Cellular Injury, Cell Death, and Autopsy
Autopsy of Ghon
1. Cervical region 2. Abdominal region 3. Urogenital region
Y shaped incision
Can be made starting at the top of each shoulder and running down the front of the chest, meeting at the lower point of the sternum.
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy
or We take a sample of the tissue or fluid
Autopsy of Letulle
organs are taken out en bloc
Biochemical test
presence of any analyte
Autopsy of Virchow
where each organ is taken out one by one
Autopsy of Rokitansky
where organs are examine in situ.
Autopsy of Ghon
where organs are taken out in three. blocks.
Apoptosis
which can also occur as a defense mechanism during healing processes, is almost always normal and beneficial
Autopsy of Rokitansky
•ADVANTAGE: Practical. You can view it as whole. DISADVANTAGE: You need to be expert
Gaseous necrosis
Cause by Fungal and mycobacterial infections, such as tuberculosis
Cellular Swelling
Cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homoeostasis failure of energy dependent ion pumps
Punch Biopsy
Circular blade ranging from 1mm-8mm
Caseous necrosis
Conversion of destroyed cells into granular, friable mass made up of a mixture of coagulated protein and fats
Single Vertical Cut
Cut is made from the middle of the sternum
Medico-Legal Autopsy/Forensic/Coroner's autopsy
Death is classified into one of five headings: (a) Natural (b.) Accident (c.) Homicide (d.) Suicide (e.) Undetermine
Coagulation necrosis
Denatures not only the proteins but also the intracellular enzymes
Fibrinoid necrosis
Fiber is the main reason for this type of necrosis to happen.
Toxicology
Find out whether there is any drugs or alcohol
Fat necrosis
Focal area of fat destruction
Caseous necrosis
Fragmented or lysed cells enclosed in an inflammatory border
Autopsy of Virchow
Good for: demonstrating pathologic changes of the individual ADVANTAGE: simple to perform and systematic DISADVANTAGE: destroys the anatomic structure
Fatty change
Occurs in hypoxic injury
Hydropic change & Vacoular degeneration
Other term of Cellular Swelling
Gangrenous necrosis
Refers to massive death of the tissue caused by a combination of ischemia and superimposed by bacterial infection
Fat necrosis
Release of pancreatic lipase into the and peritoneal cavity.
Biopsy
Removal of cells or tissues for examination from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease
Cellular injury
Results when cells are stressed so severely that they are no longer able to adapt
Cellular Swelling, Fatty change
Reversible injury
Rigor Mortis
Rigidity of the body due to hardening of the skeletal muscle Sets within 2 hrs after death (head & neck) Complete within 12 hrs. 3-4 days
Shave Biopsy
Scalpel or curved razor
Curettage Biopsy Curette
A surgical instrument that has a scoop, ring, or loop at the tip.
Livor Mortis/Postmortem (Lividity) Hypostasis
Becomes evident as early as 20 min after death
Autopsy of Letulle
ADVANTAGES: fast and easy DISADVANTAGE: bulky and difficult to handle
Autopsy of Ghon
ADVANTÁGES: it preserves anatomic structure DISADVANTAGE: you can't observe the relationship within the other organ
Liquefaction necrosis
Accumulation of leukocytes and liberation of enzymes
Fat necrosis
Acute Pancreatitis
Autopsy
After death examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death
24; 36
All natural deaths occurring in the hospital within _____ hours of admission, unless the case was attended by private physician within _____ hours of death
Coagulative
Applied to a limb: arterial occlusion
Liquefactive
Applied to a limb: venous occlusion
Necrosis
Is cell death that is triggered by external factors or disease, such as trauma or infection
Apoptosis
Is form of cell death that is generally triggered by normal, healthy processes in the body.
Anatomical/Academic Autopsy
Is performed by students of anatomy for educational purposes only.
Clinical/Pathological autopsy
Is performed to diagnose a particular disease.
Virtual/Medical Imaging Autopsies/Virtopsy
Is performed utilizing imaging technology only, primarily magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scan
Clinical/Pathological autopsy
It aims to determine, clarify, or confirm medical diagnoses that remained unknown prior to the patients death.
Necrosis
It is considered an "unprogrammed" (unnatural) cell death process at this time
T-Shaped Incision
It is done when the deceased is a child.
T-Shaped Incision
Made from the tips of both shoulder, in a horizontal line across the region of the collar bones to meet at the sternum in the middle
Fatty change
Manifested as lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm
Liquefaction necrosis
Seen in focal bacteria/ fungal infection
Coagulation necrosis
The architecture of the dead tissues is preserved
24
The coroner has authority in the following cases: Newborns in the first _____ hours of life
Fibrinoid necrosis
The shape of tissues gets irregular and then later causes the cell death.
Gaseous necrosis
This combination of liquefactive and coagulative necrosis is caused by dead cells that are not completely digested by microphages; they leave a granular residue that impedes circulation.
Coagulation necrosis
This type is seen most often in the heart after an infarction, as well in kidneys and adrenal glands
Liquefaction necrosis
Transformation of the tissues into liquid viscous mass
True
True or False. Necrosis is always abnormal and harmful
False
True or False. Verbal consent from the next of kin-abide by the extent or restrictions allowed
Incisional/Core Biopsy
We take the sample or part of the area or organ
Excisional Biopsy
We take the whole area or organ
Cellular injury
When cells are exposed to inherently damaging agents or suffer from intrinsic abnormalities
Avascular necrosis
When the blood supply is limited to the tissue the demise of the bone tissue happens and this is where ____________ appears.
Algor Mortis
Where the body temperature changes At room temp.: 2°-2.5°F/hr 1st hour 1.5-2 °F/hr Until 12 hours 1°F/hr next 12-18 hrs As rule the body cools at 1.5 F/hr (50% of cases)
En bloc
all together in a united group
Autopsy
can uncover the disease not detected during life, determine the extent of injuries may have contributed to a person's death.
En masse
mass; all together; as a group