Logic Final
-Determine whether the disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of the two. If verbal, state whether the dispute arises from vagueness or ambiguity. KATHY: I was saddened to hear about the death of your uncle. He was such a wonderful man. You must be consoled knowing that he's enjoying his heavenly reward. ANNE: Thanks, but I'm afraid I don't know what you mean. If death is the end of life, how could my uncle be alive right now in heaven? -A combination of verbal (ambiguity) and factual. Ambiguity arises from the term 'death', and Kathy appears to claim that an afterlife exists, whereas Anne appears to deny this. -A combination of verbal (vagueness) and factual. Vagueness arises from the term 'uncle', and Kathy appears to claim that an afterlife exists, whereas Anne appears to deny this. -Verbal (vagueness) arising from the term 'death'.
A combination of verbal (ambiguity) and factual. Ambiguity arises from the term 'death', and Kathy appears to claim that an afterlife exists, whereas Anne appears to deny this.
-Determine whether the disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of the two. If verbal, state whether the dispute arises from vagueness or ambiguity. HAROLD: Professor Steinbeck is the most intelligent man I know. His lecture series on matter and consciousness was simply brilliant. JOYCE: Steinbeck is actually an idiot. Yesterday I watched while he tried to get his car started. When it wouldn't start, he opened the hood, and he didn't even notice that someone had stolen the battery. -A combination of verbal (ambiguity) and factual. Ambiguity arises from the term 'intelligence', which could be used to refer to academic knowledge or practical abilities. Also, Harold appears to think that Steinbeck's lectures are worth seeing, whereas Joyce appears to deny this. -Verbal (vagueness) arising from the term 'brilliant'. -A combination of verbal (vagueness) and factual. Vagueness arises from the term 'intelligence', which could be used to refer to academic knowledge or practical abilities. Also, Harold appears to think that Steinbeck's lectures are worth seeing, whereas Joyce appears to deny this.
A combination of verbal (ambiguity) and factual. Ambiguity arises from the term 'intelligence', which could be used to refer to academic knowledge or practical abilities. Also, Harold appears to think that Steinbeck's lectures are worth seeing, whereas Joyce appears to deny this.
A hypothesis is: A prediction derived from prior observations. A conclusion derived from the evidence. A conjecture created by the mind of the investigator. A deductive implication from a higher level theory.
A conjecture created by the mind of the investigator.
Given the following syllogistic form: All P are M. No S are M. All S are P. What is the mood and figure? AOA-3. AIA-2. AEA-3. AEA-2. EAE-2.
AEA-2
Given the categorical proposition: "All statues that are not made of stone are statues that are currently melting." What is the quality? affirmative particular negative universal
Affirmative
Given the categorical proposition: "All wiretaps that are approved without a warrant are surveillance techniques that are not legal." What is the quality? Negative. Particular. Affirmative. Universal. Not.
Affirmative
Given the categorical proposition: "All wiretaps that are approved without a warrant are surveillance techniques that are not legal." What is the quantifier? Universal. Particular. All. Are not. Are.
All
Choose the correct uses of the counter example method All homeless people who are panhandlers are destitute individuals. Therefore, all homeless people are destitute individuals. -All H who are P are D. Therefore, all H are D. All humans who are female are women. Therefore, all women are females. -All H who are P are D. Therefore, all H are D. All humans who are female are women. Therefore, all females are women. -All H who are P are D. Therefore, all H are D. All humans who are female are women. Therefore, all humans are women.
All H who are P are D. Therefore, all H are D. All humans who are female are women. Therefore, all humans are women.
