Lifespan Development Exam 1 Cumulative Set

The production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations such as "ma-ma-ma" is called .

babbling

What is the term for the production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations?

babbling

Which of the following vocalizations do infants start to make around the middle of the first year of life?

babbling

Some experts view the remarkable similarities in children's language acquisition all over the world as strong evidence that language has a ______ basis.

biological

An interactionist view emphasizes that both ______ contribute to language acquisition.

biology and experience

Individuals who experience damage to Wernicke's area will have difficulty

comprehending what others say

Wernicke's area is associated with language

comprehension

What is the term for the gurgling sounds that infants make in the back of their throats?

cooing

What term describes the sound infants begin to make at 2 to 4 months?

cooing

An infant who coordinates schemes and intentionality is engaging in the ______ sensorimotor stage.

coordination of secondary circular reactions

Baby Tyrone sees his favorite stuffed bear on the couch across the room. He crawls over to the couch, pulls himself up, and reaches for his bear. Which sensorimotor substage does Tyrone fit into?

coordination of secondary circular reactions

When infants begin to engage in eye-hand coordination, they are most likely in the ______ sensorimotor substage.

coordination of secondary circular reactions

The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called .

coos or cooing

The first form of vocalization an infant makes, starting at birth, is

crying

Which activity do infants first demonstrate to get their needs met?

crying

Which sound do infants demonstrate first?

crying

According to Piaget, cognitive conflict is also known as

disequilibrium

A baby is shown a toy several times. The baby becomes less responsive to the toy. Which of the following will occur if the baby is shown a NEW toy?

dishabituation

______ is the increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulus. (Please watch your spelling!)

dishabituation

Assimilation occurs when children use ______ schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

existing

A child says, "Me sleepy." The parent responds, "Yes, you are sleepy, so it's time to take a nap." This is an example of which language acquisition strategy?

expanding

When adults restate what a child has said in a linguistically sophisticated form, they are using which of the following strategies?

expanding

______ is restating, in a linguistically sophisticated form, what a child has said.

expanding

True or false: In infancy, spoken vocabulary far exceeds receptive vocabulary.

false

True or false: Infants can say more words than they can actually understand.

false

If a child's sucking behavior is followed by a reward such as music or a human voice, one can expect which of the following infant behaviors to occur?

faster sucking

Baby Rebecca is putting her hands by her face. She accidentally puts her thumb in her mouth. She reflexively begins to suck on her thumb. Later in the day, she tries to put her thumb back into her mouth, and the assumption is that she enjoyed sucking her thumb earlier and is trying to repeat the action. Which sensorimotor substage is Rebecca in?

first habits and primary circular reactions

When babies repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are most likely in the second sensorimotor substage, which is characterized by

first habits and primary circular reactions

When infants repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are engaging in which sensorimotor substage?

first habits and primary circular reactions

How many rule systems are involved in language organization?

five

Sustained attention is also known as

focused attention

The region of the brain associated with producing language, called Broca's area, is located in the left ____ lobe.

frontal

A mother turns her head and looks out the window. Her baby also looks toward the window. This behavior is known as ______ following.

gaze

Looking where another person has just looked is known as ______ following.

gaze

Looking where another person has just looked is called

gaze following

Which of the following is NOT one of the five systems of rules of language?

generativity

An infant waving bye-bye is an example of a(n)

gesture

An infant smacking their lips to indicate that they want food or drink is an example of

gesturing

Which form of infant communication involves showing and pointing?

gesturing

Which of the following is NOT one of the three strategies used by adults to enhance children's acquisition of language? -labeling -recasting -gesturing

gesturing

Morphology plays many important roles in ______ because morphemes mark verb tense and number, for example.

grammar

When babies are shown the same toy repeatedly, they will usually pay less attention to it each time. In other words, the babies have ______ to the toy.

habituated

Infants' attention is strongly governed by novelty and

habituation

______ provides a useful tool for assessing what infants can see, hear, smell, and taste.

habituation

________ is decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. (Watch your spelling!)

habituation

Failure to engage in pointing is a sign that a child may

have communication problems

Chomsky proposed that the language acquisition device allows children to do all of the following, EXCEPT

hear spoken

A baby is presented with a new stimulus. If the baby ______ his responsiveness, this shows dishabituation to the stimulus.

increases

Which of the following statements about language development is true? -Infants can say words as soon as they understand those words. -At 12 months, infants can say more words than they can understand. -Infants can say 50 words at about 18 months. -Infants, on average, are able to understand the same number of words as their age in months.

