Lifespan Mid-Term
Samantha can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and can reflect on her feelings. Samantha is showing: a. internalization b. externalization c. self-esteem d. self-awareness
externalization
Pick the preventable, nongenetic birth defect. a. Huntington's disease b. hemophilia c. Down syndrome d. fetal alcohol syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome
Becky is in kindergarten and is learning how to write her name. She is developing: a. fine motor skills. b. gross motor skills. c. all physical skills. d. intellectual skills.
fine motor skills
Compared to boys, preschool girls are usually superior at: a. fine motor skills b. gross motor skills c. all physical skills d. intellectual skills
fine motor skills
Lee is in the first grade. His writing is extremely sloppy. It turns out that he is left handed and is currently developing: a. fine motor skills b. gross motor skills c. all physical skills d. intellectual skills
fine motor skills
When do humans fully develop a fear of heights? a. around birth b. at 2 months of age c. by 8 months of age d. at age 2 years
by 8 months of age
Preschool is BEST described as a(n): a. educational setting serving children ages 3 to 5. b. more strict setting than day care. c. educational setting focused on improving IQ. d. educational setting primarily for middle-class kids.
educational setting serving children ages 3 to 5
Morning sickness typically occurs during the: a. first trimester b. second trimester c. third trimester d. every trimester
first trimester
Selective attention refers to a person's ability to: a. focus only on relevant information. b. reason with an adult c. reconsider one's first perceptions d. pay attention to younger children
focus only on relevant information
The brain region involved in higher reasoning is the: a. temporal lobe b. frontal lobe c. visual cortex d. cerebral cortex
frontal lobe
The primary risk with smoking during pregnancy involves: a. giving birth to a larger-than-normal baby b. giving birth to a smaller-than-normal baby c. giving birth to a Down syndrome baby d. gestational diabetes
giving birth to a smaller-than-normal baby
The frantic, continual newborn crying called "colic" typically: a. continues throughout infancy b. goes away after the first 3 months c. is due to insensitive caregiving d. occurs in babies who are not breast-fed
goes away after the first 3 months
This gives humans the ability to engage in social cognition. a. language b. attachment c. autonomy d. childhood
language
Pruning in the frontal lobes starts ___________ in other brain regions. a. earlier than b. later than c. at the same time as d. more quickly than
later than
Language abilities are normally represented in the: a. auditory cortex b. frontal lobes c. right hemisphere d. left hemisphere
left hemisphere
Which stimulus do newborns NOT prefer? a. the odor of breast milk b. female voices c. male voices d. sweet tastes
male voices
Children usually begin to initiate pas-talk conversations at about age: a. 18 months b. 2 or 3 years. c. 3 or 4 years. d. 4 or 5 years.
4 or 5 years
About 1 in ______ middle-class European American toddlers are inhibited. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
5
Roughly 1 in ________ children in the United States are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. a. 25 b. 57 c. 68 d. 77
68
A score below _________ on the Apgar scale indicates that the newborn must be monitored. a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8
7
At what age does separation anxiety typically emerge? a. birth b. 2 months of age c. 7 months of age d. 15 months of age
7 months of age
Which statement about friends is false? a. They help insulate children from being bullied. b. They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures. c. They teach children how to relate to others. d. They protect children as they venture into the world.
They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures.
One in ________ U.S. children are being raised by single parents. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
4
Tawanda uses induction when disciplining her child. After witnessing her daughter teasing a playmate, she says: a. "Think of how terrible that child feels being teased." b. "I'm going to put you in your room." c. "You are a bad girl.' d. "Now you are really going to get it!"
"Think of how terrible that child feels being teased."
