LS 23L Pre/PostLab Quiz Questions Compilation

The p-value of a statistical test depends on all of the following, except:

median

You are conducting an experiment to determine whether males and females have different emotional reactions to chocolate consumption. Your male sample size is 124, and your female sample size is 232. What is your degrees of freedom when determining your p-value?

354

How would you set the volume to pipette 20 µL with the P20?

200

What is the volume range of the P1000 pipettor used in LS23L (based on lab manual information)?

200 - 1000µL

The picture below shows the volumeter window for a p200 pipetter. What volume will be pipetted with these settings? (0,2,5)

25 microliters (ul)

Which of the following statements are NOT true of administrativecontrols? Select one: a. They require active compliance b. They can include written operating procedures c. They can include proper training or additional training d. All of these are true e. None of these are true

All of these are true

Which of the following statements is correct? a. The smaller the p-value, the stronger the evidence for the null hypothesis. b. The p-value indicates the probability that the alternative hypothesis is true. c. A large p-value indicates that the data is consistent with the alternative hypothesis. d. An extremely small p-value indicates that there is a difference between the two data sets being compared. e. The larger the p-value, the stronger the evidence is against the null hypothesis.

An extremely small p-value indicates that there is a difference between the two data sets being compared.

Suppose you want to test if people who drink 5 cups of coffee per day are more alert than those who do not drink coffee. What would be your null hypothesis? a. People who drink 5 cups of coffee are more alert than those who do not drink coffee. b. People who drink 5 cups of coffee are not more alert than people who drink less than 5 cups of coffee. c. People who drink 5 cups of coffee are not more alert than those who do not drink coffee. d. People who drink less than 5 cups of coffee are more alert than those who drink 5 cups of coffee. e. People who do not drink coffee are more alert than those who drink 5 cups of coffee.

C. People who drink 5 cups of coffee are not more alert than those who do not drink coffee.

What do we call the individual who first spreads a virus? A. Patient 1 B. Patient X C. Patient A D. Patient zero

D. Patient zero

(T/F) RNA is the only type of genetic material carried by viruses.

False

During the SARS pandemic, the virus spread from China to South Korea, and then to the United States. (T/F)

False

ELISAs test for active viral RNA in a patient. Select one: True False

False

If there is an accident in the lab, the first thing you should do is officially report the injury. True False

False

Tights/pantyhose cover the legs and are therefore acceptable lab attire.

False

When performing an ELISA, color change indicates the absence of the antibody being tested. True or False

False

When performing an ELISA, color change indicates the absence of the antibody being tested. (T/F)

False

You do not have to report injuries if they are non-critical. True False

False

You may not eat or drink anything in the lab with the exception of bottled water. True False

False

Why is COVID-19 different than other known viruses (SARS, H1N1) we have experienced before? a. It has attained pandemic status. b. It has a longer incubation period of up to 14 days. c. It can cause severe stress on the respiratory system. d. It spread from animals to humans.

It has a longer incubation period of up to 14 days

Which of the following is the best example of a null hypothesis?

Metabolic rates of goldfish do not differ in warm water and water at room temperature.

The MIT database gives a t-test value of 2.581, which correspond to a p-value of 0.01 for your null hypothesis. According to the hypothetico-deductive approach, what is the next step you should take?

Reject your null hypothesis.

Which of the following is NOT a type of exposure control? a. Administrative Controls b. Engineering Controls c. Temperature Controls d. Personal Protective Equipment e. All of these are types of exposure controls

Temperature controls

Personal Protective Equipment is known as the last line of defense. True False

True

Suppose the following hypothesis: females and males respond differently to a series of questions. Given 540 degrees of freedom, a t-test value of 3.56, and a p-value of 0.02, and females answer 120 questions correctly while men answer 100 questions correctly, determine if the hypothesis is accepted or not and why.

The hypothesis is valid because the p-value is less than 0.05 indicating that we can accept the hypothesis.

In order to reject the null hypothesis in the Memory Interference Test (MIT) lab

The p value must be less than 0.05

A scientist is interested in studying the parasite responsible for malaria, and wants to study the effects of different variables on the parasite's ability to cause disease. She hypothesizes that the parasite is more pathogenic in environments containing glucose. Which of the following most accurately captures the null hypothesis of her experiment?

The parasite's pathogenicity is not affected by environmental glucose levels.

You must wear proper lab attire in order to enter a designated lab room, even if you will not be performing any experiments yourself.

True

In a particular experiment to see if caffeine consumption has a statistically significant effect upon memory, a student found that the caffeine consumers scored a 97 while those who didn't consume caffeine scored an 89. The student also determined that t=2.39 and p=0.03. What can the student conclude?

There is a statistically significant difference in scores between these two groups based solely on the low p-value

(T/F) COVID-19 has a nucleic acid center made of RNA instead of DNA.