infants can say 50 words at about 18 months

The __________ view emphasizes that language acquisition occurs because of both biological and environmental influences.

interactionist

According to Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, if an infant's behavior is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, the behavior

is likely to recur

____ attention occurs when two individuals focus on the same object or event.

joint

Rebeca, a 14-month-old infant, and her mother are looking at a picture book. Her mother points to a picture of a dog and says, "Look, there's a doggie!" Rebeca repeats the word doggie. What concept does this example illustrate?

joint attention

After an infant babbles, her mother immediately smiles and touches her. According to the environmental influence perspective, what behavior will the infant most likely display following her mother's response?

more speech like sounds

Which of the following capabilities or behaviors cannot be measured through habituation?

motor skills

At the beginning of the sensorimotor stage, ______ have little more than reflexes with which to work.

newborns

During play, the ball rolls out of view behind a chair. The infant walks behind the chair in search of the ball. This behavior is an example of which of the following?

object permanence

What is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched?

object permanence

Abigail is an infant who goes to day care. When she began in care at the age of 4 months, her mother could drop her off and leave without Abigail crying or becoming upset. Once Abigail turned 8 months, she began clinging to her mother, crying, and becoming very upset when her mother dropped her off. What concept has Abigail acquired?

object permenance

A baby's schemes are structured by simple actions that can be performed on

objects

A baby learns how to use a spoon. He later learns how to use a fork and knife. He relates these behaviors together into a higher-order system. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?

organization

In Piaget's theory, ____________ is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system. (Watch your spelling!)

organization

Baby Arshiya has awakened in her crib. She cries to alert her parents that she is awake. Arshiya stands in her crib, hanging onto the bars and watching the door. When her mother opens the door and comes in, Arshiya stops crying, smiles, and waves. What attentional concept does this example describe?

orienting/investigative process

What process involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment and recognizing objects and their features?

orienting/investigative process

An infant sees a rabbit and calls it "kitty." This is an example of

overextension

Jeffrey is an infant who has learned the word dada. To his mother's embarrassment, Jeffrey calls his father, his uncle, his brother, and any male stranger he sees "dada." What is Jeffrey engaging in?

overextension

Julie is an infant who has just gotten a football from her grandfather. He tells her that it is a football, and she quickly repeats the word. Julie begins to call every ball that she sees "football," even though none of the other balls she sees is actually a football. In what is Julie engaging?

overextension

What is the term for the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning?

overextension

____ is the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning. (Watch your spelling!)

overextension

Which of the following statements regarding child-directed speech is NOT true? -As soon as adults start talking to a baby, they tend to shift into child-directed speech. -Parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech to each other once they have a baby. -Four-year-olds will speak in simpler ways to two-year-olds than they will to other four-year-olds. -Child-directed speech has the outcome of capturing infant attention and maintaining communication.

parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech to each other once they have a baby

Which of the following is not a component of language?

perceptual categorization

A(n) _______ is the smallest unit of sound in language that affects meaning. (Make sure to spell it correctly in order to get credit!)

phoneme

Sh, ch, and sp are all examples of what is incorporated in the sound system of a language, which is called _____.

phoneme

The /d/ sound in the word "dog" is an example of a

phoneme

The letter t in the words top and stop is considered to be a

phoneme

The p in the words pot and spot is a

phoneme

Words are created out of

phonemes

Sh, ch, and sp are all examples of what is incorporated in the sound system of a language, which is called __________.

phonetics

An example of ______ would be how in English some words start with sch as in school, but no words start with the cluster chs.

phonology

In the English language, the letters "thr" may be combined as in the word "throat." However, the letters may not be combined in the order "rht." This is an example of

phonology

_______ is the sound system of a language.

phonology

Lack of ________ , a type of gesture, may indicate a problem in a baby's ability to communicate.

pointing

The appropriate use of language in different contexts refers to the ______ of language.

pragmatics

What term refers to the appropriate use of language in different contexts?

pragmatics

A person who experiences damage to Broca's area will have difficulty

producing speech

A child says, "Me want food." His mother responds, "What kind of food do you want?" This is an example of which of the following?

recasting

___ is the rephrasing or restating of something a child has said, perhaps in the form of a question, for example.

recasting

Words a child understands constitute ______ vocabulary.

receptive

_________ vocabulary refers to words a child understands.

receptive

Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are known as

schemes

Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of ______, according to Piaget.

schemes

What is the sensorimotor substage in which infants become more object-oriented and less focused on their own body?

secondary circular reactions

When infants repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results, primarily with people or objects in their environment, they are most likely in the ______ sensorimotor substage.

