Lifespan Development Exam 1 Cumulative Set
The production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations such as "ma-ma-ma" is called .
babbling
What is the term for the production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations?
babbling
Which of the following vocalizations do infants start to make around the middle of the first year of life?
babbling
Some experts view the remarkable similarities in children's language acquisition all over the world as strong evidence that language has a ______ basis.
biological
An interactionist view emphasizes that both ______ contribute to language acquisition.
biology and experience
Individuals who experience damage to Wernicke's area will have difficulty
comprehending what others say
Wernicke's area is associated with language
comprehension
What is the term for the gurgling sounds that infants make in the back of their throats?
cooing
What term describes the sound infants begin to make at 2 to 4 months?
cooing
An infant who coordinates schemes and intentionality is engaging in the ______ sensorimotor stage.
coordination of secondary circular reactions
Baby Tyrone sees his favorite stuffed bear on the couch across the room. He crawls over to the couch, pulls himself up, and reaches for his bear. Which sensorimotor substage does Tyrone fit into?
coordination of secondary circular reactions
When infants begin to engage in eye-hand coordination, they are most likely in the ______ sensorimotor substage.
coordination of secondary circular reactions
The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called .
coos or cooing
The first form of vocalization an infant makes, starting at birth, is
crying
Which activity do infants first demonstrate to get their needs met?
crying
Which sound do infants demonstrate first?
crying
According to Piaget, cognitive conflict is also known as
disequilibrium
A baby is shown a toy several times. The baby becomes less responsive to the toy. Which of the following will occur if the baby is shown a NEW toy?
dishabituation
______ is the increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulus. (Please watch your spelling!)
dishabituation
Assimilation occurs when children use ______ schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
existing
A child says, "Me sleepy." The parent responds, "Yes, you are sleepy, so it's time to take a nap." This is an example of which language acquisition strategy?
expanding
When adults restate what a child has said in a linguistically sophisticated form, they are using which of the following strategies?
expanding
______ is restating, in a linguistically sophisticated form, what a child has said.
expanding
True or false: In infancy, spoken vocabulary far exceeds receptive vocabulary.
false
True or false: Infants can say more words than they can actually understand.
false
If a child's sucking behavior is followed by a reward such as music or a human voice, one can expect which of the following infant behaviors to occur?
faster sucking
Baby Rebecca is putting her hands by her face. She accidentally puts her thumb in her mouth. She reflexively begins to suck on her thumb. Later in the day, she tries to put her thumb back into her mouth, and the assumption is that she enjoyed sucking her thumb earlier and is trying to repeat the action. Which sensorimotor substage is Rebecca in?
first habits and primary circular reactions
When babies repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are most likely in the second sensorimotor substage, which is characterized by
first habits and primary circular reactions
When infants repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are engaging in which sensorimotor substage?
first habits and primary circular reactions
How many rule systems are involved in language organization?
five
Sustained attention is also known as
focused attention
The region of the brain associated with producing language, called Broca's area, is located in the left ____ lobe.
frontal
A mother turns her head and looks out the window. Her baby also looks toward the window. This behavior is known as ______ following.
gaze
Looking where another person has just looked is known as ______ following.
gaze
Looking where another person has just looked is called
gaze following
Which of the following is NOT one of the five systems of rules of language?
generativity
An infant waving bye-bye is an example of a(n)
gesture
An infant smacking their lips to indicate that they want food or drink is an example of
gesturing
Which form of infant communication involves showing and pointing?
gesturing
Which of the following is NOT one of the three strategies used by adults to enhance children's acquisition of language? -labeling -recasting -gesturing
gesturing
Morphology plays many important roles in ______ because morphemes mark verb tense and number, for example.
grammar
When babies are shown the same toy repeatedly, they will usually pay less attention to it each time. In other words, the babies have ______ to the toy.
habituated
Infants' attention is strongly governed by novelty and
habituation
______ provides a useful tool for assessing what infants can see, hear, smell, and taste.
habituation
________ is decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. (Watch your spelling!)
habituation
Failure to engage in pointing is a sign that a child may
have communication problems
Chomsky proposed that the language acquisition device allows children to do all of the following, EXCEPT
hear spoken
A baby is presented with a new stimulus. If the baby ______ his responsiveness, this shows dishabituation to the stimulus.
increases
Which of the following statements about language development is true? -Infants can say words as soon as they understand those words. -At 12 months, infants can say more words than they can understand. -Infants can say 50 words at about 18 months. -Infants, on average, are able to understand the same number of words as their age in months.