True

An antigen is a substance that induces production of antibodies by immune cells in the body. True False

True

Based on the effective distance model for disease spread, New York is closer to London than to Atlanta. (T/F)

True

COVID-19 has a nucleic acid center made of RNA instead of DNA. (T/F)

True

If you are wearing shoes that expose any portion of your foot or ankle when you are sitting or standing, you should wear full length socks to lab.

True

One infected individual can spread the COVID-19 virus and cause hundreds of others to become infected. (T/F)

True

A p-value of 75% means that: a. You retain your null hypothesis b. You reject your null hypothesis c. You reject your hypothesis d. You reject your hypothesis AND you retain your null hypothesis e. You retain your hypothesis

You reject your hypothesis AND you retain your null hypothesis

If you come to lab without proper lab attire

Your TA will give you the lab attire infraction handout and ask you to leave lab until you can correct your attire. If you can correct the violation quickly (within ~15 min) you will be allowed to return to lab.

________ is used to test for current infections, while ________ is used to test for past infections. ([PCR],[ELISA])

[PCR] is used to test for current infections, while [ELISA] is used to test for past infections.

The picture below shows the volumeter window for a p20 pipetter (189, the 9 is red). What volume will be pipetted with these settings? a. 18.9 microliters (ul) b. 1.89 millileters (ml) c. 189 milliters (ml) d. 189 microliters (ul) e. 18.9 milliliters (ml)

a. 18.9 microliters (ul)

How much protein do you need to add to 800 µL of buffer to make a 1:5 dilution? a. 200 µL b. 500 µL c. 100 mL

a. 200 µL

If an ELISA plate is incubated above _______, the antibodies and antigens can denature. a. 37 oC b. 96.7 oC c. 45 oC d. 60 oC

a. 37 oC

A p-value of 0.04 obtained from a two-tailed t-test means that there is a ____ % chance that the obtained results are due to _______. Given the conventional significance level, you would accept that the _________ hypothesis is correct. a. 4, chance, alternative b. 2, chance, alternative c. 2, chance, null d. 4, chance, null e. 4, a pattern, null

a. 4, chance, alternative

Which of the following is not true regarding the p-value? a. A p-value less than 0.05 means you should accept your null hypothesis. b. It is determined by using a t-test value. c. It determines whether or not there is a statistically significant difference. d. It is affected by the degrees of freedom.

a. A p-value less than 0.05 means that you should accept your null hypothesis.

In the ELISA module, the ELISA tested for specific ________ to help diagnose the patients with the disease. Select one: a. Antibodies b. Enzymes c. Antigens d. Red blood cells

a. Antibodies

_______________ is the rapid spread of disease to a large population over a short period of time, and ______________ is when _____________ strikes at a global scale. a. Epidemic, pandemic, epidemic b. Outbreak, epidemic, pandemic c. Outbreak, epidemiology, pandemic d. Pandemic, epidemic, pandemic e. Epidemiology, pandemic, epidemic

a. Epidemic, pandemic, epidemic

The blue square on the NFPA fire diamond indicates what type of risk? a. Health b. Flammability c. Reactivity/Instability d. Chemical Specific Hazards e. None of these

a. Health

Why is COVID-19 different than other known viruses (SARS, H1N1) we have experienced before? a. It has a longer incubation period of up to 14 days. b. It has attained pandemic status. c. It can cause severe stress on the respiratory system. d. It spread from animals to humans.

a. It has a longer incubation period of up to 14 days.

Where did the swine flu originate? a. Mexico b. Central Africa c. South Korea d. China

a. Mexico

After comparing response times between the audio and picture portions of the MIT test, the t-test resulted in a t-value of 2.97. Given that the sample size was 250 and the t-value at p = 0.05 is 1.96, what can I conclude from this data? a. Reject the null hypothesis, the p-value is less than 0.05. Therefore, the difference is significant. b. Accept the hypothesis, the sample size is too small. c. Accept the null hypothesis, the sample size is large enough. d. Reject the hypothesis, the p-value is less than 0.05. Therefore, the difference is significant.

a. Reject the null hypothesis, the p-value is less than 0.05. Therefore, the difference is significant.

How does the SOP differ from the MSDS? a. The SOP is tailored to an individual lab whereas the MSDS is more general b. The SOP is readily available online and the MSDS is not c. The SOP is created by the chemical manufacturers and the MSDS is not d. All of these are true e. None of these are true

a. The SOP is tailored to an individual lab whereas the MSDS is more general

What is the difference between a p-value and t-value? a. The p-value tells you the probability that the null hypothesis is correct while the t-value is the first step to finding the p-value. b. All of these statements are correct c. The t-value gives you a value between 0 and 1 while the p-value does not have a range of numbers. d. The t-value tells you the probability that the null hypothesis is correct while the p-value is the first step to finding the t-value. e. There is no difference between the two values

a. The p-value tells you the probability that the null hypothesis is correct while the t-value is the first step to finding the p-value.