Choose the correct uses of the counter example method All meticulously constructed timepieces are true works of art, for all Swiss watches are true works of art and all Swiss watches are meticulously constructed timepieces. -All S are T. All S are M. Thus, all M are T. All dogs are mammals. (T) All dogs are animals. (T) Thus, all animals are mammals. (F) -Some S are T. All S are M. Thus, all M are T. Some dogs are mammals. (T) All dogs are animals. (T) Thus, all animals are mammals. (F) -All S are T. All S are M. Thus, all M are T. All dogs are mammals. (T) All dogs are animals. (T) Thus, all mammals are dogs. (F)
All S are T. All S are M. Thus, all M are T. All dogs are mammals. (T) All dogs are animals. (T) Thus, all animals are mammals. (F)
Select the best translation for each categorical proposition. None but children are eligible. -All children are eligible persons. -No children are eligible persons, and all non-children are eligible persons. -No children are eligible persons. -All ineligible persons are children. -All eligible persons are children.
All eligible persons are children
Select the best translation for each categorical proposition. President Lincoln was assassinated. -All persons identical to President Lincoln were assassinated persons. -No persons who were not assassinated are persons not identical to President Lincoln. -Some persons identical to President Lincoln are persons who were assassinated. -All persons identical to President Lincoln are persons who were assassinated. -All persons like president Lincoln are persons who were assassinated.
All persons identical to president Lincoln are persons who were assassinated
Select the best translation for each categorical proposition. The only plants in this garden are roses. Some roses are not plants in this garden. All roses are the only plants in this garden. All plants in this garden are things identical to non-roses. All roses are plants in this garden. All plants in this garden are roses.
All plants in this garden are roses
Select the best translation for each categorical proposition. It must be in standard form! Friendships are not tolerable unless they are loving. All loving friendships are tolerable friendships. All tolerable friendships are loving friendships. Some tolerable friendships are loving friendships. All tolerable friendships are loving friendships, and all friendships that are not loving are friendships that are not tolerable.
All tolerable friendships are loving friendships.
An example of an empirical hypothesis is: -An undiscovered planet is responsible for deviations in the orbit of Uranus. -Life comes only from life. -Life is spontaneously generated from lifeless matter. -Nature abhors a vacuum.
An undiscovered planet is responsible for deviations in the orbit of Uranus.
Given the categorical proposition: "All statues that are not made of stone are statues that are currently melting." What is the copula? not are melting that are currently
Are
Given the categorical proposition: "All wiretaps that are approved without a warrant are surveillance techniques that are not legal." What is the copula? -Are not legal. -Are. -Affirmative. -Are not. -All.
Are
Given the following syllogistic form: Some M are not P. No S are M. Some S are not P. after filling in the Venn diagram,
Areas 2 and 3 are shaded, and there is an X in area 1.
Given the following syllogistic form: No M are P. All S are M. Therefore, some S are not P. How should the Venn diagram be completed? -Areas 3, 4, 5, and 6 are shaded, and there is an X in area 2. -Areas 3, 4, 5, and 6 are shaded, and there is an X in area 6. -Areas 3, 4, 5 and 6 are shaded, and there are no other marks. -Areas 1, 2, and 3 are shaded. -Areas 3 and 4 are shaded, and there is an X on the line between areas 2 and 5.
Areas 3, 4, 5 and 6 are shaded, and there are no other marks.
~Is this an argument? If yes, determine the conclusion. If not, determine the kind of non-argument ~Mortality rates for women undergoing early abortions, where the procedure is legal, appear to be as low as or lower than the rates for normal childbirth. Consequently, any interest of the state in protecting the woman from an inherently hazardous procedure, except when it would be equally dangerous for her to forgo it, has largely disappeared. -Nonargument (loosely associated statements) -Argument (conclusion: Mortality rates for women undergoing early abortions, where the procedure is legal, appear to be as low as or lower than the rates for normal childbirth.) -Nonargument (illustration) -Argument (conclusion: Any interest of the state in protecting the woman from an inherently hazardous procedure, except when it would be equally dangerous for her to forgo it, has largely disappeared.)
Argument (conclusion: Any interest of the state in protecting the woman from an inherently hazardous procedure, except when it would be equally dangerous for her to forgo it, has largely disappeared.)
Select the best translation for each categorical proposition. It must be in standard form! Christmas never occurs in February. No times Christmas occurs are times in February. No Christmases are in February. All times Christmas occurs are not times in February. All times in February are not times Christmas occurs.
No times Christmas occurs are times in February.