infants can say 50 words at about 18 months
The __________ view emphasizes that language acquisition occurs because of both biological and environmental influences.
interactionist
According to Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, if an infant's behavior is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, the behavior
is likely to recur
____ attention occurs when two individuals focus on the same object or event.
joint
Rebeca, a 14-month-old infant, and her mother are looking at a picture book. Her mother points to a picture of a dog and says, "Look, there's a doggie!" Rebeca repeats the word doggie. What concept does this example illustrate?
joint attention
After an infant babbles, her mother immediately smiles and touches her. According to the environmental influence perspective, what behavior will the infant most likely display following her mother's response?
more speech like sounds
Which of the following capabilities or behaviors cannot be measured through habituation?
motor skills
At the beginning of the sensorimotor stage, ______ have little more than reflexes with which to work.
newborns
During play, the ball rolls out of view behind a chair. The infant walks behind the chair in search of the ball. This behavior is an example of which of the following?
object permanence
What is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched?
object permanence
Abigail is an infant who goes to day care. When she began in care at the age of 4 months, her mother could drop her off and leave without Abigail crying or becoming upset. Once Abigail turned 8 months, she began clinging to her mother, crying, and becoming very upset when her mother dropped her off. What concept has Abigail acquired?
object permenance
A baby's schemes are structured by simple actions that can be performed on
objects
A baby learns how to use a spoon. He later learns how to use a fork and knife. He relates these behaviors together into a higher-order system. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
organization
In Piaget's theory, ____________ is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system. (Watch your spelling!)
organization
Baby Arshiya has awakened in her crib. She cries to alert her parents that she is awake. Arshiya stands in her crib, hanging onto the bars and watching the door. When her mother opens the door and comes in, Arshiya stops crying, smiles, and waves. What attentional concept does this example describe?
orienting/investigative process
What process involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment and recognizing objects and their features?
orienting/investigative process
An infant sees a rabbit and calls it "kitty." This is an example of
overextension
Jeffrey is an infant who has learned the word dada. To his mother's embarrassment, Jeffrey calls his father, his uncle, his brother, and any male stranger he sees "dada." What is Jeffrey engaging in?
overextension
Julie is an infant who has just gotten a football from her grandfather. He tells her that it is a football, and she quickly repeats the word. Julie begins to call every ball that she sees "football," even though none of the other balls she sees is actually a football. In what is Julie engaging?
overextension
What is the term for the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning?
overextension
____ is the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning. (Watch your spelling!)
overextension
Which of the following statements regarding child-directed speech is NOT true? -As soon as adults start talking to a baby, they tend to shift into child-directed speech. -Parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech to each other once they have a baby. -Four-year-olds will speak in simpler ways to two-year-olds than they will to other four-year-olds. -Child-directed speech has the outcome of capturing infant attention and maintaining communication.
parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech to each other once they have a baby
Which of the following is not a component of language?
perceptual categorization
A(n) _______ is the smallest unit of sound in language that affects meaning. (Make sure to spell it correctly in order to get credit!)
phoneme
Sh, ch, and sp are all examples of what is incorporated in the sound system of a language, which is called _____.
phoneme
The /d/ sound in the word "dog" is an example of a
phoneme
The letter t in the words top and stop is considered to be a
phoneme
The p in the words pot and spot is a
phoneme
Words are created out of
phonemes
Sh, ch, and sp are all examples of what is incorporated in the sound system of a language, which is called __________.
phonetics
An example of ______ would be how in English some words start with sch as in school, but no words start with the cluster chs.
phonology
In the English language, the letters "thr" may be combined as in the word "throat." However, the letters may not be combined in the order "rht." This is an example of
phonology
_______ is the sound system of a language.
phonology
Lack of ________ , a type of gesture, may indicate a problem in a baby's ability to communicate.
pointing
The appropriate use of language in different contexts refers to the ______ of language.
pragmatics
What term refers to the appropriate use of language in different contexts?
pragmatics
A person who experiences damage to Broca's area will have difficulty
producing speech
A child says, "Me want food." His mother responds, "What kind of food do you want?" This is an example of which of the following?
recasting
___ is the rephrasing or restating of something a child has said, perhaps in the form of a question, for example.
recasting
Words a child understands constitute ______ vocabulary.
receptive
_________ vocabulary refers to words a child understands.
receptive
Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are known as
schemes
Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of ______, according to Piaget.
schemes
What is the sensorimotor substage in which infants become more object-oriented and less focused on their own body?
secondary circular reactions
When infants repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results, primarily with people or objects in their environment, they are most likely in the ______ sensorimotor substage.
