Linguistics

If Sarah could use a gray plastic shape to convey the meaning of the word red, which property does her "language" seem to have?

Arbitrariness

When can we say the human auditory system has begun working?

At about two months before birth (or seven months in the womb)

Which word-formation process is the source of the English word modem?

Blending.

what kind of morpheme is the suffix in slowly?

Bound or derivational

Why is it difficult to agree with Psammetichus that Phrygian must have been the original human language?

First, his conclusion was based on very little evidence and, second, it seems more reasonable to assume that the children in his study were producing a goatlike sound from their immediate environment rather than a Phrygian sound from a distant language.

What is the difference in grammatical gender and natural gender?

Grammatical gender is based on the type of noun, such as masculine or feminine or neuter, and is not tied to sex. Natural gender is based on sex as a biological distinction between male, female, and neither male nor female.

Duality

Human language is organized in two levels simultaneously.

Which process is clearly involved in creating the new term selfie?

Hypocorism

The Natural Sound Source

Idea that primitive words were imitations of natural sounds

Divine Source

If human infants grew up without hearing any language, they would spontaneously begin using the original God given language.

What is the difference between the position of the larynx in humans and other primates?

It is much lower in the throat in humans

tool making source

Manual gestures may have been precursor of language. The human brain (lateralized) area of motor cortex is very close to the articulatory area. Tool-using --- Language-using

What kind of opposites can be identified via the "negative test"?

Non-gradable antonyms

What kind of evidence is used to support the idea that language is culturally transmitted?

One example of the cultural transmission of language is a child with physical features inherited from its natural parents (e.g. Korean) who, if adopted at birth by English speakers, will grow up speaking English (and not Korean).

Antonomy

Opposite meanings; some are gradable; marked, unmarked. married/single

What is the tense and voice of the verb in the following sentence? My parents were married in Rome.

Past tense, passive voice.

Displacement

That humans can refer to past and future time

Reflextivity

That we can use language to think and talk about language itself

homophones

These are words that are pronounced the same, but have different meanings. bare/bear

How did the Gardners try to show that Washoe was not simply repeating signs made by interacting humans?

They designed experiments in which no humans could provide cues and Washoe could still produce correct signs to identify objects in pictures.

In indonesian, the singular form of translating "child" is anak and the plural form ("children") is anakanak. What is the technical term used to describe this relationship?

This is an example of reduplication (i.e. repeating all or part of a form as a way of indicating, for example, that a noun is plural).

When is an eponym a neologism?

When an eponym (a word based on the name of a person or a place) is used as a new word in the language, it is a neologism. When the Earl of Sandwich's friends started calling his new snack "a sandwich," they created a neologism with an eponym.

What are the functional morphemes in the following sentence? When she walked into the room, the doctor asked me if I had a sore throat or an annoying cough.

When, she, into, the, the, me, if, I, a, or, an.

Productivity

With productivity, the system can create new expressions and the potential number of expressions is infinite.

What was the name of the "language# that Lana learned?

Yerkish

What kind of generative rule is this: N-(girl,dog,boy)

a lexical rule

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category

fixed reference

a property of a communication system whereby each signal is fixed as relating to one particular object or occasion

Arbitrariness

a property of language describing the fact that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning

Using semantic features, how would you explain the oddness of these sentences? (a) The television drank my water. (b) His dog writes poetry.

a) The verb drink requires a subject with the feature [+animate] and the noun television has the feature [-animate]. (b) The verb write requires a subject with the feature [+human] and the noun dog has the feature [-human]

What are inflectional morphemes?

does not change either the root's class of words or the meaning. The word 'books', for example, derives from the root BOOK added with a suffix -S. Both 'book' and 'books' are NOUN. The meaning is still the same. The suffix -S only indicates the plural form.

How many pragmatic markers are used in the following interaction? Mana: Why does everyone think he's a genius, I mean, he gets things wrong like the rest of us, doesn't he? Maka:Well, I don't know, he got that award last year for innovation, you know, the brill award, at the convention in New york, I think it was.

four (I mean, Well, I don't know, you know)

Polysemy

having many possible meanings or interpretations (e.g head on human head of a glass)

What are the anaphoric expressions in the following sentence? Dr. Foster gave Andy some medicine after he told her about his headaches and she advised him to take the pills three times a day until the pain went away.

he, her, his, she, him, the pills, the pain

In Khmu, the word kap means "to grasp with tongs", and tiap means "to fold a small package" What would be the words for "tongs" and "a small package" ?

krnap and trniap

List the bound morphemes in these words: Fearlessly, happier, misleads, previewer , shortening, unreconstructed

less-ly, er, pre-er, t-en, -ing, un-re-constuct-ed

Which english words was Viki reported to be able to say?

mama, papa, cup.