secondary circular reactions

The meaning of words and sentences is called

semantics

In Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, which is called the ________________ stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.

sensorimotor

In examining the connection between attention and habituation in infancy, objects that become familiar will result in attention becoming ___________ (longer/shorter).

shorter

In examining the connection between attention and habituation in infancy, objects that become familiar will result in attention becoming ______________. (longer/shorter).

shorter

A bottle is placed in baby Erika's mouth. She begins to suck on the nipple immediately. In which sensorimotor substage is baby Erika?

simple reflexes

The sensorimotor substage in which sensation and action are coordinated primarily through such behaviors as rooting and sucking is called

simple reflexes

Joint attention enables children to use their ______ skills to acquire language.

social

Language experts consider pointing to be an important index of the ______ aspects of language.

social

Words a child uses are called ______ vocabulary.

spoken

The type of attention that allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar is called

sustained attention

According to Piaget, a ______ is an internalized sensory image or word that represents an event.

symbol

According to Piaget, intentional representations of reality are called primitive ________-.

symbols

According to Piaget, intentional representations of reality are called primitive __________.

symbols

Which statement is true regarding telegraphic speech?

telegraphic speech is not limited to two words

The error that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place (A) rather than the new hiding place (B) of an object is called

A-not-B error

When infants correctly find an object hidden in one location and continue to look in that location even when they see the object hidden in a new location, they are engaging in which of the following?

A-not-B error

Select all that apply Which of the following are reasons language scholars believe that language has a biological basis? -Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world. -Infants can hear sounds and voices prenatally. -Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language. -Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language.

-Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world. -Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language. -Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language.

Which theorist believed that children learn language in specific contexts and through interaction?

Michael Tomasello

Which of the five systems of rules of language has the function of marking tense and number?

Morphemes

Which theorist believed that humans are biologically programmed to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way?

Noam Chomsky

______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined.

Phonology

______ is to sound units as morphology is to meaning.

Phonology

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding common first words? -Infants' first words are part of their receptive vocabulary. -The first words that babies utter today reflect the current culture, and change with the generations. -Common first words for babies are the same now as they were 50 years ago. -Infants will not utter their first words until about 18 months of age on average.

-Common first words for babies are the same now as they were 50 years ago.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the evolutionary perspective of the acquisition of language? -Evolutionary psychologists believe that humans acquired language about 40,000 years ago. -Language acquisition increased chances of human survival. -Advances in the nervous system and vocal structures allowed humans to speak.

-Evolutionary psychologists believe that humans acquired language about 40,000 years ago.

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of early vocalizations? -to communicate -to attract attention -to practice making sounds -to practice the semantics of language

-to practice the semantics of language

By as early as ______ months of age, an infant can recognize their name when someone says it.

5

At approximately what age do babies begin babbling?

6 months

At what age does babbling first begin?

6 months

At what age do infants begin gesturing?

7 to 15 months

__________ is the tendency to apply a word too narrowly. (Be careful about your spelling!

Underextension

The region of the brain's left hemisphere involved in language comprehension is known as

Wernicke's area

What region of the brain is associated with comprehension of language?

Wernicke's area

A child sees a zebra for the first time. She says, "Horse!" What Piagetian concept does this example describe?

assimilation

Abby, a 15-month-old girl, has a white poodle as a pet at home. She knows that the pet is a dog. (She calls it "puppy.") While Abby is at the park with her mother, she sees a small white dog. She points at the dog and says,"Puppy!" What Piagetian concept does this example describe?

assimilation

Baby Michelle looks intently at her mother, who is singing a song. What is Michelle demonstrating?

attention

__________ refers to the focusing of mental resources on select information.

attention

Which of the following statements represents the interactionist view of language acquisition? -Research shows that language acquisition is 50% determined by one's biology and 50% determined by experiences. -How much of language acquisition is biologically determined and how much depends on social interaction is a matter of debate. -Research shows that language acquisition is 75% determined by biology and 25% determined by experiences. -Research shows that language acquisition is 25% determined by biology and 75% determined by experiences.

-How much of language acquisition is biologically determined and how much depends on social interaction is a matter of debate.

Which of the following are characteristics of child-directed speech? -Language spoken in a low, quiet pitch with simple words and sentences -Language spoken only by children to other children their same age that is simple and in telegraphic form -Parental imitation of words that the child speaks -Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences

-Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences

Which of the following statements about disequilibrium is true? -Children seek disequilibrium. -Disequilibrium is marked by inconsistencies. -There is little cognitive movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium. -Children are rarely faced with counterexamples to their existing schemas.

