LOM Ch 18
target tissue
cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones
electrolyte
chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Examples are sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-).
steroid
complex substance related to fat (sterols; many hormones are steroids (estrogens, androgens, cortisol, aldosterone))
hypogonadism
deficient functioning of the gonads (ovaries or testes).
hypoinsulinism
deficient production of insulin (pancreatic hormone).
hypopituitarism
deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.
sella turcica
depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull; location of the pituitary gland.
adrenopathy
disease of the adrenal gland
pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain; secretes many hormones that stimulate growth of bones and influence other glands such as thyroid, adrenal, sex glands (ovaries and testes); sometimes called the "master gland"
thyroid gland
endocrine gland in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes the hormone thyroxine (T4);
estradiol
estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries
polydipsia
excessive thirst
pancreatectomy
excision of pancreas
parathyroid glands
four small endocrine glands on the posterior (dorsal) region of the thyroid gland
pancreas
gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and secretes the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells.
hypercalcemia
high levels of calcium in the blood
hypercalciuria
high levels of calcium in urine
hyperglycemia
high levels of sugar in the bloodstream; often associated with diabetes mellitus
insulin
hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood in body cells.
aldosterone
hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salt and water balance
mineralocorticoid
hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example.
cortisol
hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates the use of sugars, fats, and proteins in cells. Cortisol raises blood sugar.
adrenaline
hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine.
norepinephrine
hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases blood pressure as part of the fight or flight reaction. It is a sympathomimetic.
epinephrine
hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.
gonadotropin
hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes.
somatotropin
hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and tissues (growth hormone).
progesterone
hormone secreted by the ovaries; maintains the lining of the uterus during pregnancy
triiodothyronine
hormone secreted by the thryroid gland (contains three atoms of iodine); stimulates body metabolism; (T3)
thyroxine
hormone secreted by the thyroid gland to increase body metabolism (T4)
calcitonin
hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; lowers calcium levels in the blood.
androgen
hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics, such as beard growth and deepening of voice
corticosteroids
hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex; cortisol and aldosterone are examples.
catecholamines
hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine (adrenaline) is an example.
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid gland
adrenal medulla
inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
hyponatremia
low level of sodium ions in the blood
hypocalcemia
low levels of calcium in the blood
hypokalemia
low/deficient levels of potassium in the blood
hypoglycemia
low/deficient levels of sugar in the blood
testosterone
male hormone secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes
euthyroid
normal thyroid function
receptor
organ that receives nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves that carry the stimulation to the brain and spinal cord; skin, ears, eyes and taste buds.
adrenocorticotropin
other name for adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenal cortex
outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
estrogen
ovarian hormone that promotes female secondary sex characteristics and sexual development.
glycemic
pertaining to blood sugar
estrogenic
pertaining to having properties similar to estrogen (producing estrogen-like effects).
hormonal
pertaining to hormones
sympathomimetric
pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system; adrenaline and norepinephrine are sympathomimetic hormones
hypophysis
pituitary gland
antidiuretic hormone
pituitary gland hormone that normally stimulates the kidney to decrease production of urine, preventing excess loss of water. Also called vasopressin.
hypothalamus
portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.
neurohypophysis
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes oxytocin and vasopressin.
parathyroidectomy
removal of the parathyroid glands
growth hormone
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; somatotropin. It stimulates the growth of bones and soft tissues.
luteinizing hormone
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the ovaries to release eggs (ovulation) and produce hormones.
prolactin
secreted by the anterior lobe pituitary gland; stimulates promotes milk secretion in the female
parathormone
secreted by the parathyroid glands; regulates calcium in the blood.
adrenocorticotropic hormone
secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the adrenal cortex; ACTH.
follicle-stimulating hormone
secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovarian follicles to produce egg cells.
pineal gland
small endocrine in the center portion of the brain; secretes melatonin
endocrinologist
specialist in the study of the endocrine system
glucocorticoid
steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; cortisol is an example. It raises blood sugar.
glycogen
storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells.
glycosuria
sugar in the urine
adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
hypophysectomy
surgical removal of the pituitary gland
homeostasis
tendency in an organism to return to a state of constancy and stability
thyrotropin
Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. Also called thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH.
glucagon
Hormone secreted by the pancreas (alpha islet cells); increases blood glucose (sugar) by conversion of glycogen to glucose.
vasopressin
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water. Also called antidiuretic hormone or ADH.
oxytocin
Secretion of the pituitary gland causing contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulation of milk secretion from the breast.
adenohypophysis
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
hormone
a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland