Lifespan Development - Chapter 13
Match the age to the stage in Piaget's theory of moral development. 4 to 7 years of age 7 to 10 years of age 10 years of age and older
-heteronomous morality -transition between the two stages -autonomous morality
What is the average age of children when Fast Track, an intervention to lower the risk of juvenile delinquency and other problems, begin?
6.5 years old
______ ______ refers to age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's standards, and the personal or property rights of others.
Conduct disorder
True or False: Having a callous-unemotional personality traits predicts an increased risk of delinquency in adolescent females.
False
In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?
He interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.
Which of the following accurately describe Carol Gilligan's criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? (Select all that apply)
It sees the individual standing alone independently making moral decisions. It puts abstract principles above relationships. It is based on a male norm.
______ refers to actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in behavior that is considered illegal.
Juvenile delinquency
The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was ______.
Kohlberg
______ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.
Moral
Based on a developmental study, which of the following statements apply to developmental changes in religiousness from ages 14 to 20?
More change occurred in attending religious services than in religiousness. Religiousness, such as frequency of prayer, declined from 14 to 20 years of age. Attendance of religious services declined between 14 and 18 years of age.
______ adults who reflected more on important lessons life taught them were more likely to forgive others.
Older
According to Kohlberg, which of the following are true about timing of the three levels of moral development? (Select all that apply)
Only a small number of those in early adulthood reason in postconventional ways. Conventional reasoning begins to appear in early adolescence. The levels occur in a sequence.
______ is the feeling of obligation to return a favor for a favor.
Reciprocity
______ is an organized set of beliefs, whereas ______ refers to the degree of affiliation with an organized religion.
Religion; religiousness
Which of the following statements is false regarding religion and coping?
Religiousness impairs effective coping.
______ stresses that children, even very young ones, are motivated to evaluate and make sense of their social world.
Social domain theory
According to a 1999 study, which of the following is true of adolescents' religious involvement?
Spiritual youth are almost twice as likely to engage in community service.
______ involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society.
Spirituality
Which of the following is true of Kohlberg's theory as it applies across cultures?
Support has been found for the universality of the first two levels of moral reasoning; but level 3 has not been found in all cultures.
True or False: In a recent study, it was reported that regular attendance at religious services for older adults resulted in them living longer.
True
True or False: Individuals who express gratitude benefit in a number of ways.
True
True or false: Although someone may be capable of higher moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg's levels, in real life they may not apply it.
True
True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children.
True
A person with ______ does not want to go against their moral notions and commitments because it would violate the integrity of the self.
a moral identity
If a religious change is going to take place it will usually take place during ______.
adolescence
Although finances are tight, Jamal contributes 10 percent of his income to his favorite charity. This is an act of ______.
altruism
According to Ross Thompson's perspective, children ______ than Piaget envisioned.
are less egocentric
According to Piaget, what type of parenting style would most inhibit the advancement of moral reasoning in young children?
authoritarian
Which of the following aspects of the parent-child relationship does not contribute to a child's moral development?
authoritarian control
Adolescents and emerging adults can question and select their own beliefs about religion because of advancement in ______ development.
cognitive
Age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and personal or property rights of others are known as
conduct disorders.
Which of the following are among the most important aspects of the parent-child relationship that contribute to children's moral development?
conversational dialogue proactive strategies relational quality
Volunteerism in older adults has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT
decreased immune system functioning.
Cognitive factors such as low self-esteem, low intelligence, and lack of sustained attention are linked to ______.
delinquency
What are the two main components of the superego?
ego ideal and conscience
Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following?
expectations about social roles
An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called ______.
forgiveness
In this clip, we see Dr. Steinberg discussing adolescent and juvenile crime. The problems he covers include all of the following EXCEPT
getting rid of the juvenile justice system.
Prosocial behavior includes forgiveness and ______, or the ability to be thankful and appreciative.
gratitude
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the foundation of moral behavior?
guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty
Dr. Steinberg argues that we should be looking at a juvenile justice system based on
having the foresight and judgment to inhibit behavior to be in line with right and wrong.
Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.
heteronomous
Most schools do not have a plan for moral education; they provide moral education through a(n) ______ curriculum, or a moral atmosphere.
hidden
Individuals have a moral ______ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life.
identity
Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will inevitably follow. This represents a belief in ______.
immanent justice
Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will follow inevitably. This is a belief in
immanent justice.
Young children's moral advancements are best characterized as ______.
inconsistent
The combination of which three of the following most contributes to conduct problems in children?
ineffective parenting genetic inheritance violent neighborhood
Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's ______ perspective of moral development and argued for a(n) ______ perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others.
justice; care
The label ______ is applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.
juvenile delinquent
As a result of cognitive development in adolescents, adolescents and emerging adults ______.
may begin to question their own religious beliefs
Those who wish to link the ideas of religion and coping have introduced the concept of ______-making coping.
meaning
Which of the following is least likely to influence the religion and religiousness of adolescents?
media and school
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
moral
Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong constitute
moral development.
According to the World Values Survey, 18- to 24-year-olds in less developed countries were ______ likely to be religious compared to emerging adults in more developed countries.
more
Baumeister and Vohs found that which of the following four main needs guide how people try to make sense of their lives?
need for a sense of efficacy need for purpose need for self-worth need for values
Moral ______ is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way.
performance
Which of the following are the three levels of moral thinking, according to Kohlberg?
postconventional conventional preconventional
In a recent study, stronger ______ was linked to less depressed older adults.
religiosity
According to Frankl, what are the three most distinct human qualities? (Choose every correct answer.)
responsibility freedom spirituality
Research shows that over the last several years, college-aged students are placing more value on ______.
self-fulfillment and material gain
Melissa and Andrea went to Peru with their parents to help build a school for local villagers. They participated in
service learning.
What theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral competence and their moral performance?
social cognitive theory
Which theory states that there are different areas of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains?
social domain
Doubt has been cast on Carol Gilligan's assertion about females and the care perspective because
some research studies have shown no major differences between boys and girls using the care or justice perspective.
What is the moral branch of the personality in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
superego
Darcia Narváez argues that attention should be focused on ______, which involve focusing on students' sense of purpose, social engagement, community connections, and ethics.
sustaining climates
Positive outcomes for Fast Track intervention occurred as early as ______ grade and continued to ______ grade.
third; ninth
The juvenile justice system has many options in it. Which of the following is NOT one of those options?
traditional schools
Heteronomous thinkers believe that rules are ______.
unchangeable
Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be according to what is important to an individual are
values
Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be according to what is important to an individual are _____.
values
