Lesson 5/Chapter 18: The Heart and Cardiovascular Function

The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the? a. left border. b. inferior border. c. apex. d. base. e. right border.

Base

The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium. a. bicuspid b. tricuspid c. semilunar d. semicaval e. pulmonic

Bicuspid

What occurs at the area labeled "D" on the graph? a. AV valves open b. semilunar valves open c. diastolic refilling begins d. both AV valves open and diastolic refilling begins e. both semilunar valves open and diastolic refilling begins

Both AV valves open and diastolic refilling begins

Drugs known as calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine can be used to? a. increase the rate of cardiac contraction. b. decrease the force of cardiac contraction. c. decrease afterload. d. increase the force of contractions. e. increase blood pressure.

Decrease the force of cardiac contraction

When the left ventricle contracts, the diameter of the ventricular chamber? a. increases b. decreases c. remains the same

Decreases

The heart beats approximately ________ times each day.

100,000

Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the United States. a. 30 b. 20 c. 50 d. 60 e. 25

50

Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at ________ beats per minute. a. 20-40 b. 40-60 c. 80-100 d. 100-140 e. 140-180

80-100

Why can cardiac tamponade be a life-threatening condition? a. Cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening because accumulating fluid in the pericardial cavity restricts heart movement b. Cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening because loss of fluid in the mediastinum causes friction which causes arrhythmias c. Cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening because loss of fluid in the pericardial cavity causes friction which causes arrhythmias d. Cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening because a hole in the heart leads to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood e. Cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening because accumulating fluid in the mediastinum restricts heart movement

Cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening because accumulating fluid in the pericardial cavity restricts heart movement

The function of the atrium is to a. pump blood into the systemic circuit b. collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle c. pump blood to the lungs d. collect blood e. pump blood to the ventricle

Collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries. a. circumflex b. pulmonary c. subclavian d. coronary e. carotid

Coronary

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by? a. the coronary sinus. b. contact with blood in the pumping chambers. c. the coronary arteries. d. arteries that branch from the pulmonary arteries. e. None of these answers are correct.

Coronary arteries

What is coronary ischemia? (Module 18.8B) a. Coronary ischemia is a blood clot in the coronary vasculature b. Coronary ischemia is an air bubble in the coronary vasculature c. Coronary ischemia is an irregular heart rhythm caused by an ectopic pacemaker d. Coronary ischemia is a condition in which the blood supply of the coronary arteries is reduced e. Coronary ischemia is a fatty mass of tissue that projects into the lumen of a vessel and restricts blood flow

Coronary ischemia is a condition in which the blood supply of the coronary arteries is reduced

Which structures collect blood from the myocardium, and into which heart chamber does this blood flow? a. Coronary arteries collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the left atrium. b. Coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the left atrium. c. Coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right atrium d. Coronary arteries collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right atrium. e. Coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right ventricle.

Coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right atrium

Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the a. PR complex. b. P wave. c. T wave. d. S wave. e. QRS complex.

QRS complex

List the three stages of an action potential in a cardiac muscle cell. a. rapid depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization b. rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization c. rapid depolarization, plateau, and hyperpolarization d. slow depolarization, plateau, and hyperpolarization e. plateau, repolarization, and hyperpolarization

Rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization

If a patient's tricuspid valve was leaking during systole, what would happen? a. regurgitation back into the pulmonary trunk b. regurgitation back into the left atrium c. regurgitation back into the aorta d. regurgitation back into the right atrium e. regurgitation back into the superior vena cava

Regurgitation back into the right atrium

During the T wave of the electrocardiogram, the ventricles are electrically ________ and functionally ________. a. repolarizing; relaxing b. depolarizing,; relaxing c. repolarizing; contracting d. neutral; at rest e. depolarizing; contracting

Repolarizing; relaxing

Coronary veins empty into the? a. conus arteriosus. b. left atrium. c. right ventricle. d. right atrium. e. left ventricle.