Cultural transmission

the process whereby a language is passed on from one generation to the next

Which words in the following sentence would you put in a closed class? Bob brought hot donuts to class.

to

direct speech act

utterance that performs its function in a direct and literal manner

indirect speech act

utterance whose meaning depends on context rather than on literal meaning

calque

word or expression introduced into a language by literally translating it

Hononyms

words that sound alike, but they have different meanings like bark (dog) and bark (tree)

Social Interaction source

yo-he-ho-theory Idea that the source could be the sounds people make involved in physical efforts. (Grunts, groans, hums,..) (This idea places the development in a SOCIAL CONTEXT!) -- sounds were used in SOCIAL INTERACTION

What prescriptive rules for the "proper" use of English are not obeyed in the following sentences and how would they be corrected? (a) The old theory consistently failed to fully explain all the data. (b) I can't remember the name of the person I gave the book to.

"You must not split an infinitive." (to fully explain → to explain fully) (ii) "You must not end a sentence with a preposition." (the person I gave the book to → the person to whom I gave the book)

What was the original literal meaning of syntax in Greek?

"a putting together" or "arrangement"

What semantic feature must a noun have in order to be used in this sentence?

(+Human)

What are the allomorphs of the morpheme "plural" in the following set of English words? Criteria, dogs, oxen, deer, judges, stimuli

(OR on → a); -s; -en; Ø; -es or /-əz/; -i (OR -us → -i)

What are the inflectional morphemes in these expressions? (a) Have you eaten yet? (b) Do you know how long i've been waiting? (c) She's younger than me and always dresses in the latest style. (d)We looked through my grandmother's old photo albums. (e)My parents' parents were all from Scotland.

(a) -en (b) -en, -ing (c)-er, -es, -est (d)-ed, -'s, -s (e)-s', -s

Metonomy

A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. King/crown

Can you identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing each of the underlined words in these sentences? (a) AIDS (b) Fandamntastic (c)Skateboards, kickass (d) doc, vet (e)burgled, babysitting (f)Sofa, comfy (g)toastie, brekky (h)button, velcro

(a) Acronym (b)Infixing (c)compounding and conversion (d)clipping (e)conversion (f)Borrowing and hypocorism (g)two examples of hypocorism from "toasted sandwich" and "breakfast" (h)conversion of the noun ("a button") to a verb and blending of two words ("velours croché"), borrowed from French

What kind of deictic expressions are used here (e.g We = person deixis)? (a) We went there last summer? (b) I'm busy now so you can't stay here. Come back later.

(a) We (person deixis), went there (spatial deixis), last summer (temporal deixis) (b) I, you (person deixis), here, come back (spatial deixis), now, later (temporal deixis)

What is the obvious presupposition of a speaker who says: (a) Your clock isn't working. (b) Where did he find the money? (c)We regret buying that car. (d)The king of france is bald.

(a) You have a clock (b) He found the money (c) We bought the car (d) France has a king

Which of the following pairs contains an example of calque? How you describe the others? (a) footobooru (Japanese) - football (English) (b) trening (Hungarian) - Training (English) (c) Luna de miel (spanish "moon of honey") - honeymoon (English) (d) jardin d'enfants (French "garden of children") - Kindergarten (Germen "children garden")

(a) and (b) = borrowin (c) and (d) = calque

what is the basic relation between each pair of words listed here? (a) assemble/disassemble (b) damp/moist (c)deep/shallow (d)dog/schnauzer (e)Furniture/table (f) married/single (g)move/run (h)peace/piece (i)high/low

(a) antonymy (reversives), (b) synonymy, (c) antonymy, (gradable), (d) hyponymy, (e) hyponymy, (f) antonymy (non-gradable), (g) hyponymy, (h) homophony (or homophones), (i) homonymy (or homonyms)

More than one process was involved in the creation of the forms underlined in these sentences. Can you identify the process involved in each case? (a) FedEx (b)carjackings (c)hoover (d)temp (e)blogging (f)decaf

(a) blending plus conversion (noun → verb) (b) blending plus conversion (verb → noun) (c) eponym plus conversion (noun → verb) (d) clipping plus conversion (noun → verb) (e) blending plus conversion (noun → verb) (f) clipping .Conversion from noun (caffeine) to adjective (decaffeinated) to noun (decaf) has also taken place.

Someone stands between you and the TV set you're watching, so you decide to say one of the following. Identify which would be direct or indirect speech acts. (a) Move! (b)You're in the way. (c)Could you please sit down? (Please get out of the way.

(a) direct, (b) indirect, (c) indirect, (d) direct

How do we describe the pragmatic difference in interpreting each of these utterances? (a) You can borrow my Shakespeare. (b) The ham sandwich left without paying. (c)The hernia in room 5 wants to talk to the doctor. (d)My eleven-thirty canceled so I had an early lunch.

(a) if X is the name of a writer of a book, then X can be used to identify a copy of a book by that writer (in an educational setting) (b) if X is the name of a meal, then X can be used to refer to the person who orders the meal (in a restaurant setting) (c) if X is the name of a medical condition, then X can be used to refer to the person with that medical condition (in a medical setting) (d) if X is the time of an appointment, X can be used to refer to the person with that appointment (in a business office setting) =Inference

In these examples, is the speaker appealing to positive or negative face? (a) If you're free, there's going to be a party at Yuri's place on saturday. (b)Let's go to the party at Yuri's place on saturday. Everyone's invited.

(a) negative (If you're free), (b) positive (Let's go)

How many words are there in the word terrorists?