In 2005-2006, the poorest 20 percent of American families spent about __________ per year per child on "enrichment expenditures," while the richest 20 percent spent about ____________ per year per child. a. $200; $15,000 b. $1,500; $9,500 c. $500; $2,000 d. $1,000; $5,000
$1,500; $9,500
During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children from ages ________________ pin down the basics of ______________. a. 0 to 2; physical reality through their senses b. 0 to 2; emotional reality c. 2 to 4; physical reality through their senses d. 2 to 4; emotional reality
0 to 2; physical reality through their senses
What percentage of U.S. parents report that they often spank their children? a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 20 percent d. 30 percent
10 percent
What percentage of children are subjected to chronic harassment? a. 1 to 5 percent b. 10 to 20 percent c. 25 to 30 percent d. around 50 percent
10 to 20 percent
Clara is beginning to feel ashamed of herself for the first time. Clara is probably: a. 6 months old b. 1 year old c. 2 to 3 years old d. 5 years old
2 to 3 years old
Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that has been implicated in: a. Asperger's syndrome b. childhood schizophrenia c. autism d. ADHD
ADHD
Chromosomes are composed of the genetic material called: a. sperm b. DNA c. ovum d. nuclei
DNA
_____________ devised the psychosocial stages of development in which toddlers focus on autonomy. a. Erikson b. Freud c. Piaget d. Kagan
Erikson
Lee is 10 years old. According to Piaget, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lee's cognition? a. He has a realistic understanding of the world. b. His thinking is similar to adults. c. He can reason conceptually about concrete objects. d. He can think abstractly in a scientific way.
He can think abstractly in a scientific way.
The federal program that provides free high-quality preschool specifically to low-income children in the United States is called: a. welfare b. Head Start c. Early Head Start d. social services
Head Start
___________ refers to the parenting style that is low on structure and low on love; in this worst-case scenario, parents are missing in action in children's lives. a. Permissive b. Demanding c. Authoritative d. Rejecting-neglecting
Rejecting-neglecting
Childhood obesity is defined as having: a. a BMI at or above the 50th percentile b. a BMI at or above the 70th percentile c. a BMI at or above the 80th percentile d. a BMI at or above the 95th percentile
a BMI at or above the 95th percentile
Who is LEAST likely to breast feed her child? a. a low-income woman who goes back to work. b. an upper-middle-class woman who goes back to work c. a developing-world woman d. a developed-world woman
a low-income woman who goes back to work
Genetically determined interests cause people to put themselves in specific environments. The term for this nature-evokes-nurture principle is: a. humanistic forces b. innate forces c. active forces d. passive forces
active forces
Which life stage didn't really exist until the twentieth century? a. old age b. adolescence c. infancy d. childhood
adolescence
Th earliest date at which a baby can possibly live outside the womb is the: a. implantation period b. embryonic stage c. age of viability d. mass-to-specific sequence
age of viability
The top-ranking health disorder among U.S. children today, affecting 1 in 10 children, is: a. autoimmune disorders b. Asperger's syndrome c. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) d. autism
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The devastating condition that hinders theory-of-mind abilities is: a. dyslexia b. ADHD c. dementia d. autism
autism
David is almost 3 years old and has learned to brush his teeth by himself. When his father tries to brush his teeth, David grabs the toothbrush from his father and does it himself. These actions are a result of: a. autonomy b. attachment c. initiative d. mistrust
autonomy
James is 9 years old. Which stage of development is he currently in, according to Piaget? a. sensorimotor b. preoperations c. concrete operations d. formal operations
concrete operations
Professor Mary tests children's reasoning abilities. She changes the shape of a mound of clay in front of a child and asks if the quantity of clay has changed. Professor Mary is investigating cognitive abilities using a _________ task. a. reversibility b. centering c. conservation d. decantering
conservation
Baby Sam loves to say "oooo." This is an example of: a. cooing b. babbling c. holophrases d. telegraphic speech
cooing
When researchers compare different age groups on some quality, they are conducting a ____________ study. a. correlational b. cross-sectional c. longitudinal d. bidirectional
cross-sectional
Several days after seeing another child have a temper tantrum, a 16-month-old toddler engages in similar behavior. She is showing: a. deferred imitation b. the A-not-B erro c. means-end behavior d. object permanence
deferred imitation
A treelike branching structure of a neuron is called a(n): a. axon b. dendrite c. synapse d. cortex
dendrite
The cervix must widen or _________ during the first stage of labor. a. dilate b. contract c. efface d. crown
dilate
Theory-of-mind abilities emerge: a. during preschool b. abruptly at age 4 c. gradually during elementary school d. abruptly at age 6
during preschool
In the United States, childhood obesity started to become a serious problem: a. during the 1980s b. around the year 2000 c. 5 years ago d. 1 year ago
during the 1980s