~Is this an argument? If yes, determine the conclusion. If not, determine the kind of non-argument ~Economics is of practical value in business. An understanding of the overall operation of the economic system puts the business executive in a better position to formulate policies. The executive who understands the causes and consequences of inflation is better equipped during inflationary periods to make more-intelligent decisions than otherwise. -Nonargument (opinion) -Argument (conclusion: The executive who understands the causes and consequences of inflation is better equipped during inflationary periods to make more-intelligent decisions than otherwise.) -Argument (conclusion: Economics is of practical value in business.)
Argument (conclusion: Economics is of practical value in business.)
Given the following syllogism: No fish are bears. All bears are mammals. Some mammals are not fish. What is the middle term? All No bears mammals fish
Bears
You are given a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and a new statement. You must determine how the new statement is related to the given statement and determine the truth value of the new statement. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint and assume that 'A' and 'B' denote things that actually exist. No A are B. (True) Some A are B. (?) Contrary. (False) Contradiction. (False) Subalternation. (True) Contraposition. (Und.)
Contradiction. (False)
You are given a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and a new statement. You must determine how the new statement is related to the given statement and determine the truth value of the new statement. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint and assume that 'A' and 'B' denote things that actually exist. No A are B. (True) All A are B. (?) Obversion. (True) Contrary. (False) Contradictory. (False) Subcontrary. (Und.)
Contrary (false)
You are given a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and a new statement. You must determine how the new statement is related to the given statement and determine the truth value of the new statement. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint and assume that 'A' and 'B' denote things that actually exist. No A are non-B. (True) No non-B are A. (?) Conversion. (True) Conversion. (False) Contraposition. (Und.) Obversion. (True)
Conversion. (True)
Either classical culture originated in Greece, or it originated in Egypt. Classical culture did not originate in Egypt. Therefore, classical culture originated in Greece. Inductive or Deductive
Deductive
The Matterhorn is higher than Mount Whitney, and Mount Whitney is higher than Mount Rainier. The obvious conclusion is that the Matterhorn is higher than Mount Rainier. Inductive or Deductive
Deductive
An argument that presents two alternatives and eliminates one, leaving the other as the conclusion, is an inductive argument. T or F
F
Passages that contain indicator words such as "thus," "since," and "because" are always arguments. T or F
F
T or F A sound argument may be invalid.
F
The proposition "No scientific experiments are occurrences that do not involve atoms" is an: I-type. E-type. A-type. U-type. O-type.
E-Type
T or F A sound argument may have a false conclusion.
F
The agreement of Marie Curie's hypothesis about the existence of radium with Mendeleev's periodic table of the elements is an illustration of: Fruitfulness. Internal coherence. External consistency. Predictability.
External consistency.
-Determine whether the disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of the two. If verbal, state whether the dispute arises from vagueness or ambiguity. ANTHONY: The sun is much smaller than the earth. You see, it's just a small thing up there in the sky. Therefore, since the sun's gravitational attraction is proportional to its mass, the sun's gravity is less than the earth's. CINDY: You are as stupid as they come. I agree the mass of the sun is less than that of the earth, but its volume is greater. Therefore, since gravitational attraction is proportional to volume, the sun's gravity is greater than the earth's. -Verbal (vagueness) arising from the term 'stupid'. -Factual in two ways. First, is the sun's volume greater or less than the earth's, and second, is gravity proportional to a body's mass or its volume? Of course, both disputants are mistaken about the comparative mass of the sun and earth. -Verbal (ambiguity) arising from the term 'sun'.
Factual in two ways. First, is the sun's volume greater or less than the earth's, and second, is gravity proportional to a body's mass or its volume? Of course, both disputants are mistaken about the comparative mass of the sun and earth.
The ability of Pasteur's hypothesis to suggest procedures for maintaining sterile conditions in hospitals is an illustration of: Internal coherence. Adequacy. Fruitfulness. External consistency.
Fruitfulness.
Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form? No logicians are able to avoid every logical mistake. No NBA teams are completely terrible. Not every restaurant serves organic food. All sleep aids are not drugs without side effects. Some logic classes are classes that I have enjoyed taking.