What part of the pipetter is indicated by the label "A" in the diagram below? Select one: a. The pushbutton b. A disposable tip c. The volume adjustment ring d. The shaft e. The ejector

a. The pushbutton

In a particular experiment to see if caffeine consumption has a statistically sig effect upon memory, a student found that the caffeine consumers scored 97 while non consumers scored 89. The student determined that t=2.39, p=0.03 what can the student conclude? a. There is a statistically sig difference in scores btwn the two groups based solely on a low p-value b. There is a statistically sig difference in scores btwn the two groups based solely on the high p-value c. Not enough info is given d. There is not a statistically sig difference in scores btwn the two groups based solely on the high t-value e. There is a statistically sig difference in scores btwn the two groups based solely on the large difference in means

a. There is a statistically sig difference in scores btwn the two groups based solely on a low p-value

Which of these regarding the t-test is true? a. When you have a p-value of less than 0.05, you can conclude the null hypothesis can be rejected. b. A p-value of more than 0.05 means that we are less than 5% likely to have made a mistake by rejecting the null hypothesis. c. When doing the test for two groups, both groups must have the same standard deviation. d. One can determine whether the difference between the two groups is significant based only on the t-value.

a. When you have a p-value of less than 0.05, you can conclude the null hypothesis can be rejected.

A t-test resulted in a p-value of 0.04, which means that there is a _____% probability that the difference in the sample groups occur by chance, _____% certain that accepting the alternative hypothesis is correct, and _____% chance that the two sample groups are significantly different. a. 96, 4, 96 b. 4, 96, 96 c. 4, 4, 96 d. 96, 4, 4 e. 4, 96, 4

b. 4, 96, 96

The purpose of performing the Student's t-test and finding the p-value is to: a. determine that the difference in means between two samples is statistically significant. b. determine the central tendency of a set of data. c. determine the variation around the mean of a sample. d. determine the mean value for measurements taken from a sample. e. determine without a doubt that the difference in means between two samples is significant.

a. determine that the difference in means between two samples is statistically significant.

Suppose a group of scientists test the hypothesis that females and males perform differently on the SAT by collecting data and performing statistical analysis. Their null hypothesis would be that___________. If their calculated p-value is 30% then____________. a. females and males perform the same on the SAT; they should accept the null hypothesis b. females perform better than males on the SAT; they should reject the null hypothesis c. females and males perform differently on the SAT; they should accept the null hypothesis d. females and males perform the same on the SAT; they should reject the null hypothesis e. males perform better than females on the SAT; the results were not statistically significant

a. females and males perform the same on the SAT; they should accept the null hypothesis

When the ___ is ____ than 5%, we reject the _____ because the difference between the two compared groups is statistically _____. a. p-value; less; null hypothesis; significant b. p-value; greater; null hypothesis; insignificant c. t-value; greater; null hypothesis; insignificant d. mean; less; p-value; significant e. median; greater; t-value; insignificant

a. p-value; less; null hypothesis; significant

What two factors does the p-value depend on? a. standard deviation, mean b. standard deviation, mode c. mode, median d. standard deviation, median e. mean, mode

a. standard deviation, mean

What is the maximum volume you can safely and accurately pipet with a p20 pipetter? a. 2 ul b. 20 ul c. 100 ul d. 200 ul e. 1000 ul

b. 20 ul

Why is the falsificationist procedure important for a scientific experiment? a. Because it increases the validity of the hypothesis. b. Because it increases the power of the conclusion deduced by the hypothetical-deductive approach. c. Because it provides a way to prove the hypothesis. d. Because it increases the validity of the null hypothesis. e. Because it decreases the power of the conclusion deduced by the hypothetical-deductive approach.

b. Because it increases the power of the conclusion deduced by the hypothetical-deductive approach.

Why do we use disposable tips for pipetting? (check all that apply) a. Disposable tips are less commonly found than re-useable tips. b. Disposable tips ensure no cross contamination between samples. c. Disposable tips ensure maximum safety for the user. d. Only disposable tips are compatible with certain chemicals. e. Disposable tips are less expensive than re-useable tips.

b. Disposable tips ensure no cross contamination between samples. c. Disposable tips ensure maximum safety for the user.

In the context of epidemiology and COVID-19, what does it mean to flatten the curve and why is it so important? a. Flattening the curve will cause an outbreak to peak earlier. b. Flattening the curve will ensure that the demand for health care does not exceed the supply. c. Flattening the curve could increase the severity of the health impacts of coronavirus. d. Flattening the curve will eliminate the spread of coronavirus entirely.

b. Flattening the curve will ensure that the demand for health care does not exceed the supply.

Effective distance refers to: a. How long it takes to travel from one place to another around the globe b. How closely connected two locations are by flight routes c. The distance respiratory droplets will travel when an infected individual coughs d. The distance required between people in order to maintain safe social distancing

b. How closely connected two locations are by flight routes

Which of the following statements about p value is true? a. The larger the p, the more significant our results are b. It gives the probability that you are making a mistake in accepting the experimental hypothesis c. Only a p value smaller than 0.5 is statistically significant d. It gives the probability that you are making a mistake in accepting the experimental null hypothesis e. It allows you to determine the t value needed for rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis

b. It gives you the probability that you are making a mistake in accepting the experimental hypothesis

Which of the following can NEVER be a measure of central tendency? a. Mean. b. Standard deviation. c. Mode. d. Median. e. Both mode AND standard deviation.

b. Standard deviation.

In the Memory Interference Test (MIT), if the p value is greater than 0.05, then a. It can be concluded that one group performed significantly better than the other group. b. The difference between the experimental and control groups is statistically insignificant. c. The degrees of freedom is greater than 500. d. The null hypothesis is rejected. e. The t-test value is less than .05.

b. The difference between the experimental and control groups is statistically insignificant.

In epidemiology, what is R0 (R naught)? a. The first diagnosed patient in an area where no other individuals have been diagnosed with the infection b. The expected number of cases directly generated by one case in a population where no other individuals are infected or immunized c. The initial viral strand of genetic material that infiltrates a host, causing an infection d. The rate at which a disease spreads outside of it's country of origin

b. The expected number of cases directly generated by one case in a population where no other individuals are infected or immunized

Given the symmetric unimodal Series A: 1,2,3,4,5,5,5,5,6,7,8,9. Which one of the following statement is true about Series A's distribution? a. The mean, median, and mode are not the same value. b. The mean, median and mode are the same value. c. The mode and median are the same value, but not the mean. d. The median and mean are the same value, but not the mode. e. The mean and mode are the same value, but not the median.

b. The mean, median and mode are the same value.

Under which condition would one retain the null hypothesis? a. The p-value is less than 0.05 b. The p-value is greater than 0.05 c. There are 100 degrees of freedom or more d. The critical t-value is less than 3.000 e. The standard deviation of both samples is the same

b. The p-value is greater than 0.05

In statistics, a. The t-test takes into account the difference between the means of the two samples only. b. The t-test takes into account the difference between the means and standard error of the two samples. c. The t-test takes into account the difference between the means and medians of the two samples. d. The t-test takes into account the difference between the means and modes of the two samples. e. The t-test takes into account the difference between the means and p-values of the two samples.

b. The t-test takes into account the difference between the means and standard error of the two samples.

An experimental p-value of 0.06 would mean: a. There is a 94% chance your sample groups are not significantly different. b. There is a 6% chance your sample groups are not significantly different. c. The results of your study are statistically significant. d. The null hypothesis can be rejected with 6% certainty. e. The hypothesis can be rejected with 6% certainty.

b. There is a 6% chance your sample groups are not significantly different.

You are designing an experiment to compare the average metabolic rate of right-handed people to the average metabolic rate of left-handed people. Which of the following would be an appropriate null hypothesis for your experiment? a. Average metabolic rate depends on whether an individual is right-handed or left-handed. b. There is no difference between the average metabolic rate of left-handed people and the average metabolic rate of right-handed people. c. A comparison of the average metabolic rate of left-handed people to the average metabolic rate of right-handed people shows a significant difference. d. Left-handed people have a higher average metabolic rate than right-handed people. e. On average, left-handed people have a comparably lower average metabolic rate than right-handed people.

b. There is no difference between the average metabolic rate of left-handed people and the average metabolic rate of right-handed people.

When using a pipette, why is it important to press the plunger all the way down to the second stop? a. To avoid contamination b. To push out remaining fluid from the pipette tip c. To draw up liquid d. To mix the contents in the tube

b. To push out remaining fluid from the pipette tip

A p-value is a. calculated from the significance level b. a probability with a value ranging from 0 to 1 c. a measure of how much evidence there is against the hypothesis d. always greater than the significance level e. a parameter in the null hypothesis

b. a probability with a value ranging from 0 to 1

The scientific method incorporates the hypothetico-deductive approach and falsificationist procedure. In this approach: a. there is little possibility that a new hypothesis and test will show a previous assumption to be false b. if the experimenters reject the null hypothesis, they support the hypothesis and model c. if the experimenters reject the null hypothesis, they refute the hypothesis and model d. the hypothesis predicts no effect or no difference between two or more tested samples. e. the null hypothesis predicts the effect of the experiment

b. if the experimenters reject the null hypothesis, they support the hypothesis and model