secondary circular reactions
The meaning of words and sentences is called
semantics
In Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, which is called the ________________ stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.
sensorimotor
In examining the connection between attention and habituation in infancy, objects that become familiar will result in attention becoming ___________ (longer/shorter).
shorter
In examining the connection between attention and habituation in infancy, objects that become familiar will result in attention becoming ______________. (longer/shorter).
shorter
A bottle is placed in baby Erika's mouth. She begins to suck on the nipple immediately. In which sensorimotor substage is baby Erika?
simple reflexes
The sensorimotor substage in which sensation and action are coordinated primarily through such behaviors as rooting and sucking is called
simple reflexes
Joint attention enables children to use their ______ skills to acquire language.
social
Language experts consider pointing to be an important index of the ______ aspects of language.
social
Words a child uses are called ______ vocabulary.
spoken
The type of attention that allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar is called
sustained attention
According to Piaget, a ______ is an internalized sensory image or word that represents an event.
symbol
According to Piaget, intentional representations of reality are called primitive ________-.
symbols
According to Piaget, intentional representations of reality are called primitive __________.
symbols
Which statement is true regarding telegraphic speech?
telegraphic speech is not limited to two words
The error that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place (A) rather than the new hiding place (B) of an object is called
A-not-B error
When infants correctly find an object hidden in one location and continue to look in that location even when they see the object hidden in a new location, they are engaging in which of the following?
A-not-B error
Select all that apply Which of the following are reasons language scholars believe that language has a biological basis? -Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world. -Infants can hear sounds and voices prenatally. -Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language. -Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language.
-Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world. -Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language. -Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language.
Which theorist believed that children learn language in specific contexts and through interaction?
Michael Tomasello
Which of the five systems of rules of language has the function of marking tense and number?
Morphemes
Which theorist believed that humans are biologically programmed to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way?
Noam Chomsky
______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined.
Phonology
______ is to sound units as morphology is to meaning.
Phonology
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding common first words? -Infants' first words are part of their receptive vocabulary. -The first words that babies utter today reflect the current culture, and change with the generations. -Common first words for babies are the same now as they were 50 years ago. -Infants will not utter their first words until about 18 months of age on average.
-Common first words for babies are the same now as they were 50 years ago.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the evolutionary perspective of the acquisition of language? -Evolutionary psychologists believe that humans acquired language about 40,000 years ago. -Language acquisition increased chances of human survival. -Advances in the nervous system and vocal structures allowed humans to speak.
-Evolutionary psychologists believe that humans acquired language about 40,000 years ago.
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of early vocalizations? -to communicate -to attract attention -to practice making sounds -to practice the semantics of language
-to practice the semantics of language
By as early as ______ months of age, an infant can recognize their name when someone says it.
5
At approximately what age do babies begin babbling?
6 months
At what age does babbling first begin?
6 months
At what age do infants begin gesturing?
7 to 15 months
__________ is the tendency to apply a word too narrowly. (Be careful about your spelling!
Underextension
The region of the brain's left hemisphere involved in language comprehension is known as
Wernicke's area
What region of the brain is associated with comprehension of language?
Wernicke's area
A child sees a zebra for the first time. She says, "Horse!" What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
assimilation
Abby, a 15-month-old girl, has a white poodle as a pet at home. She knows that the pet is a dog. (She calls it "puppy.") While Abby is at the park with her mother, she sees a small white dog. She points at the dog and says,"Puppy!" What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
assimilation
Baby Michelle looks intently at her mother, who is singing a song. What is Michelle demonstrating?
attention
__________ refers to the focusing of mental resources on select information.
attention
Which of the following statements represents the interactionist view of language acquisition? -Research shows that language acquisition is 50% determined by one's biology and 50% determined by experiences. -How much of language acquisition is biologically determined and how much depends on social interaction is a matter of debate. -Research shows that language acquisition is 75% determined by biology and 25% determined by experiences. -Research shows that language acquisition is 25% determined by biology and 75% determined by experiences.
-How much of language acquisition is biologically determined and how much depends on social interaction is a matter of debate.
Which of the following are characteristics of child-directed speech? -Language spoken in a low, quiet pitch with simple words and sentences -Language spoken only by children to other children their same age that is simple and in telegraphic form -Parental imitation of words that the child speaks -Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences
-Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences
Which of the following statements about disequilibrium is true? -Children seek disequilibrium. -Disequilibrium is marked by inconsistencies. -There is little cognitive movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium. -Children are rarely faced with counterexamples to their existing schemas.
