LSS Final Exam Package

If a process has reached Six Sigma level, how many defects does it produce?

3.4 DMPO

What are the steps of a kaizen blitz event?

(1) define scope and objective (training) (2) verify existing VSM (3) Identify waste, flow issues and other issues (4) implementation (5) create controls (sustain and celebrate)

In order to limit the scope of a typical Lean Six Sigma project, it should have _____ final deliverables?

1 final deliverable

In order to measure reproducibility at least how many inspectors need to measure the same part?

2

What is the minimum number of distinct categories (NDC) necessary to pass a variable gage R&R?

5

___________ can help you gain support for a Lean Six Sigma project in your organization.

A business case

These three things could represent what? a) a card b) an empty cart c) an empty shelf space

A kanban signal

You have developed critical to x metrics. What tool should you use to prioritize the customer requirements?

A quality function deployment (QFD)

Your team wants to determine how to best meet customer requirements. What tool would be best to accomplish this task?

A quality function deployment (QFD)

You are preparing for a team meeting to gather and analyze the voice of the customer. Which of the following tools would you use? a) quality function deployment (QFD) b) SIPOC c) a CTQ tree d) all of the above

All of these tools

The ___________ is the exact opposite of the null hypothesis and contains all of the other possibilities.

Alternative hypothesis

If the calculated power is 80%, the beta risk is ____________.

Beta risk = 20%

When an inspector consistently measures higher than the standard is an example of:

Bias

Comparing the defect rate of two different processes is an example of a _________ experiment.

Binomial

A manufacturer of widgets wants to see if its average widget heights are above the target of 34 inches. The best type of hypothesis test in this situation would be:

Compares one sample average to a standard, one-sample t-test

Bob owns a delivery service company. When a truck returns from daily deliveries, he uses a simple black and white picture of the delivery truck from all angles and marks where damage has occurred. This is an example of using a ______________.

Concentration Diagram Check Sheet

Your machine operators measure samples every 10 parts so you decide to collect your samples at this point. This is an example of ___________.

Convenience sampling

The benefits of poka-yoke include:

Cost reduction, defect elimination, improved level of safety

Brad cannot remember the standard deviation of his process. The USL is 20, the LSL is 10, and the Cp is .833. What is the standard deviation?

Cp = (USL - LSL) / 6*StanDev, calculate backwards to get StanDev = 2

A golf ball manufacturer produces 200 golf balls per minute. Three types of defects can occur. The number of occurrences of each defect type over the same period is as follows: - Core material faulty: 1 - Cover is scratched: 1 - Numbering not readable: 2 Based on this data for a minute, what is the DPMO?

DPMO = (Defects* 1M)/(Total opportunity for defects) = (4*1,000,000)/(200*3) = 6666.7

A flag manufacturer produces 30 flags in a shift. Three types of defects can occur. The number of occurrences of each defect type over the same period is as follows: - Fretting: 3 - Color does not meet brightness standards: 2 - Spline issues: 5 Based on this data, what is the DPU?

DPU = number of defects/number of units DPU = (3+2+5)/30 DPU = 0.33/33%

This type of data collection gets a count of defects by type.

Defect or cause check sheet

Scoping of a project is completed in what phase?

Define phase

The PDSA cycle was developed by __________.

Edwards Deming

Who returned to Toyota after a visit to Ford in the United States with the confidence that Toyota could be competitive in the automotive industry?

Eiji Toyoda

Brad is conducting a hypothesis test. He set his alpha equal to .10. QI Macros indicated that the p-value is .15. What is the result of this test?

Fail to reject the null hypothesis

True or False: A Black Belt must be an expert in the process they are trying to improve.

False

True or False: A cause and effect diagram captures historical knowledge but does not focus on present knowledge.

False

True or False: A critical activity has float time.

False

True or False: After completing the stakeholder analysis, you found that all the stakeholders are at the level of support you need to be successful. Given this information, there is no need to influence the stakeholders going forward.

False

True or False: An attribute agreement analysis is a measurement system analysis for continuous data.