Konrad Lorenz was a(n): a. physician b. psychoanalyst c. anthropologist d. ethologist
ethologist
Konrad Lorenz, a(n) ________________, became the attachment-eliciting stimulus for goslings. a. psychoanalyst b. behaviorist c. ethologist d. evolutionary psychologist
ethologist
The hallmark of ADHD is deficits in: a. social cognition b. language c. theory of mind d. executive functions
executive functions
In order to determine if a given treatment causes something to happen, a researcher needs to conduct a(n): a. correlational study b. naturalistic observation c. self-report strategy d. experiment
experiment
Brynn wants to help her mother with chores. She asks to put the dishes away and water the plants. Her mother starts giving Brynn $1 for every chore she completes. Soon Brynn seems to dread doing chores. This is consistent with research showing that when adults give _____ rewards for behaviors that are _____ rewarding, children are less likely to perform these activities. a. external; intrinsically b. internal; extrinsically c. increased; already d. better; slightly
external; intrinsically
Disruptive and aggressive behavior in children may indicate: a. self-awareness b. self-esteem c. internalizing tendencies d. externalizing tendencies
externalizing tendacies
Zack is 4 years old and can do cartwheels, back flips, back-hand springs, and one-handed cart wheels. He has had no formal training to develop these gymnastic skills. All represent: a. fine motor skills b. gross motor skills c. all physical skills d. intellectual skills
gross motor skills
If a child is being bullied, the child's BEST defense is to: a. tell the teacher. b. have a strong sense of self-efficacy. c. fight back. d. avoid the bully.
have a strong sense of self-efficacy
Undernourished children tend to: a. have impaired physical and social skills. b. reach sexual maturity at an early age. c. develop problems associated with obesity. d. develop unusual physical and mental abilites.
have impaired physical and social skills
All of the following are associated with autism spectrum disorder EXCEPT: a. having a back-and-forth conversation. b. sharing feelings. c. a lack of interest in relationships. d. hyperactivity.
hyperactivity
Children who live in single-parent mother-headed families are often: a. maladjusted b. malnourished c. impoverished d. mentally ill
impoverished
Divorce is BEST for the children when the: a. parents stop speaking to each other. b. marriage is filled with conflict c. parents have joint custody d. mothers have sole custody
marriage is filled with conflict
When Westerners are asked to recall autobiographical memories, this part of their brain is activated. a. temporal lobe b. occipital lobe c. medial frontal cortex d. motor cortex
medial frontal cortex
Brandon is in the third grade. What stage of development is he in? a. childhood b. early childhood c. middle childhood d. adolescence
middle childhood
The mean length of utterance refers to the number of ___________ in a sentence. a. vowels b. morphemes c. phonemes d. words
morphemes
The fact that lifespan development draws information from a variety of disciplines such as nursing, psychology, and neuroscience demonstrates that lifespan development is: a. multidisciplinary b. exploratory c. experimental d. research oriented
multidisciplinary
The _______________ acts as a lubricant that permits neural impulses to speedily flow. a. myelin sheath b. axon c. synapse d. dendrite
myelin sheath
The name for the egg cells is the: a. hormone. b. ovary. c. ovum. d. uterus.
ovum
For a baby with a difficult temperament: a. particularly sensitive caregiving can promote a secure attachment. b. most kinds of caregiving will promote a secure attachment. c. it's practically impossible to achieve a secure attachment. d. it's easy to promote a secure attachment.
particularly sensitive caregiving can promote a secure attachment.
Having well-developed fine-motor skills can predict which of the following? a. performance on school-related memory tests b. performance on speed-oriented cognitive tests c. performance on both school-related memory tests and speed-oriented cognitive tests d. performance on neither school-related memory tests no speed-oriented cognitive tests
performance on both school-related memory tests and speed-oriented cognitive tests
Five-year-old Casey believes that a drinking glass now holds more juice simply because it was poured into a taller glass. Casey is in Piaget's ________ stage of development. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational
preoperational
Prenatal growth occurs from the interior parts of the body outward. This principle is called the _________ sequence. a. mass-to-specific b. proximodistal c. viability sequence d. cephalocaudal
proximodistal
Which of the following is NOT a classic characteristic of Down syndrome? a. heart problems b. mental retardation c. shortened life expectancy d. psychosis
psychosis
When researchers test groups of people and use numerical scales and statistics, they are conducting: a. interview research b. naturalistic observation c. qualitative research d. quantitative research
quantitative research
Lifespan developmentalists are: a. mainly researchers b. researchers and practitioners from multiple disciplines c. mainly psychologists d. mainly practitioners
researchers and practitioners from multiple disciplines
Mrs. Smith gives help to her class when needed and then backs off when a student masters a given skill. Mrs. Smith is using a teaching technique called: a. seriation. b. centering. c. overreaching. d. scaffolding.
