Lin01Y- Midterm Study Guide

In the sentence "The King of Spain's castle", why is the '-s' marker indicating position attaching to "Spain" and not "King"?

"the King of Spain" is a constituent, and the possessive 's' attaches to the end of the whole constituent

Order the languages from the most to least complex (in terms of case marking):

1. Finnish 2. English 3. Mandarin

Why can't we use orthography to represent speech in linguistics?

1. because this cannot reflect dialectal variation 2. because languages don't have ways to represent sounds they don't use. 3. because most orthographic symbols do not have a one-to-one relationship between phones and symbols 4. because every language uses different orthography.

What are the freedom of work order starting with the free-est word order?

1. case marking 2. person agreement 3. word order

The example with the word "peruse" given in the talk by Anne Curzan highlights a usage problem because:

1. the most common definitions are contradictory 2. a majority of people use the word wrong

How many individual sounds (phones/segments) are in the word 'thumb'?

3

Which statements are true: a. The relationship between phonemes and allophones is the same across languages. b. Phonemes can manifest as different phones in different situations. c. Different phonemes are always represented by different phones. d. The different phones that can represent a phoneme are called allophones. e. A phoneme is a contrastive sound category in a language.

Answer: b, d, e

The second part of the English word "unkempt" comes from the same root as the word "comb" in Middle English; the word originally meant "uncombed". From this, we can conclude that "kempt" is an allomorph of "comb" in English.

False

True or False: Two speech sounds are considered 'the same' when they are spelled the same

False

True or False: A feature is contrastive in a language when a change in that feature cannot cause a change in phonemic category

False

True or False: A root is an affix that tends to contain the main meaning of the word.

False

True or False: Allophonic variation is always predictable because people tend to say what is easier

False

True or False: Case marking involves making sure that the verb agrees with either the subject or the object of the sentence

False

True or False: Derivational affixes tend to attach to more roots than inflectional affixes.

False

True or False: If a language has both rounded and unrounded vowels, that means it uses rounding contrastively

False

True or False: Languages usually have less height contrasts than frontness contrasts

False

True or False: Person agreement is when the arguments of a verb are given morphological markers to indicate grammatical roles.

False

True or False: Syntax is mostly about determining the correct word order for different languages.

False

In Spanish, "com" is the root of the verb "to eat". Spanish speakers attach an "o" to the verb to indicate first person singular present-tense (como=I eat), and "i" to indicate first-person singular past-tense (comi=I ate). This is an example of (inflectional or derivational morphology?)

Inflectional morphology

Articulatory knowledge is procedural knowledge. This means that:

It is knowledge that cannot easily be stated

What is the subject of the sentence: "Jane and her sister went to the store"

Jane and her sister

What is the morphemic separation for the word "Massachusetts"

Massachusetts

What is the least common type of word order?

OSV

nasality is contrastive in:

Portuguese

Neither Spanish nor Hawaiian has a nasal velar sound. If you had to guess, which language do you think may be more likely to develop one at some point in the future?

Spanish

In German, front high vowels are produced with and without rounding, and are considered to belong to different sound categories. This is evidence that rounding is contrastive in German (T or F)

True

True or False: If sounds in two different languages have the same IPA symbol, they are probably still acoustically different in several ways.

True

True or False: Grammaticality judgements are meant to reflect the intuitions of native speakers, more than the "correct" grammar.

True

True or False: Phonemes can usually be realized as several different phones.

True

True or False: Sometimes vowels that differ in length or rounding also have slight differences in height and frontness

True

What is the intrusive 'r'?

When speakers add an 'r' sound in between words to ease articulation

Do the words "comb" and "coat" form a minimal pair?

Yes

Is "inter-" a morpheme in English? It is a borrowing from Latin meaning "between, among", used in words like "international" and "intercontinental" (Can it be combined with many things? Does it add a clear meaning when combined?)

Yes

When you say something like the word 'lap', you can produce the [p] in one of two ways: 1) You can release the [p] by opening your mouth at the end of the word. This results in a puff of air that you can hear [laep] 2) Or you can produce what is called an unreleased stop [p*], and just not open your mouth again Both pronunciations mean the same thing in English. Based on this, which option do you think is true?