False

True or False: An operation definition of a "metric" is not an essential part of gage R&R.

False

True or False: Batch and queue production typically has shorter lead times than continuous flow production.

False

True or False: Before undertaking a new project, a business is not sure if the scope is accurate. It would be wise to complete a feasibility study.

False

True or False: Bill wants to collect data to form a subgroup over a period of time that is over the lunch break in an operation. This is a good idea.

False

True or False: Bob chose an IMR control chart to track the number of incorrect customer billings sent to customers per day. The IMPR control chart was the best choice that he could have made.

False

True or False: Bob is a Black Belt going through his Master Black Belt Coach's recommendations. He sees that risks must be considered when creating the project schedule. He thinks that since he basically knows these risks, he should assess them alone instead of with the team and stakeholders. This is acceptable.

False

True or False: Bob tells a new Black Belt that root cause analysis is only acceptable if you are running a Six Sigma project. This is a sound advice.

False

True or False: Bob wants to track the times of every delivery that he make on a control chart. He selects an XBarR chart. This is the most appropriate chart for this situation.

False

True or False: Company XYZ allows each department to create their own metrics with no requirement for feedback loops or linkages between departments. This is an example of an effective system.

False

True or False: Given the nature of both tools, the solution selection matrix is a much simpler tool compared to the impact/effort matrix.

False

True or False: High standard deviation represents a tightly controlled process.

False

True or False: If you have attribute data, the metric of central location is the mode.

False

True or False: In order to collect enough data, you must always collect at least five data points.

False

True or False: Increases in inflation would be an example of a controllable organizational driver.

False

True or False: It is a best practice to run the hypothesis test in QI macros and then determine the alpha risk.

False

True or False: It is appropriate to determine if the test is one- or two- tailed after running a hypothesis test in QI Macros.

False

True or False: Jerry wants to collect data to form a subgroup over a longer period of time that cuts across multiple shifts in an operation. This is a best practice.

False

True or False: Jerry wants to collect data to form a subgroup over a longer period of time that includes the changing of machine type. This is a best practice.

False

True or False: Just-in-time production is typically large batch production.

False

True or False: Lot size does not affect inventory and scheduling.

False

True or False: Lower control limits are calculated based on customer requirements.

False

True or False: Marsha is using Poisson distribution for a dataset that is comprised of heights. Is this a best practice?

False

True or False: Marsha is working with a discrete data set, which she believes fits a normal distribution. Is this a sound idea?

False

True or False: Ownership of the milling department's metrics resides in the quality department. This is an example of assigning ownership with the party held accountable.

False

True or False: POUS (point of use storage) has no impact on motion or transportation waste.

False

True or False: Pilot studies are most useful in DFSS projects.

False

True or False: Process capability is based on statistics with no consideration of the process/customer requirements.

False

True or False: Randomizing the samples is not necessary to obtain an accurate measurement of repeatability.

False

True or False: Resolution is the variation due to appraiser variation.

False

True or False: SPC takes two forms: process assurance and process adherence.

False

True or False: Sampling events must occur within individual subgroups.

False

True or False: The main effects correlation assessment is another way to show the effect of the factors on the output and compare the relative strength of the effects.

False

True or False: The problem statement provides the vision for the outcome of the project.

False

True or False: The visual factory is usually video surveillance.

False

True or False: There are no points outside of the lower control limit on a control chart, which means the process is under control.

False

True or False: There are no points outside of the upper control limit on a control chart, which means the process is under control.

False

True or False: Typically there is no need to craft operational definitions to express customer requirements in clear and objective terms.

False

True or False: Upper control limits are calculated based on customer requirements.

False

True or False: W. Edwards Deming developed the pull system.

False

True or False: We are focused on effectiveness measures when we are trying to improve the effectiveness of a machine.

False

True or False: When calculating reproducibility, you should only use the most experienced inspectors.

False

True or False: When designing a new process for a heavy manufacturing environment, an example of an unintended consequence could be the planned efficiency gains.

False

True or False: You are conducting a benchmarking event of a world class organization. You would expect to find they only allow Master Black Belts to select projects.

False

True or False: You are following up on a recently closed Six Sigma project. The gains made during the project have slipped outside the control limits. You should contact the Master Black Belt regarding the slippage.

False

True or False: the eight wastes pertain only to manufacturing.

False

True or False: Bill wants to collect data to form a subgroup over a period of time where the product line is testing a new piece of machinery. This seem like a good idea.

False - Items within a subgroup should not be collected across a shift change or across any other process change that could be associated with a special cause

True or False: You want to prove that the setting does not make a difference. Therefore, you want to reject the null hypothesis.

False,

True or False: The ranking scale for the nominal group technique is typically 1-10.

False, 1-5

True or False: Power is defined as (1 - alpha risk).

False, 1-beta risk

True or False: Jody is working with variable data. Based on this limited information, it is a best practice to use a u chart.

False, IMR Chart

True or False: When sampling with subgroups of different sizes, it may be appropriate to use an IMR chart.

False, IMR charts don't use subgroups

James Womack founded the Lean Enterprise Academy in the United Kingdom.

False, Jones did.

True or False: To create a control chart of defects over a constant size of area of opportunity (such as X defects/100), a p chart should be used.

False, NP chart

True or False: Bob wants to create a control chart for missed opportunities in a sample of 100 customer interactions per day so he decides to use a IMR chart. In this situation, Bob selected the best chart.

False, NP chart would be most effective here: non-conforming items over a constant area of opportunity

True or False: Marsha is using Poisson distribution for a dataset that is comprised of widget weights. Is this a best practice?

False, Poisson is a discrete distribution

True or False: Bob has calculated Ppk, Pp, Cp, and Cpk; however, he has forgotten that his data are non-normal. Therefore, only the Pp is a valid calculation.

False, Ppk and Pp

Genichi Taguchi is credited with the creation of the single minute exchange of die (SMED) and stopping processes as soon as defects occur.

False, Shingo

True or False: The A3 one-page report is a process pioneered by General Motors.

False, Toyoda

True or False: Janet has data on the outcome of coin tosses and wants to use statistical tools tailored to Weibull distribution. This is a best practice.

False, Weibull is a continuous probability distribution (infinite outcomes)

True or False: A rectangle on a flow chart signifies a decision point.

False, a diamond

True or False: Alpha risk is also referred to as a Type II error.

False, beta risk = type II error

True or False: A two-tailed test describes a hypothesis test that is concerned with one side of the frequency distribution.

False, concerned with both sides

True or False: Activities are shown as diamonds in a process map.

False, diamonds are decision points.

True or False: It is okay to perform data stratification after the data are collected.

False, done before sampling

True or False: Before undertaking a new project, if a business is not sure whether or not it will be successful, it would be helpful to complete a process mapping exercise to assess the situation.

False, feasibility analysis

True or False: Effectiveness measures focus on what the product or service looks like to the business.

False, focus on what this looks like to the CUSTOMER

True or False: A correlation plot shows the interaction effect of two factors on the output and compares the relative strength of the effects.

False, interaction plot

True or False: When using the 5 whys method, it is recommended that the total whys do not exceed 5 when trying to determine the root cause.

False, it may take more than 5 in some instances

True or False: The impact/effort matrix is a simple five-square matrix that takes each solution and places it in the quadrant that best reflects the impact expected and the effort required if that solution were chosen.

False, it's a four-square matrix

True or False: As they relate to DOEs, replicates are the values of a factor that we are interested in testing.

False, levels

True or False: A local food truck company wants to monitor, via a control chart, the number of trucks that are out of service (i.e., defective) each day. The control chart the manager selects for this task is an IMR chart. This is the most appropriate control chart.

False, likely need NP or P Chart

True or False: Bob is dealing with discrete data and wants to use a statistical tool for data that fits a normal probability distribution. Is this a best practice?

False, normal is continuous distribution

True or False: Activities are shown as ovals in a process map.

False, ovals are start/stop points

True or False: The vertical distance of each data point from the regression line is called the residue.

False, residual

True or False: It is unnecessary to establish scoring criteria for each element/column of the decision matrix.

False, scoring criteria must be established in order for matrix to be valid

True or False: When using the 5 whys method, it is best to work alone to focus.

False, should work in a team

True or False: The expected profit is the sum of the total number of outcomes of profit divided by their probabilities.

False, sum of profit X probability

True or False: The effect of one of the replicates in an experiment is called the main effect.

False, the effect of one of the factors

True or False: The current state map looks at the improved state.

False, the future state map does

True or False: Julien is trying to determine his variable type in order to select the proper statistical tests. He is measuring the grade level of a student. He believes this to be a continuous variable. He is correct.

False, this is a discrete vairable

True or False: A replicate represents all of the runs of an experiment. Two replicates equal two factorials.

False, two replicates = two complete runs

True or False: Juran's philosophy is that the product should be designed to be robust and insensitive to variations in the manufacturing process.

False, was Taguchi

True or False: In a regression analysis, if the underlying residuals are large, it is likely that the R^2 will be closer to 1.

False, would be farther from 1

True or False: If there is a high level of variation among DOE factors, it would be wise to have no replicates in a DOE.

False, would want many replicates to evaluate all levels

You are giving instructions to the project team about creating a value stream map. You tell them to ___________________________.

Follow and map a real transaction through the process

How many steps are there for completing the VOC translation matrix?

Four, (1) "Who is the customer?" (2) "What does the customer want from the organization?" (3) Identify the key issue(s) that prevent the organization from satisfying customers. (4) Create critical customer requirements by summarizing key issues and translating them into specific and measurable requirements.

Suppose you believe that there is a statistical difference between the test scores of juniors and seniors in a high school economics class. The null hypothesis (H0) is that the mean scores of juniors (μj) is = to the mean scores of seniors (μs) (also noted as H0: μj = μs). What is the alternative hypothesis (Ha)?

Ha: μj ≠ μs - alternative hypothesis is exact opposite of the null

A frequency plot check sheet is similar to a ___________________.

Histogram

What are two charts used to display descriptive stats?

Histogram and run charts

In a regression equation, the _(BLANK)_ variable is a predictor of the _(BLANK)_ variable.

Independent variable is the predictor of the dependent variable

This is used to determine conclusions that extend beyond the existing data.

Inferential statistics

X measures of inputs that are coming into the process are considered:

Input measures

Within 5S, what does "set in order" tell us?

Items must be arranged in a way that enhances production.

What are two major supporting subsystems of the Lean methodology? a) just-in-time (JIT) b) Jidoka c) SMED d) theory of constraints

JIT and Jidoka

____________ was responsible for providing a wake-up call to the world about the capabilities of the Lean Production system that Toyota was using and how good it was.

James Womack and Daniel Jones

_________________ primarily focused on quality management by suggesting that leadership is responsible for activities like establishing a quality council, serving on quality improvement teams, and revising the reward and recognition system.

Joseph Juran

___________ was responsible for the creation of The Quality Control Handbook?

Joseph Juran, 1951

This diagram is used to rate the strengths of relationships between two sets of data.

Matrix Diagram

What measures are used to describe the center of the data set?

Mean, median and mode

It is reasonable to guess that rain and the irrigation bill of a farmer in the same region have a Pearson correlation coefficient closest to ____.

Negative correlation, -1

This is used in order to quickly come to a consensus on the relative importance of issues, problems, and solutions.

Nominal Group Technique

Is a simple, straightforward description of what should be observed and measured to ensure that anyone collecting or interpreting the data will do so consistently.

Operational definition

Walter Shewhart developed the _________cycle.

PDCA

What is the PPM if the DPU is .2? Question options: a) 100,000 b) 200,000 c) 500,000 d) none of the above

PPM = DPU x 1M = 0.2 x 1M = 200,000

Who is credited with setting the target defect standard at zero?

Philip Crosby

A process has a USL of 10, a LSL of 8, and a standard deviation of 2. What is the Pp?

