LESSON 4 PHILOSOPHY ( THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE ENVIRONMENT )
ANCIENT THINKERS
wanted to actualize human greatness
HERBERT MARCUSE & GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
- "humanity had dominated nature and that can only be changed if we will change our attitude towards our perceptions of the environment." - "human beings do not only have rights but duties as well."
ANTHROPOCENTRIC MODEL
- Human - Culture - Individualism - Mind - Calculative - Human over/against environment - Global technological
ECOCENTRIC MODEL
- Nature - Wild - Holism - Cosmos - Body - Relational - Earth/wisdom - Ecology over/against humans
IMMANUEL KANT
- a central figure in modern philosophy. - argued that the human mind creates the structure of human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of human sensibility, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is independent of humanity's concepts of it.
ANAXIMANDER
- an ancient thinker - a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus. - introduced the abstract apeiron (indefinite, infinite, boundless, unlimited) as an origin of the universe.
PYTHAGORAS
- an ancient thinker - one of his most securely identified study/theory was the etempsychosis, or the "transmigration of souls", which holds that every soul is immortal and, upon death, enters into a new body - founder of the Pythagoreanism movement.
Deep Ecology
For this theory, ecological crisis is an outcome of anthropocentrism, which is already discussed. The controlling attitude of humankind is extended to nature, when in fact, humanity is part of nature.
Social Ecology
For this theory, ecological crisis results from authoritarian social structures. Destroying nature is a reflection wherein few people overpower others while exploiting the environment for profit or self interest.
Ecofeminism
This theory argues that ecological crisis is a consequence of male dominance. In this view, whatever is "superior" is entitled to whatever is "inferior". Male traits as in the anthropocentric model are superior as opposed to female traits as in the ecocentric model.
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
Through cognitive & scientific eyes
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
Views nature's depths intuitively through the eyes of spiritual sages
MODERN THINKERS
didn't think virtue existed and that it was perhaps a linguistic trick.
ERICH FROMM
proposed a new society that should encourage the emergence of a new human being that will foster prudence and moderation of frugality toward environment.
ECOCENTRIC MODEL (DEF.)
puts ecosystem first and assumes that the natural world has intrinsic value
ANTHROPOCENTRIC
regarding humankind as the central or most important element of existence, especially as opposed to God or animals.