Lifespan Growth & Development Ch.6

What percentage of children are subjected to chronic harassment? 1 to 5 percent 10 to 20 percent 25 to 30 percent around 50 percent

10 to 20 percent

Ten-year-old Bella has a best friend named Sophia. Which would be Bella's MOST likely description of why Sophia is her best friend? "We like to dress the same." "I can tell her anything, and I know she will stand up for me." "We have fun playing together." "We like to do stuff together, like go shopping."

"I can tell her anything, and I know she will stand up for me."

Sally uses induction in disciplining her child. After witnessing her daughter teasing a playmate, what does she say?

"Think of how terrible that child feels being teased."

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that has been implicated in: Asperger's syndrome. childhood schizophrenia. autism. ADHD.

ADHD.

Which child is NOT in middle childhood? Meena, who is 9 Latrell, who is 7 Norrie, who is 11 Abbie, who is 5

Abbie, who is 5

Western legal systems that suggest that children who are 7 or 8 years old have attained the ability to reason are consistent with Piaget's theory because basic reasoning skills appear during the _____ period. concrete operations preoperations sensorimotor formal operations

Concrete operations

_____ is typical of children who have externalizing problems. Expecting to fail Learned helplessness Being hypersensitive to environmental cues Denying reality and having unrealistically high self-esteem

Denying reality and having unrealistically high self-esteem

Feeling the exact feeling that someone else is experiencing is called _____.

Empathy

_____ refer(s) to the abilities that allow us to plan and direct our thinking and to control our immediate impulses. Selective attention Executive functions Internalizing tendencies Working memory

Executive functions

Which statement about shame is FALSE? Feeling shame makes people want to retreat. Feeling shame makes people want to strike back. Feeling shame brings people closer to others. Feeling shame makes people angry.

Feeling shame brings people closer to others.

Which suggestion would NOT be on a list of information-processing guidelines for adults to use during middle childhood? Expect situations that involve many different tasks to present problems. Teach rehearsing information, selective attention strategies, and other studying skills. Get the children to physically act out their immediate feelings. Scaffold organizational strategies for school and life.

Get the children to physically act out their immediate feelings

Lee is 10 years old. According to Piaget, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lee's cognition? He has a realistic understanding of the world. His thinking is similar to adults. He can reason conceptually about concrete objects. He can think abstractly in a scientific way.

He can think abstractly in a scientific way.

Which child is MOST apt to be prosocial? Jake, a happy child Adelaide, a child with anger and aggression problems Bodi, an anxious and fearful child Greta, who is currently consumed with her parent's divorce

Jake, a happy child

Which fourth-grader is the LEAST apt to be the victim of bullying? Luis, who is friendly and confident Scott, who is shy and socially awkward Carlos, who is not very popular and avoids conflict at all costs Andy, who is highly aggressive

Luis, who is friendly and confident

_____ children are frequently named in the most-liked category and never appear in the disliked group. They also stand out as being really liked by everyone. Anxious Average Popular Mild

Popular

Which child is the LEAST likely to be rejected in elementary school? Kyle, who is lives in poverty and goes to a school where most of his classmates come from middle-class backgrounds Raul, who is kind and friendly Allan, who is shy and socially awkward Charles, who is highly aggressive to all of his peers

Raul, who is kind and friendly

Personality theorist Harry Stack Sullivan believed that children's friendships fulfill the developmental needs of self-validation and intimacy. Which child is Sullivan MOST likely describing? Candy, age 4 Kevin, age 6 Carl, age 7 Reece, age 10

Reece, age 10

Which child is in middle childhood? Emma, who is 5 Toya, who is 8 Marc, who is 13 Bryce, who is 4

Toya, who is 8

_____ is a limited-capacity gateway system containing all the material that one can keep in awareness at a single time. Working memory Long-term memory Executive function Selective attention

Working memory

To promote realistic self-esteem, one must enhance children's self-efficacy and encourage: accurate self-perceptions. good communication skills. age-appropriate skills. athletic performance.

accurate self-perceptions.