scaffolding
Self-conscious emotions are important for: a. attachment. b. autonomy. c. conscience. d. socialization.
socialization
When baby Rodrigo's mother touches his lips, he suckles his mother's finger. Rodrigo is showing the ___________ reflex. a. rooting b. Moro c. grasping d. sucking
sucking
Early Head Start: a. is available to all children under age 3 b. is ineffective and being phased out c. supports low-income pregnant women, infants, and toddlers d. provides a high-quality preschool experience for low-income children
supports low-income pregnant women, infants, and toddlers
Malika and her 7-month-old son are totally in tune with one another, alert and sensitive to each other's signals. This joyful attunement is called: a. separation anxiety b. synchrony c. social behavior d. temperamental behavior
synchrony
Chelsea has noticed that when she and her son go to the swimming pool, instead of saying, "no in water' when he protests about going in, he has begun to say, "Don't put me in the water." Chelsea's son is mastering grammar, also known as: a. intonation. b. comprehension. c. syntax. d. inner speech.
syntax
Baby LeBron was just born. What is used to evaluate his condition? a. the neonatal intensive care scale b. the Apgar scale c. the PKU scale d. the viability scale
the Apgar scale
The social-interactionist perspective emphasizes that: a. joint attention is critical to language development b. parents tend to use simplified, exaggerated tones to speak to infants c. the desire to communicate with each other promotes developing language d. a baby's first sound grows out of reflexes
the desire to communicate with each other promotes developing language
Martha is about 18 weeks pregnant and has experienced quickening. This means that Martha fells: a. gas pains b. false labor pains c. the fetus moving d. heartburn
the fetus moving
Diana realizes that her mother does not know the thoughts inside her head. As a result, she has recently started lying. Diana has developed ____________ and is roughly _______ years old. a. theory-of-mind abilities; 4 b. deception abilities; 3 c. theory-of-mind abilities; 6 d. concrete operational ability; 4
theory-of-mind abilities; 4
When Piaget said that children progress through qualitatively different stages of intellectual development, he meant that: a. younger children are more sure of their knowledge than older children are. b. there are fundamental differences in how children of different ages reason. c. older children simply know more facts than younger children do. d. older children do better on intelligence test.
there are fundamental differences in how children of different ages reason
Collaborative pretend play involve _____________ and develops around age ____________. a. two children fantasizing together; 4 b. two children fantasizing together; 2 c. a child pretending with a parent; 2 d. a child pretending with a parent; 4
two children fantasizing together; 4
When Karen gives her newborn a bath, she cleans the baby's belly button, which is where the __________ used to be. a. placenta b. blastocyst c. amniotic sac d. umbilical cord
umbilical cord
Who is the typical bullying target? a. aggressive children b. unpopular children c. loud, active children d. athletic children
unpopular children
Completing major motor milestones (such as crawling or walking) early is _______ to later intelligence. a. highly correlated b. slightly correlated c. unrelated d. negatively correlated
unrelated
Basira runs into her old friend Gina from high school. Gina wants to give Basira her phone number but neither woman has a pen. Basira memorizes the number and calls Gina that evening. This means that Basira transferred the phone number from her _______ to more permanent memory storage. a. long-term memory b. working memory c. hypothalamus d. declarative memory
working memory
By ________ months of age, infants show preference for human speech. a. 3 b. 5 c. 8 d. 11
3
Earliest memories are of age: a. 18 months b. 2 or 3 years c. 3 or 4 years d. 4 or 5 years
3 or 4 years
Being impoverished during the first __________ years of life makes it less likely for a child to graduate from high school. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
4
This field of study is related to gerontology. a. Child development b. Adolescent development c. Adult development d. Lifespan development
Adult development
_________ is a measure that evaluates a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas. a. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children b. An achievement test c. The Flynn effect d. General intelligence or "g"
An achievement test
_______________ believe that social cognitive capacity puts humans at an advantage to other species. a. Psychoanalysts b. Behaviorists c. Neuroscientists d. Evolutionary theorists
Evolutionary theorists
What is the BEST child-rearing strategy to adopt with a temperamentally fearful toddler? a. Insulate the child from socially stressful situations. b. Gently push the child into a few stressful situations. c. React as one normally would with any child. d. Force the child into as many stressful situations as possible.