Pp = (USL - LSL)/6*standev = (10-8)/6*2 = 0.1666

A flag manufacturer has already launched a new product that will potentially gain two new customers, US Flag Inc. and USA Flags LLC. The company estimates that there is a 50% chance of signing each new customer post-launch. The profitability of each customer is roughly $1m. The projected increase in profit is ___________.

Profit X Probability = $1M

This member of a LSS project is to remove barriers to success and provide the necessary resources.

Project Champion

The area you are targeting for improvement currently has no limits or controls on inventory; and as a result, inventory is on the rise. This system is a _______________________.

Push system

Another name for the "House of Quality" is?

QFD - Quality Function Deployment

A process at a large biotech manufacturing facility goes through a four-step process with the following yields: .9, .95, .8, and .99. What is the RTY?

RTY = 0.9 * 0.95 * 0.8 * 0.99 = 0.677

Variation in measurements of the same unit by the same person is defined as:

Repeatability

When different inspectors evaluate the same samples, we expect them to get the same answer. This is an example of ______________.

Reproducibility

When you have only one operator measuring samples, you are unable to calculate this:

Reproducibility

Precision can be broken down into these two groups:

Reproducibility and repeatability

Your company is faced with shrinking order quantiles and high setup times. Your plan of attack is to reduce the length of setup time. ___________ is credited with this concept.

Shigeo Shingo

The formula Y = mx + b is the mathematical equation for a line and is used with which Lean Six Sigma Tool?

Simple linear regression

True or False: Brad is reviewing his control chart and discovers that he has 15 points in a row that are above the mean, but under the UCL. This would be an example of _________ that would need to be further explored.

Special Cause Variation

Brad is collecting a sample every 100th item produced on an assembly line. This is an example of _________.

Systematic sampling

A process has a DPU of 15%. What is the TPY? a) 80% b) 85% c) 90% d) none of the above

TPY = number of accepted units/number of units 100% - 15% = 85% TPY

A process at a large biotech manufacturing facility goes through a four-step process with the following yields: .9, .95, .8, and .99. What is the total yield of this process for a shift if 1,000 units are inputted?

TPY: 1000*(0.9) = 900*(0.95) = 855*(0.8) = 684*(0.99) = 677

1. Develop a science (process) for each element of an individual's work. 2. Select and train, teach, and develop employees. 3. Cooperate with the employees so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science. 4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and employees. Management assumes all work for which it is better fitted than the employees.

Taylor's Four Principles of Scientific Management

Who is responsible for the communication plan for a project team?

The entire team

Both Lean and Six Sigma projects should begin with ______________________________.

The voice of the customer

This theory of there is most often only one aspect of a system that is limiting its ability to achieve more of its goal is?

Theory of Constraints (TOC)

Suppose you are running a Black Belt project to reduce quality escapes and you suspect that there are different escape frequencies depending on the product type. There are three different types of products and the data are normal. The best type of hypothesis test to run in this situation would be ________________.

Three or more variables, ANOVA

A spaghetti diagram is a great tool to identify waste from _________________________.

Transportation

Billy thinks he could effectively collect process data with a part as it travels through a process by using a check sheet. This tool is formally called a __________.

Traveler check sheet

This diagram is used to: a) show the relationships of a production process b) create new ideas in problem-solving c) outline the steps to implement a project

Tree Diagram

True of False: An example of poor linearity is when the measured samples are lower than the standard at the low end of the range and higher than the standard at the high end of the range.

True

True or False: 5S creates benefits through better workplace organization, visual communication, and general cleanliness.

True

True or False: A C-chart is used with counts of attribute data.

True

True or False: A CTQ is a key feature by which customers evaluates the quality of a product.

True

True or False: A QFD produces a prioritize list of how to satisfy the customer requirements.

True

True or False: A SWOT analysis can be a good tool to assess the risk(s) associated with a project.

True

True or False: A Type I error occurs when you incorrectly reject the null hypothesis.

True

True or False: A business case should persuade the organization to pursue a project.