Some logic classes are classes that I have enjoyed taking
Tyler is considering the purchase of a new Whirlpool dishwasher. Tyler's friend Bob bought a new Whirlpool dishwasher six months ago, and he finds that the dishwasher gets all of his dishes sparkling clean. Tyler reasons that a new Whirlpool dishwasher will do just as well for him. How does the following fact bear on Tyler's conclusion? Tyler's dishwasher has a stainless steel front panel, while Bob's is brown colored enamel. Has no effect. Weakens. Strengthens.
Has no effect
Inductive arguments, determine whether it's strong or weak, cogent or un-cogent The vast majority of Rose Bowl games (in Pasadena, California) have been played in freezing-cold weather. Therefore, probably the next Rose Bowl game will be played in freezing-cold weather.
Strong, un cogent
The statement "Some changes in the economy are occurrences caused by inflation" is a(n): E-proposition. I-proposition. A-proposition. O-proposition.
I-proposition
Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States, was caused by a huge volcanic eruption 7,700 years ago. Since human beings have lived around the mountain for more than 10,000 years, it is likely that people witnessed that eruption. Inductive or Deductive
Inductive
Deductive argument, determine if it's valid or invalid, sound or unsound Since the Spanish-American War occurred before the U.S. Civil War, and the U.S. Civil War occurred after the Korean War, it follows that the Spanish-American War occurred before the Korean War.
Invalid, Unsound
Given the following syllogistic form: Some M are not P. No S are M. Some S are not P. Is the argument valid or invalid from the Boolean standpoint? Valid, no fallacy. Invalid, exclusive premises. Invalid, undistributed middle. Invalid, illicit major.
Invalid, exclusive premises
Is the categorical syllogism in the previous question valid or invalid from the Boolean standpoint? Invalid, existential fallacy Valid Conditionally valid Unconditionally valid
Invalid, existential fallacy
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint (this is important!) for these problems. It is false that some three-sided squares are common shapes. Therefore, some three-sided squares are not common shapes. Valid, no fallacy. Invalid, illicit subalternation. Invalid, illicit contrary. Invalid, existential fallacy. Invalid, illicit subcontrary.
Invalid, existential fallacy
Given the following syllogistic form: All M are P. All M are S. Some S are P. Is the argument valid or invalid from the Boolean standpoint? Invalid, illicit minor. Valid, no fallacy. Invalid, exclusive premises. Invalid, existential fallacy.
Invalid, existential fallacy.
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint for these problems. All fairies are magical creatures. Therefore, some fairies are magical creatures. Valid, no fallacy. Invalid, existential fallacy. Invalid, illicit subalternation. Invalid, illicit contrary.
Invalid, existential fallacy.
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint (this is important!) for these problems. It is false that no vending machines are heavy devices. Therefore, all vending machines are heavy devices. Invalid, illicit subcontrary. Invalid, illicit contrary. Invalid, illicit contraposition. Invalid, illicit subalternation. Invalid, existential fallacy.
Invalid, illicit contrary
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint for these problems. It is false that all astronauts are engineers. Therefore, no astronauts are engineers. Valid, no fallacy. Invalid, illicit subalternation. Invalid, illicit contrary. Invalid, existential fallacy.
Invalid, illicit contrary.
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint (this is important!) for these problems. Some car loans are not significant burdens. Therefore, some significant burdens are not car loans. Valid, no fallacy. Invalid, illicit conversion. Invalid, illicit subalternation. Invalid, illicit contraposition. Invalid, illicit contrary.
Invalid, illicit conversion
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint (this is important!) for these problems. Some mistakes are not terrible tragedies. Therefore, no mistakes are terrible tragedies. Invalid, illicit contraposition. Invalid, illicit contrary. Valid, no fallacy Invalid, illicit subalternation. Invalid, existential fallacy.
Invalid, illicit subaltercation
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint for these problems. It is false that no football games are loud events. Therefore, it is false that some football games are not loud events. Invalid, illicit contraposition. Invalid, illicit subcontrary. Invalid, illicit subalternation. Valid, no fallacy.
