Lesson 5 Quiz

The stimulus controlling the operant response is called a __________ stimulus. For example, students do not learn simply when material is set in front of them. Instead, the material sets the occasion for learning to occur.

Discriminative

________ occurs when we acquire information without expending effort and that we cannot easily express.

Implicit learning

In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct?

In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses.

Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans.

Anxiety disorders

The "law of effect" states:

Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated.

Three years ago, Nasim ate a burger and was violently sick a few hours afterwards. Even though it was the only time up to that point that he had had this reaction to burgers, he cannot even look at a burger without feeling sick. Why is his conditioned taste aversion puzzling from the perspective of the general principles of classical conditioning?

The association that Nasim made between eating the burger and feeling sick required only a single US-CS pairing.

Pin-ya raises her hand when she wants to speak in the classroom; however, she does not need to do so at home. This is because at school, her operant behavior is under _________ control.

Stimulus

Your friend got a terrible grade on his first exam in a class. He is convinced that he should drop the class because clearly he does not have what it takes to do well. Based on what you learned in this module, what would you tell him?

Using effective study strategies is very important. If you are willing to change your strategies, you should do better on the next exam.

In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively when:

Aggressive models were punished

The technical definition of a reinforcer is:

Any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again

Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura?

Attention, Retention, Initiation, Motivation

The researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are:

B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike

Which of the following statements about incidental versus intentional learning is correct?

Incidental learning is more effective than intentional learning.

A student who reviews his notes every day after class is engaging in ____________ learning.

Intentional

Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior?

Negative reinforcement.

Kurt's mom was so upset when she overheard him swearing that she made him clean his room! This is an example of:

Positive punishment

According to the _________ law of effect, David is less likely to turn to drugs, sex, or alcohol for reinforcement since he has plenty of other sources of reinforcement such as good grades, soccer team wins, and parental praise.

Quantitative

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what?

Reinforcer devaluation effect

What phenomenon describes the possibility of an extinguished response being activated again in a new context?

Renewal effect

When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to:

Say the same things and do what they observed the adults did

________ occurs when a response to a repeated stimulus increases with exposure.

Sensitization

When Leanne was classically conditioned, she was in a room that had a waterfall painted on one wall. Now, when she goes hiking and sees an actual waterfall, she produces a conditioned response. This change in environment that can cause renewal effects is also known as what?

The change in context

In the real world Classical and Operant Conditioning occur together. The stimulus - response - outcome framework can explain many behaviors. Occasion setting is defined in the most complex link. Occasion setting is when:

The stimulus signals the response-outcome relationship is in effect

The principle of _________________ states that memory is better when the test taps the same type of knowledge as the original encoding activity.

Transfer-appropriate processing

Your friend is considering renting an apartment close to the train tracks and is worried that the train noises will bother her. What might you say, based on research, to reassure her?

You will likely adjust to the noises and not notice them after a while.