If the _______ is lower than 0.05 the null hypothesis can be ________, because the two samples are significantly ________. a. t-test value, rejected, different b. p-value, rejected, different c. p-value, retained, different d. p-value, rejected, similar e. t-test value, retained, similar

b. p-value, rejected, different

The difference between the two groups compared will have more significance as the p-value becomes __________. The difference between the two groups compared will have more significance as the t-value becomes __________. a. smaller, smaller b. smaller, larger c. larger, smaller d. closer to the t-value, closer to the p-value e. larger, larger

b. smaller, larger

In the MIT lab, an independent variable is: a. none of these b. the number of hours of sleep c. all of these d. the correct number of responses e. the average response time

b. the number of hours of sleep

Which of the following p values would allow for the rejection of the null hypothesis? a. 0.15 b. 0.1 c. 0.04 d. 0.5 e. 0.25

c. 0.04

How would you set the volume to pipette 20 µL with the P20? Select one: a. 2000 b. 2 c. 200 d. 20

c. 200

Which pipette is INCORRECTLY paired with the amount of liquid to be aspirated? a. 450 microliters using a P1000 pipette b. 125 microliters using a P200 pipette c. 330 microliters P200 pipette d. 2.6 microliters using a P20 pipette e. 1 milliliter using a P1000 pipette

c. 330 microliters P200 pipette

A p-value of 0.04 obtained from a two-tailed t-test means that there is a ____ % likelihood that the observed differences are due to _______. Assuming a 5% significance cut off, you would _______ the null hypothesis. a. 4, a pattern, reject b. 4, chance, accept c. 4, chance, reject d. 2, chance, reject e. 2, chance, accept

c. 4, chance, reject

In an experiment testing the effects of red meat on cholesterol levels, what is a reasonable null hypothesis? a. Consumption of red meat may affect cholesterol levels. b. Consumption of red meat will increase cholesterol levels. c. Consumption of red meat will have no effects on cholesterol levels. d. The relationship between consumption of red meat and cholesterol levels is statistically significant. e. Consumption of red meat will decrease cholesterol levels.

c. Consumption of red meat will have no effects on cholesterol levels.

Antibodies are a type of ____________. Select one: a. Red blood cell b. Platelet c. Protein d. Organelle

c. Protein

A scientist decides she wants to determine the effect of being housed in groups or separately on the learning ability of the common mouse, Mus musculus. She sets up her experiment in the lab by having two sets of mice: two large cages with three mice each, and six smaller cages each containing only one mouse. She keeps them in the same room and gives all the mice equal access to food and water, and periodically runs the mice in a maze to assess learning ability. What is the flaw, if any, in her experimental design? a. She should have given the mice in solitude extra toys and a wheel in order to give them something to occupy their time. b. She should have kept the mice in solitude in a separate room. c. She should have kept the cage size uniform for the mice in solitude and the mice in groups; thus, she inadvertently altered more than one variable. d. There is no problem with her experimental design. e. She should have given the mice in solitude less food than those who lived in groups.

c. She should have kept the cage size uniform for the mice in solitude and the mice in groups; thus, she inadvertently altered more than one variable.

What does a p-value of 0.04 tell an experimenter? a. He has miscalculated his t-value. b. He can conclude that his two sample groups are not significantly different. c. There is a 4% probability that he is making a mistake by REJECTING the null hypothesis. d. There is a 4% probability that he is correct in accepting the experimental hypothesis.

c. There is a 4% probability that he is making a mistake by REJECTING the null hypothesis.

As a statistician, you conducted an experiment and obtained a t-test value for the two experimental groups. At a confidence level of 5 percent, the corresponding statistical p-value of 0.067 would suggest that: a. There is a 6.7 percent probability that you are making a mistake by failing to reject the null hypothesis. b. There is probably a statistically significant difference between the two groups of interest. c. There is a 6.7 percent probability that you are making a mistake in accepting the experimental hypothesis. d. The two experimental groups are statistically identical. e. The inherent error of the experiment is calculated to be 6.7 percent.

c. There is a 6.7 percent probability that you are making a mistake in accepting the experimental hypothesis.

Which of the following is a false statement? a. In a hypothetical distribution curve, the mean, median, and mode can be the same value. b. A t-test value can be used to determine a p-value when the degrees of freedom are known. c. Two sets of data have the same statistical variation if they have identical means. d. A null hypothesis can be rejected when the determined p-value is less than 0.05. e. The difference between 2 sets of data can be determined as statistically significant or insignificant if the t-test value and p-value are known.

c. Two sets of data have the same statistical variation if they have identical means.

The Student's t-test is used to a. test the effect of memory using pictures, words, and audio. b. create a new hypothesis. c. determine whether or not there is a significant difference between two separate groups of data. d. accept or reject the hypothesis. e. calculate the difference in standard deviation.

c. determine whether or not there is a significant difference between two separate groups of data.

The falsificationist procedure is a powerful scientific tool because it a. converts a t-test value to a p-value. b. always results in showing that the hypothesis is true. c. increases the power of conclusions from the hypothetico-deductive approach. d. predicts no effect or no difference between two or more tested samples e. uses observations to create a testable theory.

c. increases the power of conclusions from the hypothetico-deductive approach.