Invalid, illicit subalternation.
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint (this is important!) for these problems. Some drugs are not addictive substances. Therefore, some drugs are addictive substances. Invalid, illicit subcontrary. Invalid, illicit contrary. Valid, no fallacy. Invalid, illicit subalternation. Invalid, illicit contraposition.
Invalid, illicit subcontrary
One of the implications of the radium hypothesis was: -An electrometer could be used to measure the intensity of X-rays. -Mixing pitchblende with impurities would increase the emission of rays. -Mixing pure uranium with impurities would increase the emission of rays. -Mixing uranium with radioactive thorium would increase the emission of rays.
Mixing pure uranium with impurities would increase the emission of rays.
When we say that the combination of heat, oxygen, and combustible material (and perhaps a chemical chain reaction too) causes a fire, we mean 'cause' in the sense of a: Necessary and a sufficient condition. Sufficient but not a necessary condition. Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
Necessary and a sufficient condition.
When we say that sunshine causes plants to grow, we mean 'cause' in the sense of a: Necessary and a sufficient condition. Sufficient but not a necessary condition. Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
When we say that throwing a football causes an interception, we mean 'cause' in the sense of a: Sufficient but not a necessary condition. Necessary but not a sufficient condition. Necessary and a sufficient condition.
Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
Select the best translation for each categorical proposition. Snakes are not mammals. Some mammals are not snakes. No non-mammals are snakes. No things identical to snakes are things identical to non-mammals. All snakes are not mammals. No snakes are mammals.
No snakes are mammals
Select the best translation for each categorical proposition. It must be in standard form! All of the tools except the hammers are rusted. All tools that are not rusted are hammers. All tools that are not hammers are tools that are rusted. No hammers are tools that are rusted. No hammers are tools that are rusted, and all tools that are not hammers are tools that are rusted.
No hammers are tools that are rusted, and all tools that are not hammers are tools that are rusted.
Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form? Every increase in military spending causes concern in foreign capitals. No novelists are people who like to watch movies. All philosophers have extremely long reading lists. Digital cameras are devices that contain microchips.
No novelists are people who like to watch movies.
~Is this an argument? If yes, determine the conclusion. If not, determine the kind of non-argument ~I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. -Argument (conclusion: I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.) -Nonargument (statement of belief) -Nonargument (expository passage)
Nonargumwent (Statement of belief)
Given the following syllogistic form: Some M are not P. Some S are M. Some S are not P. What is the mood and figure? IOI-4. OIO-4. IOI-1. OEO-1. OIO-1.
OIO-1
Marie Curie discovered radium by breaking down: Plutonium. Thorium. Pitchblende. Uranium.
Pitchblende
Suppose an implication derived from a hypotheses turns out to be false. This occurrence: Shows that the hypothesis should never have been formulated. Indicates that the hypothesis was derived deductively. Provides evidence that the hypothesis is false. Proves that the hypothesis is grounded in defective reasoning.
Provides evidence that the hypothesis is false.
Choose the correct uses of the counter example method Some politicians are people who will stop at nothing to win an election, and no people who will stop at nothing to win an election are true statesmen. Hence, no politicians are true statesmen. -Some P are W. No W are T. Hence, some P are T. Some animals are dogs. (T) No dogs are fish. (T) Hence, some animals are fish. (F) -Some P are W. No W are T. Hence, no P are T. Some animals are dogs. (T) No dogs are fish. (T) Hence, no animals are fish. (F) -No P are W. All W are T. Hence, no P are T. No animals are dogs. (T) All dogs are fish. (T) Hence, no animals are fish. (F)
Some P are W. No W are T. Hence, no P are T. Some animals are dogs. (T) No dogs are fish. (T) Hence, no animals are fish. (F)
Given the categorical proposition "All baseball players are competitive people." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is: Some baseball players are not competitive people. No baseball players are competitive people. Some baseball players are competitive people. All baseball players are not competitive people.