[p] and [p*] are allophones of the same phoneme /p/

The sentence "I went" feels incomplete because it is missing:

an argument

shallow vs deep

antonymy

The change in pronunciation of the second [d] in 'would you' is an example of:

assimilation

The word formation process below is an example of: Spanish + english= spanglish

blending

the word formation process below is an example of: hazardous + material= hazmat

blending

In German "der mann liebt die frau" means "the man loves the woman" and the "die frau liebt den mann" means the woman loves the man. Notice that the article (the) in front "mann" changes depending on the grammatical role of the noun. This is an example of:

case marking

The word formation process below is an example of: advertisement--> ad

clipping

What is the morphemic separation for the word "contemplation"

contemplate-ion

Do dictionaries try to reflect usage or the correct way for words?

dictionaries try to reflect usage, even in cases where this is inconsistent or "incorrect"

What is the correct analysis for the word "disappearance"?

dis-appear (Verb), -ance (Affix)

I saw a car crash. There was a car crash.

entailment

True or False: to produce voiced sounds, the vocal folds are held wide open so that air can pass easily, thus generating loud sounds

false

What is the morphemic separation for the word "government"

govern-ment

The parameters used to describe vowels are:

height, frontness, rounding

What is the indirect object in the sentence: "she sent her sister a present"

her sister

flower/flour: a type of plant; finely ground wheat

homophony

race: the act of running competitively; a group of people

homophony

range: a cooking stove; a series of mountains

homophony

steal/steel: rob; a type of metal

homophony

suite vs. sweet

homophony

table vs. furniture

hyponymy

What do the first sounds in the pronunciation of ban and phone have in common?

in both phone and ban, there is lip involvement in the pronunciation of the first sound.

Morphological markers can modify nouns and verbs to indicate grammatical and syntactic roles. These markers are:

inflectional

The vocal folds are contained inside the:

larynx

the vocal tract is from the:

lips to the glottis

What is the correct, complete IPA description for [æ]?

low front vowel

"A recurring sequence of sounds that tend to mean about the same thing"

morpheme

What is the direct object in the sentence: "I bought my skis with my credit card"

my skis

Which of the following is a manner of articulation of English?

nasal, approximant, fricative, affricate

I ate the food and got sick. I got sick after I ate the food.

neither

I was late to school today. I have to be at school by 9 am.

neither

It is raining outside. I can see outside.

neither

Do all English fricatives exist in voicing pairs (ie. voiced and voiceless sounds at every place of articulation)?

no

Do you think its likely that people's intuitions would be a reliable source about the type of allophonic variation present in a language or dialect?

no

Does Spanish have any uvular sounds?

no

In Spanish, [ben] ("ven") means 'come' and [bãn] ('van') means 'they go'. Is this evidence that Nasality is contrastive for vowels in Spanish?

no

green vs blue

nothing

What are the constituents in this sentence: "my brother threw the ball over the fence"

over the fence, my brother, the ball, the fence

Which of the following is NOT a place of articulation of English?

pharynx, uvula

Which characteristic (place/manner/voicing) is shared by the sounds [p], [b], and [m]?

place

the parameters used to describe consonants are:

place, manner, and voicing

key: an instrument used to open a lock; an answer sheet for a test or assignment

polysemy

leech: a blood-sucking bug; a hanger-on who seeks advantage

polysemy

I saw the car crash. There was a car crash.

presupposition

The tornado destroyed the house. There was a tornado.

presupposition

What are the suffixes for the words below (hint: one word has a different suffix, and one word does not have a suffix at all) rider, colder, silver, smoker

rider and smoker= r silver=none colder= er

In the IPA chart, manner of articulation varies across:

rows

Phonemes are:

sound categories in a language

a consonant is defined as:

sounds that involve a constriction along the vocal tract

The 'shape' of a sound is called its:

spectrum

The part of the ear responsible for analyzing speech sounds is:

the cochlea

What is the subject of the sentence: "the girl with the red hair saw the fire"

the girl with the red hair

What is the direct object in the sentence: "I saw the movers drop the statue"

the movers drop the statue

The organization of vowels in the IPA quadrilateral is based on:

the position of the tongue in the mouth during production

What is one of the reasons that the vowel sounds in loot and meet are different?

the tongue is in different positions when the 'oo' and 'ee' sounds are produced

What would the following sentence mean in Latin: "agricolae dat puellam aqua"

the water gives the girl to the farmer

What does it mean to say that a consonant sound is a stop?

this is a manner of articulation. it means that the sound is produced completely obstructing (stopping) the flow of air in the mouth

Anne Curzan highlights many examples of people voicing concerns about new words and pronunciations in English in previous years. Why does she provide these examples?

to show that: 1. the aversion of new words, meanings, and change in general is a common reaction 2. things that we consider normal/proper now were once considered wrong or ungrammatical

What is the correct analysis of the word "un-American"?

un (affix), America-n (adjective)

What is the correct analysis of the word "unaffordable"?

un (affix), afford-able (adjective)

what are the types of phrases in this questions: went to the store to the store the store

verb phrase prepositional phrase noun phrase

What is the correct, complete IPA description for [ŋ]?

voiced velar nasal

Affricates are produced when:

you produce a stop, and then a release this into a stream of high-velocity noise (like "ch")