Right atrium

The anterior view of the heart is dominated by which chambers? a. right ventricle and left ventricle b. right atrium and right ventricle c. left atrium and left ventricle d. right atrium and left ventricle e. right atrium and left atrium

Right atrium and right ventricle

The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium. a. right coronary artery b. right coronary vein c. superior vena cava d. left coronary artery e. right coronary artery and left coronary artery

Right coronary artery and left coronary artery

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the a. aorta b. pulmonary veins c. left atrium d. right ventricle e. pulmonary trunk

Right ventricle

Analyzing of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following except the? a. condition of the conducting system. heart rate. b. duration of the ventricular action potential. c. stroke volume. d. effects of drugs and poisons.

Stroke volume

________ is to contraction as ________ is to relaxation.

Systole; diastole

Why does tetany not occur in cardiac muscle? a. Tetany does not occur because cardiac muscle cells are branched instead of lying in parallel fibers like skeletal muscle. b. Tetany does not occur because the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle does not hold as much calcium for maximum sustained contractions c. Tetany does not occur because the depolarizations in cardiac muscle are not sufficient to cause the formation of action potentials d. Tetany does not occur because the gap junctions in cardiac muscle prevent the sustained contraction e. Tetany does not occur because cardiac muscle has a long refractory period that continues until relaxation is well under way so summation cannot occur, and thus tetany cannot occur

Tetany does not occur because cardiac muscle has a long refractory period that continues until relaxation is well under way so summation cannot occur, and thus tetany cannot occur

During the cardiac cycle, a. the P wave of the ECG occurs between the first and second heart sounds. b. the QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure. c. the second heart sound occurs during atrial systole. d. the second heart sound coincides with the QRS complex of the ECG. e. both QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure and second heart sound coincides with the QRS complex of the ECG.

The QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure

Give the alternate terms for heart contraction and heart relaxation. a. The alternate term for heart contraction is pumping and the alternate term for heart relaxation is resting b. The alternate term for heart contraction is systole and the alternate term for heart relaxation is diastole c. The alternate term for heart contraction is working and the alternate term for heart relaxation is resting d. The alternate term for heart contraction is pumping and the alternate term for heart relaxation is filling e. The alternate term for heart contraction is diastole and the alternate term for heart relaxation is systole

The alternate term for heart contraction is systole and the alternate term for heart relaxation is diastole

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? a. 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6 b. 1, 7, 3, 8, 2, 4, 6, 5 c. 5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 2, 6 d. 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5 e. 5, 1, 3, 8, 7, 2, 4, 6

5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6

During ventricular systole, the a. blood is entering the ventricles b. pressure in the aorta remains constant c. pressure in the ventricles remains constant d. AV valves are closed e. atria are contracting

AV valves are closed

The left ventricle pumps blood to the? a. pulmonary circuit. b. right atrium. c. aorta. d. right ventricle. e. lungs.

Aorta

Compare arteriosclerosis with atherosclerosis. a. Arteriosclerosis is any thickening and toughening of arterial walls; atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media b. Arteriosclerosis is a blood clot that narrows the passageways in coronary arteries and reduces blood flow. Atherosclerosis is a plaque that narrows the passageways in coronary arteries and reduces blood flow c. Arteriosclerosis is a plaque that narrows the passageways in coronary arteries and reduces blood flow. Atherosclerosis is a blood clot that narrows the passageways in coronary arteries and reduces blood flow d. Arteriosclerosis is a type of atherosclerosis characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media. Atherosclerosis is any thickening and toughening of arterial walls e. Arteriosclerosis is a partial blockage of coronary circulation usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media.

Arteriosclerosis is any thickening and toughening of arterial walls; atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media

List the phrases of the cardiac cycle. a. ventricular systole and ventricular diastole b. atrial systole and ventricular systole c. atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole d. atrial diastole and ventricular diastole e. atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole

Atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole

During the isovolumetric contraction phase of ventricular systole, the a. atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxing. b. atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed. c. blood is ejected into the great vessels. d. All of the answers are correct. e. None of these answers are correct.

Atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed

Define cardiac regurgitation. a. Cardiac regurgitation is the flow of blood into the ventricles during atrial contraction. b. Cardiac regurgitation is the backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract. c. Cardiac regurgitation is the backflow of blood into the ventricles from the outflow vessels when the ventricles relax. d. Cardiac regurgitation is the flow of blood back into the right and left atria from the veins. e. Cardiac regurgitation is the flow of blood from the ventricles into the outflow vessels.

Cardiac regurgitation is the backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract

The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as a. mitral valve prolapse b. pericarditis c. cardiomyopathy d. cardiac tamponade e. pleural effusion

Cardiac tamponade

Describe what happens to blood flow during elastic rebound. a. Elastic rebound is what pushes blood through the coronary arteries when the heart is contracting. b. Elastic rebound is the speed with which the heart returns to its relaxed state after contracting. c. Elastic rebound pushes blood from the cardiac veins into the right atrium. d. Elastic rebound is the contraction of the ventricles forcing blood into the outflow vessels. e. Elastic rebound is when blood in the aorta is driven forward into the systemic circuit, some is forced back toward the left ventricle and into the coronary arteries.

Elastic rebound is when blood in the aorta is driven forward into the systemic circuit, some is forced back toward the left ventricle and into the coronary arteries

The ________ is the amount of blood in a ventricle after it has contracted and before it begins to refill. a. end-systolic volume b. afterload c. preload d. stroke volume e. end-diastolic volume

End-systolic volume

Pacemaker cells in the SA node a. are highly contractile. b. are located in the left atrium. c. have a well-defined resting potential. d. generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium. e. have an action potential identical to contractile cardiac muscle cells.

Generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium

The right ventricle pumps blood to the? a. right atrium. b. aorta. c. right and left lungs. d. left ventricle. e. left atrium

Right and left lungs

Define electrocardiogram. a. An electrocardiogram is a recording of the contractile activity of the heart b. An electrocardiogram is a color-enhanced digital scan of the heart c. An electrocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart d. An electrocardiogram allows physicians to see blood flow through the heart e. An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart

An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart

What effect would an increase in venous return have on the stroke volume? a. An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with less blood, decreasing sarcomere length, which would increase the stroke volume. b. An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with more blood, decreasing sarcomere length, which would decrease the stroke volume. c. An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with less blood, increasing sarcomere length, which would decrease the stroke volume. d. An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with more blood, increasing sarcomere length, which would increase the stroke volume. e. An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with less blood, decreasing sarcomere length, which would decrease the stroke volume.

An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with more blood, increasing sarcomere length, which would increase the stroke volume

The ________ valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure. a. left atrioventricular b. pulmonary c. right atrioventricular d. aortic e. All of the answers are correct.

Aortic

What occurs at "A" on the graph? a. left AV valve opens b. left AV valve closes c. end-systolic volume d. aortic semilunar valve closes e. aortic semilunar valve opens

Aortic semilunar valve opens

Compare the volume of blood each circuit receives from contraction of the ventricles. a. The systemic circuit receives four times as much blood as the pulmonary circuit. b. The systemic circuit receives three times as much blood as the pulmonary circuit. c. Both circuits receive the same volume of blood. d. The systemic circuit receives twice as much blood as the pulmonary circuit. e. The pulmonary circuit receives half as much blood as the systemic circuit.

Both circuits receive the same volume of blood

If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, a. the heart rate will increase b. the heart rate will decrease c. the membrane will depolarize d. the membrane will hyperpolarize e. both heart rate will decrease and membrane will hyperpolarize

Both heart rate will decrease and membrane will hyperpolarize

A slower-than-normal heart rate is called a. fibrillation b. premature contractions c. tachycardia d. bradycardia e. None of these answers are correct

Bradycardia

When the left ventricle contracts, the distance from the apex to the base? a. increases b. decreases c. remains unchanged

Decreases

The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from? a. depolarization of the AV node b. depolarization of the SA node c. repolarization of the atria d. depolarization of the ventricles e. depolarization of the atria

Depolarization of the atria

Define heart failure. List its symptoms. a. Heart failure is a condition where the heart can no longer meet the oxygen and nutrient demands of peripheral tissues. b. Heart failure is a condition of an abnormally slow heart rate. c. Heart failure is a condition in which one or more valves fail to prevent regurgitation of blood. d. Heart failure is a blockage in one of the coronary arteries that prevents blood flow to the coronary tissue. e. Heart failure is the inability of the heart to keep a normal heart rhythm

Heart failure is a condition where the heart can no longer meet the oxygen and nutrient demands of peripheral tissues

Caffeine has effects on conducting cells and contractile cells that are similar to those of NE. What effect would drinking large amounts of caffeinated beverages have on the heart rate? a. heart rate would decrease b. heart rate would stay the same but contraction would increase c. heart rate would increase d. heart rate would stay the same but contraction would decrease

Heart rate would increase

The ________ separate(s) the two atria. a. atrioventricular valves b. interventricular septum c. interatrial septum d. foramen ovale e. moderator band

Interatrial septum

The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles. a. atrioventricular valves b. interventricular septum c. moderator band d. interatrial septum e. foramen ovale

Interventricular septum

The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles. a. interventricular septum b. moderator band c. atrioventricular valves d. foramen ovale e. interatrial septum

Interventricular septum

What occurs at the circled label "4" on the graph? a. ventricular refilling b. increased heart rate c. isovolumetric contraction d. isovolumetric diastole e. peak systolic pressure

Isovolumetric contraction

What are the two phases of ventricular systole? a. isovolumetric contraction and ventricular filling b. isovolumetric contraction and ventricular ejection c. left ventricular systole and right ventricular systole d. isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling e. isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular ejection

Isovolumetric contraction and ventricular ejection

The left border of the heart is formed by the a. left atrium and right atrium b. right atrium and right ventricle c. left atrium and left ventricle d. right ventricle and left ventricle e. None of these answers are correct

Left atrium and left ventricle

Name the four chambers of the heart. a. superior lesser chamber, inferior lesser chamber, superior greater chamber, inferior greater chamber b. superior pulmonary chamber, inferior pulmonary chamber, superior systemic chamber, inferior systemic chamber c. left superior chamber, right superior chamber, left inferior chamber, right inferior chamber d. superior atrium, inferior atrium, superior ventricle, inferior ventricle e. left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle

Left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle

Most of the mass of the heart lies to the ________ the midline. a. area above b. area below c. left of d. right of e. None of these answers are correct.

Left of.

The ________ has a greater workload than the ________. a. left ventricle; right ventricle b. right ventricle; left ventricle c. right ventricle; systemic circulation d. right ventricle; pulmonary circulation e. None of these answers are correct

Left ventricle; right ventricle

The muscle layer of the heart is the? a. endocardium. b. myocardium. c. visceral pericardium. d. parietal pericardium. e. epicardium.

Myocardium

The interventricular sulci and coronary sulcus contain all of the following except? a. fat. b. arteries. c. veins. d. nerves. e. None of these answers are correct.

Nerves

When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then a. close b. open c. make the third heart sound d. All of the answers are correct e. None of these answers are correct

Open

Depolarization of the atria corresponds to the ECG's? a. QT interval. b. S-T segment. c. T wave. d. P wave. e. QRS complex

P wave

Damage to the semilunar valve on the right side of the heart would affect blood flow to which vessel? a. superior vena cava b. aorta c. pulmonary trunk d. pulmonary veins e. inferior vena cava

Pulmonary trunk

Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the? a. mitral valve b. aortic valve c. bicuspid valve d. pulmonary valve e. tricuspid valve

Pulmonary valve

Rupture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in any of the following except a. mitral regurgitation. b. bicuspid prolapse. c. bicuspid regurgitation. d. pulmonary valve stenosis. e. mitral valve prolapse

Pulmonary valve stenosis

Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except that it a. pumps a greater volume. b. contracts harder. c. produces about four to six times more pressure when it contracts. d. is round in cross section. e. has a thicker wall.