By the end of the round 3 of the flight transmission activity in the week 2 epidemiology Lab, eight people are infected (of the twenty four people in your section). What would be the infection rate at the end of the round 4, assuming no one was infected more than once? a. (8/24) x 100% b. (14/24) x 100% c. (15/24) x 100% d. (16/24) x 100% e. (24/24) x 100%

d. (16/24) x 100%

Emergency equipment that you will find in the LS Core Laboratories includes the following: Select one: a. Emergency shower/eyewash station b. Fire extinguisher c. Chemical spill kit d. All of these e. None of these

d. All of these

Which of the following factors is mentioned as contributing to the spread of a disease? a. Infrastructure present in a nation b. Genetic background of a population c. Cultural and social practices d. All of these are factors e. Natural environment of a region

d. All of these are factors

In the ELISA module, the ELISA tested for specific ________ to help diagnose the patients with the disease. a. Red blood cells b. Antigens c. Enzymes d. Antibodies

d. Antibodies

In a recent study, scientists proposed the following hypothesis: "Consumption of Omega-3 fatty acid can reduce the size of cancerous tumors." The following hypothesis was tested. A sample of 500 rats with tumors was collected. Within this sample size, 250 rats were feed with omega-3 (Group 1) while the remaining 250 rats were not (Group 2). After one month of periodically feeding Group 1 with Omega-3 fatty acid, rat autopsies were taken for both groups. The average changes of tumor size were measure and recorded. Average Change of Tumor Size Group 1: -0.124 g Group 2: -0.012 g Degrees of Freedom: 498 T-test: 2.061 P-value: 0.04 Based on the results from the experiment, which of the following is the best conclusion? a. Consumption of Omega-3 fatty acid directly decreases the size of previous cancerous tumors. b. Absence of Omega-3 fatty acid in the diet decreases the size of previous cancerous tumors with statistical significance. c. Consumption of Omega-3 fatty acid has no effect on decreasing the size of previous cancerous tumors. d. Consumption of Omega-3 fatty acid decreases the size of previous cancerous tumors with statistical significance. e. Absence of Omega-3 fatty acid in the diet directly decreases the size of previous cancerous tumors.

d. Consumption of Omega-3 fatty acid decreases the size of previous cancerous tumors with statistical significance.

Effective Distance refers to: a. How long it takes to travel from one place to another around the globe b. The distance required between people in order to maintain safe social distancing c. The distance respiratory droplets will travel when an infected individual coughs d. How closely connected two locations are by flight routes

d. How closely connected two locations are by flight routes

Which of the following is an example of a null hypothesis? a. Those that consume caffeine regularly will have a higher heart rate than those that do not. b. All tigers are carnivores. c. Giraffes have long necks because they feed on the leaves of tall plants. d. People of Asian descent and people of European descent perform the same on IQ tests. e. Male humans perform better on memory tests compared to female humans.

d. People of Asian descent and people of European descent perform the same on IQ tests.

If a student claims that females answered on average a greater number of correct responses than males on the picture MIT test, what evidence does the student need to gather in order to better support this hypothesis? a. Check if the T-value is greater than 0.05 b. See if the degrees of freedom is greater than 1,000 c. Verify that the standard deviation is greater than 5 d. Show that the null hypothesis has a high probability of being incorrect e. Check if the T-value is 5% or less

d. Show that the null hypothesis has a high probability of being incorrect

If a student claims that females answered on average a greater number of correct responses than males on the picture MIT test, what evidence does the student need to gather in order to better support this hypothesis? a. Verify that the standard deviation is greater than 5 b. See if the degrees of freedom is greater than 1,000 c. Check if the T-value is greater than 0.05 d. Show that the null hypothesis has a high probability of being incorrect e. Check if the T-value is 5% or less

d. Show that the null hypothesis has a high probability of being incorrect

The falsificationist procedure is simple method to increase the power of conclusions deduced using the hypothetico-deductive approach. A student in LS 2 walks along the UCLA campus and forms a hypothesis that all squirrels are grey in every part of world. If she applied the falsificationist procedure to her hypothesis, her next step would be: a. Derive a null hypothesis (H0) which states that all squirrels are black regardless of the temperature and location of their habitat and then use inferential statistics to reject her null. b. Conclude that the UCLA campus possesses only grey squirrels and thus, her hypothesis is proven true and then make an interpretation of the data from the sample of the squirrel population. c. Derive another hypothesis (H1) of her observations of grey squirrels to determine using quantitative methods if it is statistically beneficial to retain her first hypothesis. d. Subsequently derive a null hypothesis (H0) which states that all squirrels in the world are not grey and then formulate an experiment so as to retain or reject her null hypothesis.

d. Subsequently derive a null hypothesis (H0) which states that all squirrels in the world are not grey and then formulate an experiment so as to retain or reject her null hypothesis.