3 terror-ist-s

When did written language develop?

5000 years ago

hypocorism

A longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then -y or -ie is added to the end.

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the sound it represents.

What precentage of human breathing while speaking normally consists of in-breaths?

About 10%

What part of speech is lovely in the following sentence? We saw a lovely rainbow yesterday.

Adjective

Which of these words contains and allomorph of the morpheme "past tense" : Are, have, must, sitting, waits.

All of them.

What is the technical term for the phrase an old car in its relationship with it in the following utterance? I have an old car, and it runs great.

Antecedant.

Do phrase structure rules represent deep structure or surface structure?

Deep structure

How many regular inflectional morphemes are there in English?

Eight.

Why do you think that young deaf children who become fluent in sign language would be cited in support of the innateness hypothesis?

If these deaf children do not develop speech first, then their language ability would not seem to depend on those physical adaptations of the teeth, larynx, etc. that are involved in speaking. If all children (including those born deaf) can acquire language at about the same time, they must be born with a special capacity to do so. The conclusion is that it must be innate and hence genetically determined

What was wrong with the older Latin-influenced definition of English pronouns?

In the older definition, pronouns were described as "words used in place of nouns." If this was correct, we could use he instead of man and it instead of sandwich, and rewrite The man ate the sandwich as *The he ate the it. Because we usually say He (= The man) ate it (= the sandwich), it would be better to define pronouns as "words used in place of noun phrases."

Identify the roles of the seven noun phrases in this sentence: With her new golf club, Anne Marshall whacked the ball from the woods to the grassy area near the hole and she suddenly felt invincible.

Instrument (her new golf club), Agent (Anne Marshall), Theme (the ball), Source (the woods), Goal (the grassy area), Location (the hole), Experiencer (she)

Why are interjections such as Ooh! or Yuck! considered to be unlikely sources of human speech sounds?

Interjections contain sounds that are not otherwise used in ordinary speech production. They are usually produced with sudden intakes of breath, which is the opposite of ordinary talk, produced on exhaled breath.

Physical Adaptation Source

Physical features might have been able to support speech production.

What is the basic idea behind the "bow-wow" theory of language origin?

Primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds that early humans heard around them and all modern languages have words that are onomatopoeic in some way (like "bow-wow").

Which of the following words would you put in an open class: I put it on the shelf near you and him.

Put,shelf

Synonomy

Relationship between two words that share the same meaning and can be intechanged within a sentance. Almost/nearly

What phrase is used more often instead of "thematic roles" and what other term is used instead of "theme" in the semantic analysis of the noun phrases?

Semantic roles and patient

What was considered to be the key element in Kanzi's language learning?

The key element seemed to be early exposure to language in use.

the "pooh-pooh" theory

The original sounds of language may have come from natural cries of emotion such as pain, anger and joy.

Where is the pharynx and how did it become an important part of human sound production?

The pharynx is above the larynx (or the voice box or the vocal folds). When the larynx moved lower, the pharynx became longer and acted as a resonator, resulting in increased range and clarity of sounds produced via the larynx

With which of the "sources" would you associate the following quotation? "Chewing, licking and sucking are extremely widespread mammalian activities, which in terms of casual observation, have obvious similarities with speech." (MacNeilage,1998)

The physical adaptation source

How is the term "prototype" used in semantics?

The prototype is the characteristic instance of a category, as in the case of "robin" being the clearest example, or prototype, of the category "bird" for many American English speakers.

Hyponomy

The relationship between general and specific lexical items. Dog is a hyponym of animal.

What is wrong with the following rule of English syntactic structure? "A prepositional phrase rewrites as a preposition followed by a noun"

This rule will produce both grammatical structures (with Mary), but also ungrammatical structures (*with woman), which is undesirable in terms of the "all and only" criterion. The rule can be improved by replacing "noun" with "noun phrase" to be able to generate both with Mary and with a woman.

collocation

Two or more words that co-occur in a language more often that would be expected by chance.

coinage

Typical sources are trade names for commercial products that become general terms (e.g google)

Which two processes were involved in the creation of the verb google, as in Have you ever googled yourself?

coinage (to create the noun) and conversion (changing noun to verb)

Which of these words has a bound stem- consist, deceive, introduce, repeat?

all of them (-sist, -ceive, -duce, -peat)

What do we call the process whereby a new word is formed to be similar to an existing word?

analogy

Which of the following words are co-hyponyms? Ant, cabbage, insect, plant, turnip, vegetable?

cabbage and turnip

Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in these words: misfortune, terrorism, carelessness, disagreement, ineffective, unfaithful, prepackaged, biodegradable, reincarnation, decentralization.

mis- + fortune; terror + -ism; care + -less + -ness; dis- + agree + -ment; in- + effect + -ive; un- + faith + -ful; pre- + pack + -age + -ed; bio- + de- + grade + -able; re- + in- + carn + -ation (Latin root carn ("flesh")); de- + cent(e)r + -al + -ize + - ation

What property did Washoe's language seemto have when she used an expression such as "waterbird" to refer to a swan?

productivity

Anaphora

referring back