Life Span Final
Free-radical theory
People age because normal metabolic processes within cells produce unstable oxygen molecules that ricochet around inside cells damaging DNA and cellular structures
Imaginary audience
Adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are Attention-getting behavior motivated by a desire to be noticed
Mitochondrial theory
Aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria
Dual process model of grief
Loss oriented stressor: focused on death of the person Restoration oriented stressors: Indirect outcomes of the death
Causes of delinquency
Lower-SES culture Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior Siblings and delinquent peers
According to Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are
Spirituality Freedom Responsibility
Infatuation
Passion
Fatous love
Passion and commitment
Memory
Verbal memory declines during middle adulthood Linked to changes in working memory and ineffective memory strategies
Dual-process model
View of thinking in which decision making is influenced by two systems that compete with each other Analytical and experiential systems
Fluid intelligence
Ability to reason abstractly May begin to decline in middle adulthood
Vision and hearing in early adulthood
Accommodation of the eye - Ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina Experiences sharp declines between 40-59 years Difficulty viewing close objects Reduced blood supply decreases visual field Hearing can start to decline by the age of 40 High-pitched sounds are typically lost first
Crystallized intelligence
Accumulated information and verbal skills Continues to increase in middle adulthood
Reproductive health outcomes
Family connectedness Parent-adolescent communication about sexuality Parental monitoring Partner connectedness
Service Learning
Form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community Engages adolescents in following types of activities Tutoring Helping older adults Working in a hospital Assisting at a child-care center Cleaning up a vacant lot to make a play area
According to Piaget, the _____ stage of cognitive development characterizes adults as well as adolescents.
Formal operational
Crisis
Period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives
Puberty
Period of rapid physical maturation, occurring primarily in early adolescence, that involves hormonal and bodily changes
Sexual identity includes
Activities and interests Styles of behavior Indication of sexual orientation
Euthanasia
"easy death" --ending lives of those suffering Passive: removing life-supporting measures Active: deliberately inducing death
Three grandparenting styles
Formal Fun-seeking Distant-figure
Affectionate love
Intimacy and commitment
Commitment
Personal investment in identity
The life expectancy in the US for women is ____ and for men is ____.
82, 76
Juvenile delinquent
Adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal Males more likely to engage in delinquency than females Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are especially high
Contraceptive use
Adolescents are increasing use of contraceptives Younger adolescents are less likely to take contraceptive precautions
Hormonal stress theory
Aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease
Rose's ex-boyfriend, Peter, describes her as clingy and dependent. During their relationship, she always told that she was loved and wanted to rush into marriage. She also kept tabs on Peter and was jealous of all his female friends and colleagues. Rose seems to have a(n) _____ attachment style.
Anxious
Timing and variations in puberty
Average age of menarche has declined significantly since mid-19th century Improved nutrition and health Pubertal sequence begins: - Boys - 10-13 1/2 years - Girls - Between ages of 9 and 15 years
Adolescents face
Biological changes New experiences New developmental tasks
Cellular clock theory
Cells can divide a maximum of 75 to 80 times Age makes cells less capable of dividing Telomeres - Tips of chromosomes; DNA sequences that cap chromosomes
The ______ theory of aging describes that the as we age, our cells become less capable of dividing and telomeres are reduced significantly.
Cellular clock theory
Menopause
Cessation of a woman's menstrual periods During the late forties or early fifties May cause hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat
Hormones
Chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body by the bloodstream Increases in testosterone and estradiol
Mortality rates
Chronic diseases are the main cause of death during middle adulthood Heart disease Cancer Life expectancy is 78
Critical thinking
Cognitive changes that allow improved critical thinking include: Increased speed, automaticity, and capacity of information processing More breadth of content knowledge in a variety of domains Increased ability to construct new combinations of knowledge A greater range and more spontaneous use of strategies for applying or obtaining knowledge
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Contracted primarily through sexual contact
Adolescent pregnancy
Creates health risks for baby and mother Results in low birth weight, neurological problems, childhood illness Mothers drop out of school and never catch up economically
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications
Glaucoma
Damage to the optic nerve because of pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
Hormonal changes in middle-aged men
Decline in sexual hormone level and activity Declining rate of sexual activity Erectile dysfunction: Inability to achieve and maintain an erection 50% of men 40-70
Religiousness
Degree to which an individual is affiliated with an organized religion Participates in prescribed rituals and practices Feels a sense of connection with its beliefs Involved in a community of believers Religion is positively linked to health Religious commitment helps to moderate blood pressure and hypertension
Kubler-Ross' stages of dying
Denial/isolation Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance No research evidence, especially that these are stages in this order These factors do seem to be important to many people's process
Macular degeneration
Deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field
Effective Schools for Young Adolescents
Develop smaller communities that lessen impersonality of middle schools Lower student-counselor ratios to 10-to-1 Involve parents and community leaders Integrate several disciplines in a flexible curriculum Boost students' health and fitness with more programs Provide public health care