Which of the following statements about pipetting is FALSE? a. It is important that you always hold the pipetter vertically if the tip contains liquid. b. When expelling sample, you should depress the pushbutton to the second stop. c. You should never handle liquid with a pipetter that has not been fitted with a tip. d. The second stop on the pipetter should never be used under any circumstances. e. When aspirating sample, you should depress the pushbutton to the first positive stop only.

d. The second stop on the pipetter should never be used under any circumstances.

Which of the following statements about pipetting is FALSE? a. The second stop on the pipetter should never be used under any circumstances. b. When aspirating sample, you should depress the pushbutton to the first positive stop only. c. When expelling sample, you should depress the pushbutton to the second stop. d. It is important that you always hold the pipetter vertically if the tip contains liquid. e. You should never handle liquid with a pipetter that has not been fitted with a tip.

d. The second stop on the pipetter should never be used under any circumstances.

A researcher obtained a p-value of 0.02 when comparing the performance of two sample groups on the MIT. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn based on this p-value? a. There is a 98% likelihood that the sample groups are not significantly different. b. There is a 2% likelihood that one sample group performed significantly better than the other. c. No conclusions can be drawn from such a low p-value and a new test must be performed d. There is a 98% likelihood that the sample groups are significantly different. e. There is a 2% likelihood that the sample groups are significantly different.

d. There is a 98% likelihood that the sample groups are significantly different.

Why are only sterile pipette tips used in the lab? a. To prevent reproduction of proteins b. To make sure that the tips can be reused c. To make pipetting more precise d. To avoid contamination of the sample

d. To avoid contamination of the sample

What is the purpose of running multiple dilutions of the same sample through an ELISA? a. To determine the concentration of antigens in a sample b. To dilute contaminants in a sample c. To improve the visibility of the color change if the sample is positive d. To determine the concentration of antibodies in a sample

d. To determine the concentration of antibodies in a sample

Why do we remove the liquid and wash out the wells during an ELISA? a. To ensure the sample is acidic b. To wash away any large particles that didn't get centrifuged out c. To dilute the antibodies d. To wash away any antibodies that did not bind to the antigens

d. To wash away any antibodies that did not bind to the antigens

Why do we remove the liquid and wash out the wells during an ELISA? a. To wash away any large particles that didn't get centrifuged out b. To ensure the sample is acidic c. To dilute the antibodies d. To wash away any antibodies that did not bind to the antigens

d. To wash away any antibodies that did not bind to the antigens

A researcher postulated: that tomato plants exhibit a higher rate of growth when planted in compost than in soil. Based on this hypothesis, which of the following statements would be the best null hypothesis? a. Tomato plants that are planted in compost rather than in soil will grow to an average height of six feet. b. A null hypothesis cannot be obtained from the hypothesis provided. c. There is no difference in growth rates. d. Tomato plants show no difference in growth rate when planted in compost rather than in soil. e. Tomato plants exhibit a lower rate of growth when planted in compost than in soil.

d. Tomato plants show no difference in growth rate when planted in compost rather than in soil.

When performing a statistical analysis, why do we usually work with a sample rather than an entire population? a. The p-values only work with samples, not populations. b. A t-test doesn't produce results when a population is used. c. We don't work with samples, we only work with entire populations. d. We often lack the manpower and resources to gather an entire population for a statistical analysis.

d. We often lack the manpower and resources to gather an entire population for a statistical analysis.

Which of these regarding the t-test is true? a. One can determine whether the difference between the two groups is significant based only on the t-value. b. When doing the test for two groups, both groups must have the same standard deviation. c. A p-value of more than 0.05 means that we are less than 5% likely to have made a mistake by rejecting the null hypothesis. d. When you have a p-value of less than 0.05, you can conclude the null hypothesis can be rejected.

d. When you have a p-value of less than 0.05, you can conclude the null hypothesis can be rejected.

A scientist got a p-value of 0.039 when testing his data. Assuming there was a small difference between the means in the two groups of his hypothesis, will these results give a significant difference? a. Yes, because there is a small difference between the means. b. No, because there is a small difference between the means. c. No, because the p-value is less than 0.05. d. Yes, because the p-value is less than 0.05. e. There is not enough information given in the problem to answer this question.

d. Yes, because the p-value is less than 0.05.

A p-value is _______________________, and when the p-value is _______, the null hypothesis is rejected. a. the probability of making a mistake in accepting the experimental hypothesis, high b. the probability of not making a mistake in accepting the experimental hypothesis, low c. the probability of accepting the hypothesis, low d. the probability of making a mistake in accepting the experimental hypothesis, low e. the probability of not making a mistake in accepting the experimental hypothesis, high

d. the probability of making a mistake in accepting the experimental hypothesis, low

Which of the following is an example of Personal Protective Equipment? Select one: a. Goggles b. Gloves c. Lab coat d. Face shield e. All of these are examples of Personal Protective Equipment

e. All of these are examples of Personal Protective Equipment

Which of the following statements about the p value is true? a. The larger the p value, the more significant your results are. b. Only a p value smaller than 0.5 is statistically significant. c. It allows you to determine the t-value needed for rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis. d. It gives the probability that you are making a mistake in accepting the experimental null hypothesis. e. It gives the probability that you are making a mistake in accepting the experimental hypothesis.

e. It gives the probability that you are making a mistake in accepting the experimental hypothesis.