-disequilibrium is marked by inconsistencies

Which of the following is not an example of a common first-word type for an infant? -toys -food -locations -greeting terms

-locations

Ben has learned how to ride a tricycle. His parents buy him a two-wheeled bike with training wheels. He gets right on the new bike and begins to ride after practicing using the brakes (which his tricycle did not have). He even comments to his parents, "My trike doesn't have brakes!" Piaget would say that Ben has related his knowledge about how to ride a tricycle to learning to ride the new bike. What has Ben done with his knowledge of bike riding?

-organized his knowledge of bike riding

Which of the following is not a component of language? -Words used by a community -Perceptual categorization -Rules for combining words -Rules for varying words

-perceptual categorization

Which two of the following strategies do parents typically use with young infants to direct joint attention? -Multiple select question. -pointing -modeling -reinforcement -gaze following

-pointing -gaze following

If an infant exhibits a lack of pointing in the communication system, which of the following is true? -The infant has a problem with fine motor development and should be assessed by an occupational therapist. -The infant probably does not have caregivers who use pointing as a form of communication. -The infant is developing normally, as not all infants point. -The infant has a problem in the communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities.

-the infant has a problem in the communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities

What does Tomasello's interaction view of language emphasize?

Children can learn language in specific contexts

Order the sequence of babies' sounds during the first year of life, beginning with the earliest form on top.

1. crying 2. cooing 3. babbling

Findings from a study conducted by Brooks and Meltzoff demonstrated that infants first begin engaging in gaze following at approximately what age?

10 months

The "vocabulary spurt," when it happens, usually occurs between ______ and 24 months.

18

How many morphemes are contained in the word "teacher"?

2

The word helper has ______ morphemes. (syllables)

2

At what age do infants begin cooing?

2 to 4 months

At what age do infants begin engaging in 5 to 10 seconds of sustained attention?

3 months

Darlene's infant daughter does not yet recognize her name when someone says it. What is the oldest she is likely to be?

4 months

What is the term for the loss or impairment of language processing?

Aphasia

___________ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. (Watch your spelling!)

Assimilation

What region of the brain is associated with the production of words?

Broca's area

True or false: Accommodation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

False -explanation: accommodation occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account-

_____ refers to the meaning of words and sentences.

Semantics

The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences is called

Syntax

__________ involves the way in which words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

Syntax

______ is the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives.

Telegraphic speech

Which of the following is considered a baby's scheme?

a baby sucking its thumb

_________ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

accommodation

A child calls all winged creatures birds, including bats and butterflies. Her mother teaches her the correct terms for the different animals, and the child does not make the mistake again in the future. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?

accomodation

Chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language

acquisition device

A father is playing a game with his child in which he shows the child pictures of different objects. He asks the child to identify the names of the objects. This is an example of

labeling

The strategy known as _____ involves identifying the names of objects.

labeling

______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.

language

Which of the following involves the retention of information over time?

memory

______ is the retention of information over time.

memory

What view proposes that language is a chain of responses acquired through reinforcement?

the environmental influence perspective

In the study of habituation and dishabituation, infant sucking behavior helps determine if infants recognize a novel stimulus. How would a researcher be able to tell whether an infant is experiencing dishabituation?

the infant will stop sucking

In the first habits and primary circular reactions substage, the main focus is on

the infant's own body

Which view of language acquisition emphasizes both the biological and the experiential contribution to language development?

the interactionist view

With what is Broca's area associated?

the production of words

The length of sustained attention increases through

the second year

True or false: An example of coordination of secondary schemes would be an infant manipulating a stick in order to bring an attractive toy within reach.

true

True or false: One of the functions of early vocalizations is to attract attention.

true

True or false: Recasting, expanding, and labeling are common strategies used by adults to enhance children's acquisition of language.

true

True or false: The language acquisition device provides a child with the ability to form plural words.

true

Carter is a 20-month-old boy. He drinks out of a cup with a zebra on it. He uses the word cup to identify his zebra cup. He will use the word cup only when he is referring to his zebra cup. In what is Carter engaging?

underextension

MacKenzie is an 18-month-old girl. Her family has a white poodle for a pet, and MacKenzie has learned that the poodle is a puppy. She refuses to call any other dog "puppy." In what is MacKenzie engaging?

underextension

Infant Hannah accurately calls her own pet a "dog." However, she does not apply the word to her neighbor's dog, which is much bigger and is a different color. This is an example of

underextenstion

In evolutionary time, humans' acquisition of language is considered to be

very recent

What is the term for the sudden ability to speak words at 18 months

vocab spurt