Some baseball players are not competitive people
Given the categorical proposition "All cases of asthma are maladies that affect breathing." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is: All cases of asthma are not maladies that affect breathing. Some cases of asthma are maladies that affect breathing. Some cases of asthma are not maladies that affect breathing. No cases of asthma are maladies that affect breathing.
Some cases of asthma are not maladies that affect breathing.
Given the categorical proposition "No corporations are real persons." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is: No real persons are corporations. All corporations are real persons. Some corporations are not real persons. Some corporations are real persons.
Some corporations are not real persons
Select the best translation for each categorical proposition. It must be in standard form! There is a cup in the basement. -All basements are things that contain a cup. -Some cups are not things in the basement. -Some cups are things in the basement and some cups are not things in the basement. -Some cups are things in the basement.
Some cups are things in the basement.
Given the categorical proposition "No employees of Walmart are workers paid high wages." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is: Some employees of Walmart are not workers paid high wages. All employees of Walmart are workers paid high wages. Some employees of Walmart are workers paid high wages. No employees of Walmart are workers who are not paid high wages.
Some employees of Walmart are not workers paid high wages.
A hawk circled overhead. All birds that circled overhead are hawks. Some hawks circled overhead. Some hawks are birds that circled overhead. All hawks are birds that circled overhead.
Some hawks are birds that circled overhead.
Given the categorical proposition "Some tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is: Some tax loopholes are benefits that do not reward special interests. All tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests. Some tax loopholes are not benefits that reward special interests. No tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests.
Some tax loopholes are not benefits that reward special interests
Given the categorical proposition "Some teachers are not people who are paid very little." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is: Some teachers are people who are paid very little. No teachers are people who are paid very little. All teachers are people who are paid very little. All teachers are not people who are paid very little.
Some teachers are people who are paid very little
Given the categorical proposition: "All statues that are not made of stone are statues that are currently melting." What is the subject term? statues that are not made of stone All statues that are not made of stone statues statues that are currently melting
States that are not made of stone
Tyler is considering the purchase of a new Whirlpool dishwasher. Tyler's friend Bob bought a new Whirlpool dishwasher six months ago, and he finds that the dishwasher gets all of his dishes sparkling clean. Tyler reasons that a new Whirlpool dishwasher will do just as well for him. How does the following fact bear on Tyler's conclusion? Tyler buys the same model dishwasher as Bob's. Has no effect. Strengthens. Weakens.
Strengthens
Inductive arguments, determine whether it's strong or weak, cogent or un-cogent Most popular film stars are millionaires. Shailene Woodley is a popular film star. Therefore, probably Shailene Woodley is a millionaire.
Strong, cogent
You are given a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and a new statement. You must determine how the new statement is related to the given statement and determine the truth value of the new statement. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint and assume that 'A' and 'B' denote things that actually exist. Some A are not B. (True) No A are B. (?) Obversion. (True) Contraposition. (True) Subcontrary. (Und.) Subalternation. (Und.)
Subalternation. (Und.)
You are given a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and a new statement. You must determine how the new statement is related to the given statement and determine the truth value of the new statement. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint and assume that 'A' and 'B' denote things that actually exist. Some A are non-B. (False) Some A are not non-B. (?) Subcontrary. (True) Contrary. (Und.) Contraposition. (F) Contradictory. (T)
Subcontrary. (True)
When we say that breaking your arm causes you to feel pain, we mean 'cause' in the sense of a: Necessary but not a sufficient condition. Necessary and a sufficient condition. Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
When we say that throwing a beer bottle against a concrete wall causes it to break, we mean 'cause' in the sense of a: Necessary but not a sufficient condition. Necessary and a sufficient condition. Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
An argument that predicts what will happen in the future, based on what has happened in the past, is an inductive argument. T or F
T
If the conclusion of an argument follows merely from the definition of a word used in a premise, the argument is deductive. T or F
T
In deciding whether a passage contains an argument, we should always keep an eye out for indicator words and the presence of an inferential relationship between the statements. T or F
T
Some conditional statements can be reexpressed to form arguments. T or F
T
T or F A valid argument may have a false premise and a false conclusion.
