LS 6
immune cells found in the epidermis are called
epidermal dendritic cells
friction ridges are used as forensic tools because they can leave noticeable prints on touched surfaces, commonly called
finger prints
the subcutaneous layer is also known as the ________ or superficial fascia
hypodermis
the amount of melanin in the skin is determined by both hereditary and
light exposure
the first three strata of the epidermis consists of _______ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain ______ keratinocytes
living, dead
in thick skin, there is an extra layer of epidermal cells, this layer is called the stratum
lucidum
in the third step of wound healing, _______ within the wound begin to remove blood clotting
macrophages
When exposed to the sun, the ______ become more active and secrete a protein that gives the skin a tanned look
melanocytes
skin is classified as either thick or thin based on two parameters: the number of _______ in the epidermis and the relative ______ of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument
strata, thickness
cyst
a fluid-filled nodule that can become severely inflamed and painful and can lead to scarring
the nail matrix is the
actively growing part of the nail
main functions of the subcutaneous layer are
acts as energy reservoir, protects the body, provides thermal insulation
________ is an inherited recessive condition where the enzyme needed to produce melanin is nonfunctional
albinism
scientifically, thinning of the hair on the scalp is called
alopecia
two types of sweat glands in the skin
apocrine and merocrine
the net effect of vasoconstriction of the dermal blood vessels is a shunting of blood _______ from the periphery of the body to _______ heat
away, conserve
what are the functions of the skin
barrier to water loss, calcitriol production, heat regulation
the layer of skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the strata
basale
a hemangloma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin disorder due to _________ that proliferate and form a benign tumor
blood vessels
Women often accumulate subcutaneous fat in the _____. ______, hips and thighs
breasts, buttocks
In the first step of wound healing, the blood brings which of the following?
clotting proteins
a major concern of third degree bunrns is
dehydration
potential complications of a wound under repair include
fluid loss and infection
in the third step of wound healing, the cut blood vessels _______ and grow in the wound
regenerate
stratum lucidum is only found in the
thick skin
_________ layers of keratinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum
3-5
two exocrine glands
sweat and sebaceous
When ______ binds oxygen, it exhibits a bright red color, giving blood vessels in the dermis a reddish tint that is most easily observed in the skin of lightly pigmented individuals
hemogoblin
vasodilation of the dermal blood vessels means that the diameter of the vessels ______, so relatively _______ blood can travel through them
increase, more
f the body is too warm the dermal blood vessels _________ so more blood can travel _________ to the surface and excess can be lost
vasodilate, close
comedo
a sebaceous glands duct plugged with sebum
ceruminous glands secrete their waxy substance into the external ear canal, the secretion is called
cerumen
The word reticular means "network" and refers to the web like meshwork of _______ fibers
collagen
lines of cleavage (tension lines) in the skin relate to the predominant orientation of ________ fiber bundles
collagen
the predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is the
collagen
the main structural components of the reticular layer is primarily a network of _____ fibers that extend internally from the _______ layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer.
collagen, reticular
the specific orientation of ______ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied ______ during routine movement
collagen, stress
in thick skin, the layers of epidermis that contain dead keratinocytes are the stratum lucidum and stratum ______
corneum
vasoconstriction means the diameter of the vessels _______. so relatively ______ blood can travel through them
decrease, less
the ________ contains the capillaries that supply nutrients to the cells of the epidermis
dermal papillae
the spiny appearance of stratum spinosum cells is primarily due to the tenacious nature of ________, which function to hold these non-dividing cells together
desmosomes
pustule
dome shaped lesions filled with a mixture of white blood cells, dead skin cells, and bacteria
in the second step of wound healing, a blood clot temporarily patches the _______ of the wound together and acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of _______ into the body
edges, pathogens
the keratinocytes within the stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein _______, an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation
eleidin
second degree burns involve ______ and part of the _______
epidermis, dermis
a freckle is an area of ______ ________ activity, a nevus is caused by and increase in _________ numbers
excessive melanocyte, melanocyte
in the layer of the epidermis called the stratum _______ , keratinization begins
granulosum
the secretion of apocrine sweat glands are carried into
hair follicles
in the fourth step of wound healing ___________ of the epidermis occurs
regeneration
damaged tissue is repaired one of two ways
regeneration and fibrosis formation
When part of the skin is too severely damaged or its cells lack the capacity to divide, the body fills in the gap with _____ tissue, this process is called ______
scar, fibrosis
_______ lubricates the epidermis and hair and helps make the integument water resistant
sebum
When compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate _____ _______ endings in the dermis
sensory nerve
apocrine sweat glands are classified as __________ glands
simple, coiled, tubular
after a stem cell divides in the stratum basale, the resulting daughter cell enters the stratum ___________, and it begins to lose its ability to divide
spinosum
epidermal dendritic cells are found in which strata
spinosum and granulosum
tactile cells
stimulated by light touch and light pressure also called merkel cells large epithelial cells
the secretion from merocrine sweat glands are carried to the surface of the epidermis via __________
sweat ducts
function of cerumen (earwax)
to lubricate external acoustic meatus
the substance that makes sweat feel gritty are water, salts, and
urea
the root and shaft of the hair is ________ while the bulb of the hair is ________
dead, living
the main function of melanin pigment is to protect the _______ of keratinocytes from UV radiation
nucleus
main function of the mecocrine sweat glands are
protection, secretion, thermoregulation
the secretion produced by apocrine sweat glans is viscous, cloudy, and composed of _______ and _______ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor
proteins and lipids
the _______ layer of the dermis consists primarily of dense irregular connective tissue with large bundles of collagen fibers
reticular
nodule
can be prone to scarring
_____________ hemangiomas or 'strawberry-colored birthmarks' appear in the skin as bright red or deep purple nodules tat usually disappear in childhood
capillary
the most abundant type of cell in the epidermis
keratinocytes
organs involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D?
kidney, liver, skin
3 types of hair in our lifetime
lanugo, vellus, terminal
the most numerous and widely distribute sweat glands in the body are
merocrine
during keratinization the ___________ and organelles of the cells disintegrate and the cells start to die
nucleus