True

True or False: A common way to identify the appropriate probability distribution is to use statistical software.

True

True or False: A data sheet is used to capture readings, measures, or counts.

True

True or False: A deliverable is a measurable and verifiable outcome or object that a project team must create and deliver according to the terms of an agreement.

True

True or False: A final deliverable is a product, service, process, or plan that satisfies the customer needs and requirements.

True

True or False: A frequency plot check sheet is used to record a measure of an item along a scale or continuum.

True

True or False: A good tool to use while planning a construction project would be an activity network diagram (arrow diagram).

True

True or False: A high R^2 indicates that the regression line's fit to the underlying data is better.

True

True or False: A hypothesis test examines two opposing hypotheses about a population, which are the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.

True

True or False: A key piece of the deliverables schedule is assigning accountability for each deliverable.

True

True or False: A one-tailed test describes a hypothesis test that is concerned with one side of the frequency distribution.

True

True or False: A process consisting of only common cause variation is a process that is in control.

True

True or False: A project team does not know for certain what problems they will encounter during the project, which is why it is important to identify the critical assumptions for the project.

True

True or False: A run chart is used to monitor the performance of one or more processes over time to detect trends, shifts, or cycles.

True

True or False: A spaghetti diagram is a visual picture of how things or employees flow through a process.

True

True or False: A swim lane flow chart should break down the process by department or function.

True

True or False: A trained competent employee with a good sense of awareness can spot trouble before it happens.

True

True or False: Activities are shown as rectangles in a process map.

True

True or False: Activities are the steps in the process, which should be expressed in a verb/noun format.

True

True or False: Activities with zero float are on the critical path.

True

True or False: After randomly selected samples from a population are measured, the resulting data are analyzed to produce descriptive statistics.

True

True or False: All Black Belts should be mentored and certified by a Master Black Belt.

True

True or False: Alpha risk is also referred to as a Type I error.

True

True or False: An ANOVA compares three or more independent sample averages.

True

True or False: An example of poor linearity is when the measured samples are higher than the standard at the low end of the range and lower than the standard at the high end of the range.

True

True or False: An example of required non-value added activities would be government regulations.

True

True or False: An interaction is the effect of two or more factors in conjunction with one another.

True

True or False: An interaction plot shows the interaction effect of two factors on the output and compares the relative strength of the effects.

True

True or False: Appraisers measure the same parts in a different order multiple times to capture the repeatability of the test.

True

True or False: Appraisers re-evaluate the same parts in a different order to capture repeatability of the test.

True

True or False: Armand Feigenbaum suggested that operator efficiency can be improved by educating them on quality and thereby enhance overall quality.

True

True or False: Attribute/discrete data summarize the frequency with which an event occurs.

True

True or False: Benchmarking against an organization in a different industry removes feelings of competition, making it easier to analyze and improve upon their own performance.

True

True or False: Bias is a measure of the bias in the measurement system.

True

True or False: Bias is the difference between the observed average measurement and a true or standard value.

True

True or False: Bob notices that he has only point above the upper control limit. Based on the common rules to detect special cause, this process is potentially out of control.

True

True or False: Both judgement and convenience sampling are not great sampling methods.

True

True or False: Boxplots and scatterplots allow us to look at the relationships between inputs (X variables) and the output (Y) of a process.

True

True or False: Capability is assessed by comparing process variation to customer expectations.

True

True or False: Constraint management addresses bottlenecks and increasing throughput.

True

True or False: Continuous flow processes have an "everything works or nothing works" quality.

True

True or False: Continuous flow production typically has lower scrap rates than batch and queue.

True

True or False: Convenience sampling involves sampling the items that are easiest to measure or sampling at times that are most convenient.

True

True or False: Correlation is a statistical measure that describes the relationship between two variables.

True

True or False: Daniel Jones and James Womack researched the automotive industry and published a study titled "The Future of the Automobile".

True

True or False: Effective point of use storage will have a large impact on the wastes of motion and transportation.