T
The controlled experiment in science is most closely related to which of Mill's methods? The method of agreement. The joint method of agreement and difference. The method of residues. The method of concomitant variation. The method of difference.
The method of difference.
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint for these problems. Some horses are beautiful creatures. Therefore, some beautiful creatures are horses. Valid, no fallacy. Invalid, illicit obversion. Invalid, illicit contrary. Invalid, illicit conversion.
Valid, no fallacy.
If an implication derived from a hypothesis turns out to be true, then: The hypothesis becomes a law. The hypothesis is usually discarded. The hypothesis is proven to be true. The hypothesis is inductively supported.
The hypothesis is inductively supported.
One of the hypotheses involved in the discovery of radium was: -The intense rays emitted by pitchblende were caused by uranium. -The intense rays emitted by pitchblende were caused by impurities in the crystals. -Mendeleev's periodic table of the elements was incorrect in some respects. -It would be possible to produce a radioactive isotope of barium.
The intense rays emitted by pitchblende were caused by impurities in the crystals.
The retrospective study described in your textbook in which a nutritionist attempted to determine the effect of several vitamins and minerals on atherosclerosis is closely related to which of Mill's methods? The method of difference. The method of agreement. The joint method of agreement and difference. The method of residues. The method of concomitant variation.
The joint method of agreement and difference.
Suppose that a sociologist notices a correlation between the unemployment rate and the depression rate. As the unemployment rate increases, the depression rate increases, and vice versa. The sociologist concludes that unemployment is a cause of depression. What method did the sociologist use in drawing this conclusion? The joint method of agreement and difference. The method of difference. The method of agreement. The method of concomitant variation. The method of residues.
The method of concomitant variation
The correlational method used in the social sciences is closely related to which of Mill's methods? The method of residues. The method of concomitant variation. The method of agreement. The method of difference. The joint method of agreement and difference.
The method of concomitant variation.
Suppose that the owner of an older model Ford Mustang notices that it takes 8 percent longer for her car to accelerate from zero to sixty than it did when the car was new. They calculate that 2 percent of the reduction can be attributed to the fact that the car now has bigger tires. Also, the ethanol content of the gas accounts for 2 percent, old spark plugs for 1 percent, and the fact that they now live in Atlanta, where the air is thicker than it was in Phoenix, where they bought the car, accounts for 1 percent. The owner attributes the remaining 2 percent to the age of the engine. What method did the owner use in drawing this conclusion? The method of concomitant variation. The joint method of agreement and difference. The method of residues. The method of difference. The method of agreement.
The method of residues
Given the categorical proposition: "All wiretaps that are approved without a warrant are surveillance techniques that are not legal." Which of the following is true? Both the subject term and the predicate term are undistributed. The subject term is universal and the predicate term is particular. Both the subject term and the predicate term are distributed. The subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed. The subject term is undistributed and the predicate term is distributed.
The subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed
Inductive arguments, determine whether it's strong or weak, cogent or un-cogent The ebb and flow of the tides has been occurring every day for millions of years. But nothing lasts forever. Therefore, probably the motion of the tides will die out within a few years.
Weak, un cogent
Given the categorical proposition: "All statues that are not made of stone are statues that are currently melting." What is the quantity? negative affirmative universal particular
Universal
Deductive argument, determine if it's valid or invalid, sound or unsound If Queen Elizabeth was born in Los Angeles, then she is a California native. Queen Elizabeth is not a California native. Therefore, Queen Elizabeth was not born in Los Angeles.
Valid Sound
Deductive argument, determine if it's valid or invalid, sound or unsound The Empire State Building is taller than the Statue of Liberty, and the Statue of Liberty is taller than the Eiffel Tower. Therefore, the Empire State Building is taller than the Eiffel Tower.
Valid, Sound
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint (this is important!) for these problems. All TV commercials are tools of deception. Therefore, it is false that no TV commercials are tools of deception. Invalid, illicit contrary. Invalid, illicit subcontrary. Invalid, illicit conversion. Invalid, existential fallacy. Valid, no fallacy.
