law

The characteristics of serial killers seem to have ______ though there are _____ common to all serial killers. a) no similarities; a few traits b) some recurring patterns; only two characteristics c) a lot of similarities; only two characteristics d) some recurring patterns; no characteristics

d) some recurring patterns; no characteristics

As a rule, _____ approaches have been found to be superior to _____ approaches. a) geographic; statistical b) psychological; statistical c) psychological; geographic d) statistical; intuitive

d) statistical; intuitive

According to the text, the term gatekeeper refers to: a) securing the courtroom. b) the sorting of various briefs for the purpose of finding relevant precedents. c) establishing the tiers of fact. d) the assessment of scientific validity of testimony before allowing it in trial.

d) the assessment of scientific validity of testimony before allowing it in trial.

Forensic identification is less likely to result in inconclusive findings when a _____ left at the crime scene is _____ a) fingerprint; partial b) tire thread; incomplete c) fingerprint; smudged d) tire thread; clear

d) tire thread; clear

______ the other, well-established forms of forensic identification, DNA identification was subjected to ________ scrutiny to establish its scientific validity and relevance. a) just like; rather lax b) just like; increased c) unlike; rather lax d) unlike; increased

d) unlike; increased

When a confession exists, juries ________ come back with a conviction. a) never b) seldom c) sometimes d) very often

d) very often

Most serial killers are______ males of ______ intelligence a) african american; above average b) african american; average c) white; above average d) white; average

d) white; average