True

True or False: Efficiency measures focus on the volume and cost of the resources consumed in the processes.

True

True or False: Eiji Toyoda become President of Toyota Motor Company.

True

True or False: Examples of descriptive statistics are the mean, median and the standard deviation.

True

True or False: For each risk included in the scope of the PDPC, a team will identify possible countermeasures for eliminating the risk or reducing the impact of the risk.

True

True or False: Henry Ford helped build a factory that included vertical integration of raw materials

True

True or False: If there is a high level of variation among DOE factors, it would be wise to have some replicates in a DOE.

True

True or False: In 1911 Taylor published a book titled The Principles of Scientific Management.

True

True or False: In a regression analysis, if the underlying residuals are small, it is likely that the R^2 will be closer to 1.

True

True or False: In a statistical study, population refers to the entire set of objects, individuals, or measurement items defined by the scope of the study that exhibits a particular characteristic.

True

True or False: In hypothesis testing, a small p-value suggests the null hypothesis is unlikely to be true.

True

True or False: In order to be successful, a Green Belt or Black Belt should possess facilitator skills.

True

True or False: In previous projects you struggled to get accurate time estimates. The expected time calculation will help you avoid unrealistic time estimates.

True

True or False: In the formula y = mx + b, b is the Y intercept.

True

True or False: Inferential statistics make inferences about a population from a sample.

True

True or False: Interim deliverables are deliverables that are produced before the final deliverable.

True

True or False: It is a best practice to state the null hypothesis before running the hypothesis test in QI Macros.

True

True or False: It is appropriate to determine if the test is one- or two- tailed prior to running a hypothesis test in QI Macros.

True

True or False: It is best to establish scoring criteria for each element/column of the decision matrix.

True

True or False: It is important to analyze and monitor the assumptions in a project to ensure their validity and relevancy as the project proceeds.

True

True or False: Japanese manufacturers applied W. Edwards Deming's techniques and realized considerably higher levels of quality and productivity.

True

True or False: Julien is trying to determine his variable type in order to select the proper statistical tests. He is measuring the time it takes him to get to work. He believes this to be a continuous variable. He is correct.

True

True or False: Kaoru Ishikawa translated Deming's and Juran's lectures into a uniquely Japanese perspective on quality improvement

True

True or False: Lead time is the total elapsed time for one item to make it through the system from the initial step to customer delivery.

True

True or False: Lean floor layouts focus on employees, materials, and information flow.

True

True or False: Level loading is also known as heijunka.

True

True or False: Linearity is a measure of how the size of the part affects the accuracy of the measurement system.

True

True or False: Lot size directly affects inventory and scheduling.

True

True or False: MSA determined if a measuring system can generate accurate precise data and if that data is adequate to obtain your objectives.

True

True or False: Marsha needs to determine which of her Xs are critical. Depending on the situation, using the one factor at a time method may be acceptable.

True

True or False: Marsha needs to screen the potential causes of a problem. Depending on the situation, using the one factor at a time method may be acceptable.

True

True or False: Marsha used a fishbone to determine the potential root causes of a problem. This is acceptable.

True

True or False: Often the recorder duties are rotated among team members.

True

True or False: One of Crosby's Four Absolutes of Quality is that the performance standard is zero defects.

True

True or False: One of the aims of the Lean methodology is to reduce cycle time.

True

True or False: One of the benefits of 5S is that employees become proud of a clean and organized workplace.

True

True or False: One question to ask when determining if an activity is value-added or non-value added would be "Is the customer willing to pay for that step to be taken?"

True

True or False: Operational definitions are crafted as VOC data and are refined and translated into product/service requirements.

True

True or False: Operational definitions to express customer requirements in clear and objective terms are typically needed to ensure everyone understands the customer requirements.

True

True or False: Output measures are referred to as Y data measures.

True

True or False: Power is defined as (1 - beta risk).

True

True or False: Process capability is obtained by comparing the process average (mean) to the customer specifications.

True

True or False: Quality function deployment (QFD) is used to translate customer requirements statements into product features, performance measures, or opportunities for improvement.