Which of the following would be an appropriate null hypothesis to test the whether the newest cholesterol lowering drug, Cholesterol-B-Gone, is effective for men of age 35-50? a. Men of age 35-50 who do not take Cholesterol-B-Gone once a day for three months will experience a decrease in their cholesterol levels. b. Men of age 35-50 who take Cholesterol-B-Gone every day for three months will see an increase in their cholesterol level. c. Men of age 35-50 who do not take Cholesterol-B-Gone once a day for three months will experience no change in their cholesterol levels. d. Men of age 35-50 who take Cholesterol-B-Gone once a day for three months will experience a decrease in their cholesterol levels. e. Men of age 35-50 who take Cholesterol-B-Gone every day for three months will experience no change in their cholesterol levels.

e. Men of age 35-50 who take Cholesterol-B-Gone every day for three months will experience no change in their cholesterol levels.

What part of the pipetter is indicated by the label "D" in the diagram below? a. A disposable tip b. The shaft c. The pushbutton d. The volume adjustment ring e. The ejector

e. The ejector

A study was conducted to see if there was a difference in final exam scores of Life Science 2 students who consumed more than 120mg caffeine per day, versus those who consumed none. Data was recorded and formulated into a t-test. The p-value for this experiment was 0.0325. Which of the following statements would not apply, or is false? a. There is a 3.25% probability that the two test groups are drawn from the same population. b. The difference in data is significant such that we can claim that caffeine consumption has an effect on final exam scores. c. More information is needed to make a determination. d. There is a 96.75% probability that accepting the alternative hypothesis is correct. e. The p-value falls below the threshold for significance, so we can feel confident in retaining our null hypothesis.

e. The p-value falls below the threshold for significance, so we can feel confident in retaining our null hypothesis.

In statistics, how does the p-value relate to the observed difference when comparing sample groups? a. The p-value is the probability that the observed difference is accurate. b. The p-value is the probability that the observed difference can be replicated. c. The p-value is the probability that the observed difference is less than 5%. d. The p-value is held constant at 0.05 when comparing observed differences between groups. e. The p-value is the probability that the observed difference is due to chance.

e. The p-value is the probability that the observed difference is due to chance.

What part of the pipettor is indicated by the label "C" in the diagram below? a. The pushbutton b. The volume adjustment ring c. The ejector d. A disposable tip e. The shaft

e. The shaft

A student conducts an experiment to test if Drug-A extends the life span of the mice. From the experiment, the average lifespan of mice that were given Drug-A was 0.7 days longer than mice that were not given the drug, and a p-value of 0.58 was derived. What can the student conclude from the experiment? a. Due to the low p-value magnitude, Drug-A shortens the lifespan of mice. b. The drug is responsible for shortening the lifespan of mice by 0.7 days. c. The drug is responsible for extending the lifespan of mice by 0.7 days. d. Due to the high p-value magnitude, Drug-A extends the lifespan of mice. e. There is no scientific evidence that Drug-A affects mice lifespan.

e. There is no scientific evidence that Drug-A affects mice lifespan.

The t-test takes into account the _________ and __________ of the data, and the p-value tells us ______________________. a. difference in means, variance, whether human errors were made in the t-test computation. b. variance, mode, whether human errors were made in the t-test computation. c. median, mode, whether human errors were made in the t-test computation. d. difference in means, median, whether the difference between the two groups is statistically significant. e. difference in means, variance, whether the difference between the two groups is statistically significant.

e. difference in means, variance, whether the difference between the two groups is statistically significant.

When collecting a sample from a population, the sample must: a. include the entire population. b. be a selection of a particular group in the population. c. include 10% of the population. d. be a nonrandom selection of individuals. e. represent the population.

e. represent the population

The t-value obtained in a t-test calculation is given as a ratio of: a. the normal distribution/the standard distribution b. the variance of the group/ the standard deviation c. the variance of the group/ the standard error of the difference between the means d. the difference between the means of the group/ the standard deviation e. the difference between the means of the groups/ the standard error of the difference between the means

e. the difference between the means of the groups/ the standard error of the difference between the means

You perform the MIT making alcohol usage your variable. First you set both set 1 and set 2 to have ____ type(s) of test(i.e. image,audio,word) to ____. Your hypothesis is that increased alcohol usage negatively affects memory. Your null hypothesis is that increased alcohol usage ________. After performing the statistical analysis you get a t-value of 32.03 for 1000 degrees of freedom, which corresponds to a p value of .04. Thus you _____ your null hypothesis.

the same, test only one variable, does not affect memory, reject