______ is implicated in Alzheimer's disease and ______is implicated in Parkinson's disease.
Dopamine, Serotonin
transition to middle or junior high school
Drop in school satisfaction Less stressful when students have positive relationships Top-dog phenomenon: Move from the top position in elementary school to the lowest position in middle or junior high school
Treatment of depression
Drug therapy using serotonin reuptake inhibitors Cognitive behavior therapy Interpersonal therapy
Early and late maturation in Boys
Early-maturing boys view themselves more positively and have more successful peer relations Late maturing boys report a stronger sense of identity in their 30s
Girls and early maturation
Early-maturing girls show greater satisfaction early but less satisfaction later More likely to smoke, drink, be depressed Have an eating disorder Struggle for earlier independence Have older friends
Cognitive control
Effective control of thinking in a number of areas Control attention and reduce interfering thoughts Be cognitively flexible
Developmental changes in dating and romantic relationships- Three stages
Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of age Exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of age Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of age
Identity versus identity confusion
Erikson Psychosocial moratorium Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new sense of self Adolescents who do not successfully resolve the identity crisis suffer identity confusion
Spirituality
Experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner Living in a way that benefits others and society
Factors contributing to depression
Genes Certain family factors Poor peer relationships
Menarche
Girl's first menstruation
Girls and Body image
Girls are less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images
High School
Graduate with inadequate reading, writing, and mathematical skills To combat the issues faced by students, following is suggested Increased school counseling services Expanded extracurricular activities Improved parental monitoring High schools should discourage dropping out
Contemporary life-events approach
How life events influence the individual's development depends on: Life event itself Mediating factors Individual's adaptation to the life event Life-stage context Sociohistorical context
Four statuses of identity
Identity diffusion: No crisis, or commitment Identity foreclosure: Committed to identity Identity moratorium:Looking for alternatives, not sold Identity achievement: Had crisis and made commitment
___ memory, like remembering how to brush your teeth, is less likely to be affected by aging than ____ memory, like remembering the last name of a movie star.
Implicit, Explicit
Which of the following is a significant observation by Neugarten regarding social clocks?
Individuals whose lives are synchronized with the social clocks are less stressed.
Consummate love
Intimacy, commitment, and passion
Personal fable
Involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility
Crowds
Larger than cliques and less personal Members do not spend much time together, are based on reputation
Developing a sexual identity
Learning to manage sexual feelings Developing new forms of intimacy Learning skills to regulate sexual behavior
Defining middle adulthood
Middle adulthood: 40-45 years of age to about 60-65 years of age Declining physical skills and increasing responsibility Awareness of the young-old polarity Transmitting something meaningful to the next generation Reaching and maintaining career satisfaction
Stress, personal control, and age in middle adults
Middle-aged adults experience more overload stressors that involve juggling too many activities at once • Some aspects of personal control increase with age while others decrease
Climacteric
Midlife transition in which fertility declines
Formal operational stage
More abstract than concrete operational thought Increased verbal problem-solving ability Increased tendency to think about thought itself Thoughts of idealism and possibilities More logical thought
Which of the following statements is true about sexual activity in emerging adulthood?
Most individuals have had sexual intercourse by the end of emerging adulthood (age 25)
Friendships
Most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and more intimate Friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs Developmental advantages occur when adolescents have friends who are: Socially skilled Supportive Oriented toward academic achievement
Evolutionary theory
Natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults Benefits conferred by evolution decline with age because natural selection is linked to reproductive fitness
According to Roy Baumeister and Kathleen Vohs the four main needs are
Need for purpose Need for values Need for a sense of efficacy Need for self-worth
Brain adapting in late adulthood
Neurogenesis: Generation of new neurons Dendritic growth compensates for loss of neurons Older brains rewire to compensate for losses Decrease in lateralization Improves cognitive functioning
According to Baltes, which of the following factors suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies?