Pumps a greater volume

Describe the sites and actions of the cardioinhibitory and cardio acceleratory centers. a. The cardio acceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates parasympathetic neurons to increase heart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons that slow heart rate. b. The cardio acceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates parasympathetic neurons to slow heart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons that increase heart rate. c. The cardio acceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates somatic neurons to slow heart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates somatic neurons that increase heart rate. d. The cardio acceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons to slow heart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates parasympathetic neurons that increase heart rate. e. The cardio acceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons to increase heart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates parasympathetic neurons that slow heart rate.

The cardio acceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons to increase heart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates parasympathetic neurons that slow heart rate

Describe the heart's location in the body. a. The heart is surrounded by the pleural cavity in the anterior mediastinum, deep to the lungs and superior to the diaphragm. b. The heart is surrounded by the pleural cavity in the posterior mediastinum, deep to the sternum and inferior to the diaphragm. c. The heart is surrounded by the pericardium in the posterior mediastinum, deep to the lungs and superior to the diaphragm. d. The heart is surrounded by the mediastinum in the anterior pericardium, deep to the sternum and superior to the diaphragm. e. The heart is surrounded by the pericardium in the anterior mediastinum, deep to the sternum and superior to the diaphragm.

The heart is surrounded by the pericardium in the anterior mediastinum, deep to the sternum and superior to the diaphragm

If the connection between the vagus nerve and the heart is cut, which of these changes will occur? a. Stroke volume will decrease. b. The heart will beat faster. c. Heart will beat slower. d. Nodal fibers will depolarize more slowly. e. Cardiac output will decrease

The heart will beat faster

Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle? a. The left ventricle began forming earlier in development so it grew larger than the right ventricle b. The left ventricle pumps a higher volume of blood to the systemic circuit than the volume of blood the right ventricle pumps to the pulmonary circuit c. The left ventricle supplies blood to the brain and vital organs so it must be more reliable than the right ventricle which supplies blood to the limbs d. The left ventricle is supplied with more coronary vasculature so it hypertrophies over time, whereas the right ventricle receives less blood so it atrophies over time e. The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit

The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit

If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected? a. The QRS duration will be longer. b. The ventricles will stop beating. c. The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes d. There will be much bigger P waves. e. The P-R interval will be shorter.

The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes

Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because? a. potassium channels outnumber sodium channels. b. the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes. c. the refractory period ends before the muscle reaches peak tension. d. neural stimulation is lacking. e. cardiac muscle tissue contracts on its own.

The refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes

Describe the areas of the heart supplied by the right and left coronary arteries. a. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the conducting system and interventricular septum. The left coronary artery supplies blood to all four chambers. b. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left atrium, left ventricle, the conducting system, and interventricular septum. c. The right coronary artery supplies blood to all four chambers. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the conducting system and interventricular septum. d. The right coronary artery supplies blood to left atrium and portions of both ventricles. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, the conducting system, and interventricular septum. e. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the conducting system. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum.

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the conducting system. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum

Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve. a. pulmonary semilunar b. aortic semilunar c. bicuspid d. mitral e. tricuspid

Tricuspid

The relaxation phase of the lower chambers of the heart is called? a. ventricular systole b. ventricular diastole c. atrial systole d. atrial diastole e. None of the answers are correct

Ventricular diastole

Why is ventricular fibrillation fatal? a. Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the ventricles quiver and do not pump blood to the systemic circulation. b. Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the ventricles do not relax long enough for the coronary vessels to fill with blood for the coronary tissue to receive oxygen and nutrients. c. Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the ventricles quiver and do not relax long enough to be filled with blood by the atria. d. Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the heart is beating to an ectopic pacemaker and the rhythm is irregular. e. Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the heart rate slows significantly and blood flow and pressure decreases.

Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the ventricles quiver and do not pump blood to the systemic circulation

The T wave on an ECG tracing represents? ventricular depolarization. a. atrial depolarization b. atrial repolarization c. ventricular contraction d. ventricular repolarization

Ventricular repolarization

An equivalent term for epicardium is? a. parietal pericardium b. myocardium c. endocardium d. visceral pericardium e. None of these answers are correct

Visceral pericardium