Valid, no fallacy
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint (this is important!) for these problems. All vampires are unfriendly companions. Therefore, no vampires are friendly companions. Invalid, existential fallacy. Invalid, illicit contrary. Invalid, illicit subcontrary. Invalid, illicit subalternation. Valid, no fallacy.
Valid, no fallacy
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint (this is important!) for these problems. No cups of orange juice are sour beverages. Therefore, no sour beverages are cups of orange juice. Invalid, illicit conversion. Invalid, illicit contraposition. Valid, no fallacy. Invalid, illicit subalternation. Invalid, illicit contrary.
Valid, no fallacy
Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint for these problems. No baseball players are great dancers. Therefore, it is false that all baseball players are great dancers. Invalid, illicit conversion. Valid, no fallacy. Invalid, illicit contrary.. Invalid, illicit subalternation.
Valid, no fallacy
-Determine whether the disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of the two. If verbal, state whether the dispute arises from vagueness or ambiguity. ERIC: I've just signed up for Philosophy 502—Dr. Peterson's class in metaphysics. I know I'm going to enjoy it because I've always been fascinated by magic and ghosts. LEAH: I'm afraid you're in for a surprise. Metaphysics is concerned with fundamental questions about existence, not magic and ghosts! -A combination of verbal (ambiguity) and factual. Ambiguity arises from the term 'magic', and Eric appears to think that magic is real, whereas Leah does not. -Verbal (ambiguity) arising from the term 'metaphysics'. -Verbal (vagueness) arising from the term 'magic'.
Verbal (ambiguity) arising from the term 'metaphysics'.
-Determine whether the disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of the two. If verbal, state whether the dispute arises from vagueness or ambiguity. PENNY: In my mind, the use of marijuana should be legalized. After all, caffeine and alcohol are no less of a drug than marijuana, and it's not illegal to enjoy a glass of beer or drink a cup of coffee. SAM: Your conclusion is way off. Beer and coffee are not drugs; they're foods. -Verbal (vagueness) arising from the term 'drug'. What is required for something to count as a drug? -Verbal (ambiguity) arising from the term 'marijuana'. -Verbal (ambiguity) arising from the term 'illegal'.
Verbal (vagueness) arising from the term 'drug'. What is required for something to count as a drug?
Tyler is considering the purchase of a new Whirlpool dishwasher. Tyler's friend Bob bought a new Whirlpool dishwasher six months ago, and he finds that the dishwasher gets all of his dishes sparkling clean. Tyler reasons that a new Whirlpool dishwasher will do just as well for him. How does the following fact bear on Tyler's conclusion? Tyler loads his dishwasher in a disorganized manner, while Bob loads his in an orderly manner, ensuring proper separation between all the dishes. Strengthens. Weakens. Has no effect.
Weakens
The key problem underlying the discovery of radium was: -Why certain isotopes of thorium are radioactive. -Why pitchblende emits rays that are stronger than rays emitted by pure uranium. -Why X-rays are stronger than rays emitted by pure uranium. -Why rays emitted by thorium are stronger than rays emitted by uranium.
Why pitchblende emits rays that are stronger than rays emitted by pure uranium.
Given the categorical proposition: "All wiretaps that are approved without a warrant are surveillance techniques that are not legal." What is the subject term? -Surveillance techniques. -Warrant. -Wiretaps. -Wiretaps that are approved without a warrant. -Surveillance techniques that are not legal.
Wire tapes that are approved without a warrant
A condition X is not a necessary condition for Y if: X and Y are absent together. X is absent when Y is present. X is present when Y is absent. X and Y are present together.
X is absent when Y is present.
A condition X is not a sufficient condition for Y if: X and Y are absent together. X and Y are present together. X is present when Y is absent. X is absent when Y is present.
X is present when Y is absent.
Given the categorical proposition: "All statues that are not made of stone are statues that are currently melting." What is the predicate term? are statues that are currently melting statues statues that are currently melting stone
statues that are currently melting