Optimization
According to Lachman, researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in _____ and then declines.
Peaks in midlife
The positive role of religion in adolescents' lives
Research indicates that spirituality/ religiosity was positively related to well-being, self-esteem, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness
Selective optimization with compensation theory
Selection: choosing which domains to participate in, reducing load in difficult domains related to loss of functioning Optimization: use extra practice, technology, etc to maintain abilities in domains you pursue Compensation: get help or use new strategies to compensate for losses and maintain performance.
Self Esteem
Self-esteem of girls declines more during adolescence Indicates a perception about whether he or she is intelligent and attractive Narcissism: Self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others
Brain in late adulthood
Shrinking, slowing brain Brain loses 5 to 10 percent of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90 years Brain volume decreases due to: Shrinkage of neurons Lower numbers of synapses Reduced length of axon Aging is linked to: Reduction in synaptic functioning Production of neurotransmitters
Chronic disorders
Slow onset and a long duration Rare in early adulthood but increase in middle age
Cliques
Small group averaging 5 or 6 individuals that engage in similar activities
Which of the following theories explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals and family?
Socioemotional selectivity theory
Information processing
Speed of information processing Reaction-time task Causes for the decline in speed - Levels of analysis - Cognitive - Neuroanatomical - Neurochemical
Extracurricular Activities
Sports, academic clubs, band, drama, and math clubs High-quality extracurricular activities provide: Competent, supportive adult mentors Opportunities for increasing school connectedness Challenging and meaningful activities Opportunities for improving skills
Levinson's seasons of a man's life
Teens -Ttransition from dependence to independence 20s are a novice phase of adult development 30s are a time for focusing on family and career development By the 40s, man has a stable career and now must look forward to the kind of life he will lead as a middle-aged adult
Prefrontal cortex
The highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control
Corpus Callosum
The location where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres
Activity Theory
The more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives Continuing roles from mid adulthood is good
Limbic system
The part of the brain where emotions and rewards are processed
Amygdala
The region of the brain that is the seat of emotions
Cataracts
Thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted
Helson's Mills College Study
Three main groups of women: Family-oriented, Career-oriented, Neither path Concern for young and old Introspectiveness Interest in roots Awareness of limitations Commitment to family or career or both in early adulthood -> better impulse control, interpersonal skills, independence, work ethic
Perimenopause
Transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Treatment for unpleasant side effects of menopause Augments the declining levels of reproductive hormone production by the ovaries Consists of various forms of estrogen, usually in combination with a progestin
Tend-and-befriend
Type of behavior women engage in when they experience stress Seek social alliances with others
Which of the following language skills DOES NOT decline significantly in older adulthood?
Understanding speech
Leading causes of death in adolescence
Unintentional injuries Homicide Suicide
Substance use and abuse
United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent drug use Adolescent alcohol and cigarette consumption has declined in recent years Parents, peers and education in prevention
Cumulative personality model
With time and age, people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote the stability of personality
Which of the following statements about spirituality is TRUE?
Women have consistently shown a stronger interest in religion and spirituality than men have
Peer pressure
Young adolescents conform more to peer standards than children do Adolescents with low self-esteem and high social anxiety are most likely to conform to peers
Brain death occurs when
all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time.
Crystallized intelligence is
an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills
Personality in older adulthood
conscientiousness continues to increase, linked with decreased mortality Self-esteem drops in 70's and 80's
According to Erikson's stage theory,_____ encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.
generativity versus stagnation
According to Erikson, the _____ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.
integrity vs. despair
After her husband's death, Lorna's had to start dealing with her finances. She has had to learn to balance a checkbook and pay the bills—things that her husband always did when he was alive. According to the dual- process model of coping with bereavement, Lorna is experiencing _____.
restoration-oriented stressors
Life Span
the maximum number of years an individual can live; has remained between 120-125 years
Life Expectancy
the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live Has increased an average of 30 years since 1900 Average life expectancy today is 78.7 years
