LING 1000 Final Exam

the linguistic facts of life

-All spoken language changes over time -All spoken languages are equal in terms of linguistic potential -Grammaticality and communicative effectiveness are distinct and independent issues -Written language and spoken language are historically, structural, and functionally fundamentally different creatures -Variation is essential to all spoken language at every level, and much of that variation serves a purpose

3 main sources of variation in language

-language internal pressures -external influences on language -Variation arising from language as a creative vehicle of free expression

what makes up a community of practice

-mutual engagement (work together) -joint enterprise (common goal) -shared repertoire of practices (common language, use of language, other social behaviors) -central ideologies (policies to control practices)

What factors promote bilingualism?

1.Heritage 2.Education 3.Proximity 4.Physical displacement 5.Physiological displacement

Language Appropriation

A type of complex cultural borrowing that involves a dominant group's borrowing of aspects of a target group's language

cameron fought

AMAJORITY SOUND CHANGE IN A MINORITY COMMUNITY:/U/-FRONTING IN CHICANO ENGLISH"

SCOTT KIESLING

Dude is developing into a discourse marker that need not identify an addressee, and more generally encodes the speaker's stance to his or her current address

Penelope Eckert

Jocks & Burnouts: Social Categories and Identity in The High School, Detroit, Michigan

acronyms and initialisms

New words are formed by taking the initial sounds for letters from existing words

the boundaries of the midwest by William Labov

North Central, The North, Midland, and Inland North

blending

Parts of two words are combined to form a new word

Appropriation

Practice a process where by dominant groups may be criticized and challenge when they borrow the cultural forms associated with subordinate groups (Ziff & Rao 1997)

crossing

Shifting into a dialect (or language) other than one's "own"

D.L. RUBIN

Students listened to a taped lecture recorded by a native English speaker with an Ohio Englishaccent. They were then shown an image of a lecturer of Asian background and another photo of lecturer of Caucasian background. Participants in the study who saw the picture of the lecturer fromAsian background believed that they had heard an accentedlecturer and performed worse on a task that measured lecture comprehension

sociolinguistics

The descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society. Including culture norms, expectations, context, the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society

Critical Period Hypothesis

The notion that the acquisition of language is greatly facilitated before age six but steadily compromised thereafter

compounding

Two or more existing words are combined to form a new word

recutting

Two or more existing words are combined to form a new word ( **similar to blending)

hedge like

a form that mitigates the force of what is said

Genre

a language style associated with a well-defined situation of use; often ritualized and formulaic.

vowel shift

a systematic sound change in the pronunciation of the vowel sounds of a language

approximation like

a value or quantity that is nearly but not exactly correct

Register

a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting

style shift

adjusting or changing from one style of speech to another

AAVE

african american vernacular english

Noam Chomsky

an American linguistthat proposes that our brains are hard-wired for language; it's in our DNA.

B. Johnstone

authentic Pittsburgh: sociolinguistics authenticity and the linguistics of particularity

dialect

both a person's accent and the grammatical features of the way that person talks

invention

coinage of entirely new words; cannot be explained by any of the above word formation rules

chicano english

contact between Mexican Spanish and American English

LAUREN HALL-LEW AND NOLA STEPHENS

country talk

variant

different ways of saying the same thing

Linguistic Profiling

discrimination based on the identification (whether correct or incorrect) of a person's ethnic or other social identity based on their voice (Wolfram & Shilling-Estes)

Dr. Robert Williams

ebonics ("ebony" + "phonetics")

Bucholtz Et Al. (2007)

hella nor cal or totally so cal?

phoneme

individual sound of the IPA

quotative like

instead of quotes

meaning

interpretation of language and expression

New Information like

introduction of new concepts or entities

polyglot

knowing or using several languages

Mary Bucholtz

language used by white preppies, hip hop fans, and nerds in a Bay Area high school, urban California high school

Dennis Preston

led is a major proponent to contemporary perceptual dialectology. His map-labeling task has been a benchmark for the advancement in the field

isogloss

line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features

discourse markers

linguistic forms that generally have little lexical import but serve significant pragmatic functions in conversation

are there any single style speakers?

no

context

origins, history andevolution of language, as well as its social implications and neurological processing

Speech accommodation

our ability to modify our speech style toward or away from the style of the person we are talking to

idiolect

personal dialect of individual speaker

linguistics

scientific study of language

JOHN BAUGH

sociolinguist whose primary research areas have to do with the social stratification of English and with discriminatory practices toward individuals and groups who do not command the dominant linguistic norms of their communities

semantics

study of meaning

pragmatics

study of meaning in context

syntax

study of sentence formation

structure (grammar)

the collection of rules that govern the composition of words, phrases, sentences and sounds

Rosina Lippi-Green

the linguistic facts of life

infixation

the process whereby an affix (called an infix) is inserted in the middle of a word, i.e., 'expletive infixe

Semantic shift

the structure of a word remains the same, but its meaning shifts from its original meaning to a new meaning

perceptual dialectology

the study of how non-linguists perceive variation in language-- where they believe it exists, where they believe it comes from, and how they believe it functions

phonology

the study of language sounds

morphology

the study of word formation

accent

the way somebody pronounces words

descriptivist

what are the forms and how do they function

Focus like

what follows will be important information

prescriptivist

what forms should people use and what functions should they serve

Phonological Interference

when phonological characteristics of the L1 are carried over into the L2

reduplicatives

words are formed through compound-like combinations of parts that are related phonologically, such as by rhyme

JAN TILLERY &GUY BAILEY

y'all in Oklahoma