-disequilibrium is marked by inconsistencies
Which of the following is not an example of a common first-word type for an infant? -toys -food -locations -greeting terms
-locations
Ben has learned how to ride a tricycle. His parents buy him a two-wheeled bike with training wheels. He gets right on the new bike and begins to ride after practicing using the brakes (which his tricycle did not have). He even comments to his parents, "My trike doesn't have brakes!" Piaget would say that Ben has related his knowledge about how to ride a tricycle to learning to ride the new bike. What has Ben done with his knowledge of bike riding?
-organized his knowledge of bike riding
Which of the following is not a component of language? -Words used by a community -Perceptual categorization -Rules for combining words -Rules for varying words
-perceptual categorization
Which two of the following strategies do parents typically use with young infants to direct joint attention? -Multiple select question. -pointing -modeling -reinforcement -gaze following
-pointing -gaze following
If an infant exhibits a lack of pointing in the communication system, which of the following is true? -The infant has a problem with fine motor development and should be assessed by an occupational therapist. -The infant probably does not have caregivers who use pointing as a form of communication. -The infant is developing normally, as not all infants point. -The infant has a problem in the communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities.
-the infant has a problem in the communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities
What does Tomasello's interaction view of language emphasize?
Children can learn language in specific contexts
Order the sequence of babies' sounds during the first year of life, beginning with the earliest form on top.
1. crying 2. cooing 3. babbling
Findings from a study conducted by Brooks and Meltzoff demonstrated that infants first begin engaging in gaze following at approximately what age?
10 months
The "vocabulary spurt," when it happens, usually occurs between ______ and 24 months.
18
How many morphemes are contained in the word "teacher"?
2
The word helper has ______ morphemes. (syllables)
2
At what age do infants begin cooing?
2 to 4 months
At what age do infants begin engaging in 5 to 10 seconds of sustained attention?
3 months
Darlene's infant daughter does not yet recognize her name when someone says it. What is the oldest she is likely to be?
4 months
What is the term for the loss or impairment of language processing?
Aphasia
___________ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. (Watch your spelling!)
Assimilation
What region of the brain is associated with the production of words?
Broca's area
True or false: Accommodation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
False -explanation: accommodation occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account-
_____ refers to the meaning of words and sentences.
Semantics
The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences is called
Syntax
__________ involves the way in which words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.
Syntax
______ is the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives.
Telegraphic speech
Which of the following is considered a baby's scheme?
a baby sucking its thumb
_________ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
accommodation
A child calls all winged creatures birds, including bats and butterflies. Her mother teaches her the correct terms for the different animals, and the child does not make the mistake again in the future. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
accomodation
Chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language
acquisition device
A father is playing a game with his child in which he shows the child pictures of different objects. He asks the child to identify the names of the objects. This is an example of
labeling
The strategy known as _____ involves identifying the names of objects.
labeling
______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.
language
Which of the following involves the retention of information over time?
memory
______ is the retention of information over time.
memory
What view proposes that language is a chain of responses acquired through reinforcement?
the environmental influence perspective
In the study of habituation and dishabituation, infant sucking behavior helps determine if infants recognize a novel stimulus. How would a researcher be able to tell whether an infant is experiencing dishabituation?
the infant will stop sucking
In the first habits and primary circular reactions substage, the main focus is on
the infant's own body
Which view of language acquisition emphasizes both the biological and the experiential contribution to language development?
the interactionist view
With what is Broca's area associated?
the production of words
The length of sustained attention increases through
the second year
True or false: An example of coordination of secondary schemes would be an infant manipulating a stick in order to bring an attractive toy within reach.
true
True or false: One of the functions of early vocalizations is to attract attention.
true
True or false: Recasting, expanding, and labeling are common strategies used by adults to enhance children's acquisition of language.
true
True or false: The language acquisition device provides a child with the ability to form plural words.
true
Carter is a 20-month-old boy. He drinks out of a cup with a zebra on it. He uses the word cup to identify his zebra cup. He will use the word cup only when he is referring to his zebra cup. In what is Carter engaging?
underextension
MacKenzie is an 18-month-old girl. Her family has a white poodle for a pet, and MacKenzie has learned that the poodle is a puppy. She refuses to call any other dog "puppy." In what is MacKenzie engaging?
underextension
Infant Hannah accurately calls her own pet a "dog." However, she does not apply the word to her neighbor's dog, which is much bigger and is a different color. This is an example of
underextenstion
In evolutionary time, humans' acquisition of language is considered to be
very recent
What is the term for the sudden ability to speak words at 18 months
vocab spurt