Shame, or the feeling of being personally humiliated, may cause people to _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. behave in a more caring way behave aggressively or withdraw connect with others feel terrible about what they have done

behave aggressively or withdraw

Exceptionally aggressive children who both target others for abuse and suffer abuse themselves are called _____.

bully victims

James is 9 years old. Which stage of development is he currently in, according to Piaget? sensorimotor preoperations concrete operations formal operations

concrete operations

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Samantha answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children because they describe their friendship in terms of _____. preschool; internal qualities elementary school-age; internal qualities preschool; external qualities elementary school-age; external qualities

elementary school-age; internal qualities

Which term refers to feeling another person's feelings? antisocial antipathy sympathy empathy

empathy

Which of these is likely a risk factor for ADHD? environmental toxins obesity poverty punitive parenting

environmental toxins

Following a stroke, Harriet has difficulty ordering problem-solving steps in a logical sequence. Additionally, she is much more impulsive than she had been before the stroke. Harriet's _____ appear(s) impaired, reflecting damage to the _____ lobe. selective attention; occipital selective attention; frontal executive functions; occipital executive functions; frontal

executive functions; frontal

The brain region involved in reasoning and thinking through our actions is the _____. temporal lobe frontal lobes visual cortex auditory cortex

frontal lobes

Pruning in the frontal lobes starts _____. during early childhood during early adolescence at the very beginning of middle childhood halfway through middle childhood

halfway through middle childhood

A cognitive developmentalist asserts that thinking is best thought of as a set of skills that may be divided into components. The developmentalist appears to endorse a(n) ______ approach to thinking. Piagetian information processing Vygotskyan behaviorist

information processing

Anxiety, inhibition, and depression reflect a personality style characterized by _____ tendencies.

internalizing

Emotional regulation difficulties that involve turning one's emotional distress inward are called _____ problems. collaborative pretend play internalizing psychopathology externalizing

internalizing

Synaptogenesis refers to the process of: making billions of connections between neurons. reasoning and thinking through one's actions. forming a fatty sheath around axons. pruning excess neural connections.

making billions of connections between neurons.

Brandon is in the third grade. What stage of development is he in? childhood early childhood middle childhood adolescence

middle childhood

People who feel sympathy rather than empathy for others are _____ likely to help those in need because _____. more; sympathy prevents people from thinking about their own problems less; sympathy is not a strong enough emotion more; empathy can cause anxiety and the desire to run away less; empathy permits one to really feel another's pain

more; empathy can cause anxiety and the desire to run away

Having well-developed fine-motor skills can predict which of the following? performance on school-related memory tests performance on speed-oriented cognitive tests performance on both school-related memory tests and speed-oriented cognitive tests performance on neither school-related memory tests nor speed-oriented cognitive tests

performance on both school-related memory tests and speed-oriented cognitive tests

In elementary school classes, children who get many "most liked" rankings and no "most disliked" rankings by their classmates are defined as _____ children. mild-mannered popular anxious average

popular

Sharing, helping, and caring actions constitute _____ behavior.

prosocial

Research suggests that friendships serve to _____ the developing self. protect and enhance break down and protect enhance and hide hide and break down

protect and enhance

Because she does not have a pen and paper (or a GPS) in her car, Brittany memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Brittany is using a learning strategy called _____. selective attention rehearsal elaboration retrieval

rehearsal

A destructive act designed to harm a person's social network is called _____ aggression.

relational

Beverly is a school psychologist studying social interactions in the later elementary school years in the United States. In her field work, she notices that some types of children seem to be unpopular and rejected more often. Which group is apt to be rarely rejected? immigrant children in ethnically homogenous societies relationally aggressive children who vigorously compete for status and then reach out to enlist the group in a caring way low-income children in middle-class schools in the suburbs boys and girls who do not fit mainstream gender stereotypes

relationally aggressive children who vigorously compete for status and then reach out to enlist the group in a caring way

A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called: inhibition. seriation. selective attention. maturation.

selective attention

The tendency to feel good or bad about ourselves is called ______.

self-esteem

The frontal lobes develop: slowly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses. slowly; they let people respond emotionally. quickly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses. quickly; they let people respond emotionally.

slowly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses.

Feeling upset for a person in distress exemplifies a state called _____.

sympathy

Internalizing tendencies are to externalizing tendencies as ______ are to ______. aggression and disruptiveness; impulsivity impulsivity and aggression; timidity anxiety and depression; timidity timidity and anxiety; impulsivity

timidity and anxiety; impulsivity

When asked why Jorge likes his friend Victor, he replies, "Because we both love playing with swords." These boys are probably _____ children because they describe their friendships in terms of _____ qualities. younger; external older; external younger; internal older; internal

younger; external

Fostering school self-efficacy involves praising children for: being great kids. being brilliant. treating others with kindness. working hard.

working hard.

Penny is an obese 10-year-old. Her weight is at or above the ______ percentile, based on national norms. 60th 50th 75th 95th

95th

Self-esteem _____ during a child's early elementary school years. remains undeveloped declines remains the same rises

declines

According to Erikson, the failure to resolve the key psychosocial task of middle childhood will result in feelings of _____. distrust despair inferiority isolation

inferiority

Which compliment is MOST apt to increase a child's self-efficacy? "You are incredibly smart." "You are not good at math." "You are so good at math." "You are trying so hard!"

"You are trying so hard!"