Gently push the child into a few stressful situations.
Which statement about morning sickness is false? a. It involves queasiness that can occur on and off all day. b. It may be a mechanism to prevent pregnant women from eating spoiled foods. c. It only happens in the morning. d. It can only occur during the first trimester.
It only happens in the morning
Lara sees a highway crash and feels incredibly frightened. Tonia feels terrible for the people who were hurt and rushes to help. Pick the label for each girl's response. a. Lara = sympathy; Tonia = empathy b. Lara = internalizing tendencies; Tonia = externalizing tendencies c. Lara = empathy; Tonia = sympathy d. Lara = externalizing tendencies; Tonia = internalizing tendencies
Lara = empathy; Tonia = sympathy
Which statement is true? a. Males and females behave differently. b. Females have higher intelligence than males. c. Men are healthier than women. d. Men have higher intelligence than women.
Males and females behave differently
According to _____________, we think logically for the first time during ________________. a. Erikson; early childhood b. Piaget; concrete operations c. Erikson, adolescence and emerging adulthood d. Piaget; formal operations
Piaget; concrete operations
Which of the following is NOT a teaching tip described by the text? a. Foster autonomy by providing students with choices. b. Praise students for their brilliance. c. Develop a secure attachment with each student. d. Avoid using IQ scores to predict performance.
Praise student for their brilliance
Rhashan, a 3-year-old, is continually testing his abilities in the wider world. Josh, a second grader, is learning that he has to work for what he wants. Pick Erikson's psychosocial stages for each boy. a. Rhashan = initiative; Josh = industry b. Rhashan = industry; Josh = initiative c. Rhashan = self-awareness; Josh = self-efficacy d. Rhashan = self-efficacy; Josh = self-confidence
Rhashan = initiative; Josh = industry
__________ is evaluating oneself as either good or bad as a result of comparing the self to other people. a. Internalization b. Externalization c. Self-esteem d. Self-awareness
Self-esteem
_____________ is a set of skills that allows one to manage one's own emotions as well as understand others' emotions. a. Means-end behavior b. Social cognition c. Deferred imitation d. Laten learning
Social cognition
This chromosome combination results in a boy. a. XX b. YY c. XY d. XZ
XY
Three-year-old Micah thinks his father turned into a monster when he put on a clown mask. Micah's inability to grasp that a person's core self stays the same despite changes in appearance shows he is too young to understand: a. identity constancy. b. closure. c. diffusion. d. forelosure.
identity constancy
All are examples of blended families EXCEPT for children living: a. with a biological mother and a stepfather b. with half-brothers and half-sisters c. in traditional two-parent families d. with foster parents
in traditional two-parent families
A culture that emphasizes independence, competition, and personal success is called: a. collectivist b. individualistic c. devloped d. developing
individualistic
"Imagine how hurt you would feel if your friend treated you that way." This type of child-rearing intervention is called: a. induction b. shame inducing c. altruism d. power assertion
induction
What is the middle-childhood psychosocial task, according to Erikson? a. identity b. industry c. initiative d. autonomy
industry
Which psychosocial task involves bending to adult reality and needing to work for what we want? a. identity b. industry c. initiative d. autonomy
industry
In selecting a good day-care center, parents should do everything EXCEPT: a. consider their child's temperament b. look for patient, caring, and empathic caretakers c. look for small child-teacher ratios d. look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a child's primary attachment is to mom and dad
look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a child's primary attachment is to mom and dad
When does proximity-seeking behavior in stressful situations go away? a. never b. at 10 years of age c. at 5 years of age d. when a baby turns one
never
Cognitive behaviorist theorists believe people learn through: a. observation or modeling b. attachment c. behavioral genetics d. operant conditioning
observation or modeling
When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Shareese answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____________ children, because they describe their friendship in terms of ______________ qualities. a. younger; internal b. older; internal c. younger; external d. older; external
older; internal