True

True or False: Random sampling ensures every item in the population or process has an equal chance of being selected for counting.

True

True or False: Reducing throughput time is a benefit of creating continuous flow.

True

True or False: Repeatability is the variation due to the measuring device.

True

True or False: Reproducibility is the variation due to appraiser variation.

True

True or False: Reproducibility is the variation observed when different operators measure the same parts using the same device.

True

True or False: Required non-value-added processes are processes that may not be meaningful to the customer but are an essential part of conducting business.

True

True or False: Resolution is related to the number of distinct categories in variable gage R & R.

True

True or False: Resolution is the capability to differentiate between samples to the extent necessary to make a decision.

True

True or False: Risk is defined as an undesirable situation or circumstance that has both a likelihood of occurring and a potentially negative outcome.

True

True or False: SMED is quick changeover between products.

True

True or False: Scatter diagrams can be used to plot dependent vs. independent variables.

True

True or False: Several deliverables must be completed in order to deliver a final deliverable to the customer.

True

True or False: Stability is a measure of how accurately the system performs over time.

True

True or False: Stability is the total variation obtained with a particular device, on the same part, when measuring a single characteristic over time.

True

True or False: Standard deviation can be used to describe the variation of normal and non-normal data.

True

True or False: Standard work results in process steps safely carried out with tasks organized in the best known sequence and using the most effective combination of resources.

True

True or False: Strategic planning addresses how organizations establish and plan to implement strategic directions

True

True or False: TPM (Total Productive Maintenance) has a goal of maximizing equipment effectiveness for the lifetime of the equipment, with an ultimate objective of zero unplanned machine downtime.

True

True or False: Taiichi Ohno and Eiji Toyoda created the Toyota Production System.

True

True or False: The "beat" of a process is the set pace for the rest of the system.

True

True or False: The "drum" is the process bottleneck or constraint.

True

True or False: The Define Phase in the DMADV framework gathers customer needs and metrics to measure success.

True

True or False: The Kano Model classifies product attributes based on how they are perceived by customers and their effect on customer satisfaction.

True

True or False: The PERT chart is a variation on the Critical Path Method that focuses on time estimates for individual tasks rather than a complete set of interdependent activities.

True

True or False: The activity network diagram (arrow diagram) is a tool for scheduling sequential and simultaneous tasks.

True

True or False: The alternative hypothesis should be stated prior to running a hypothesis test using QI Macros.

True

True or False: The annual employee satisfaction measures are soon to be collected at Company ABC. The individual creating the data collection plan decides to collect the data by the employee location to try to pin point if there are patterns and/or differences in satisfaction between the various company locations. Employee locations are Lafayette, Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, and Columbus. Is this a process of grouping data to discover patterns or trends a good practice?

True

True or False: The business case is a short summary of the strategic reasons to complete an improvement project.

True

True or False: The central limit theorem states that, regardless of the population shape, the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution (bell curve) if the sample size is large enough.

True

True or False: The check sheet is one of the seven quality control tools.

True

True or False: The confidence level represents how confident you are that the data you sample actually represents the entire population or process.

True

True or False: The current state map looks at the "as is".

True

True or False: The effect of one of the factors in an experiment is called the main effect.

True

True or False: The first step in creating a CTQ tree is to list the major customer needs collected during the data collection process.

True

True or False: The measurement device you are using for your Green Belt project has shown increased variation over time. This is an example of poor stability.

True

True or False: The more samples you take from a population, the tighter your confidence intervals become around that metric.

True

True or False: The operators are inconsistent in their interpretation of the measure. One area to investigate would be the operational definition of the measure.

True

True or False: The opportunity statement provides the vision for the outcome of the project.

True

True or False: The phrase "to effect real change, we must focus on the Xs" means that, in order to solve problems, we need to work on the inputs or causes (independent variables). The Ys or symptoms are the effect of the process and can only be monitored but not controlled.

True

True or False: The project champion is the person who provides the business focus for LSS projects.

True

True or False: The project closeout report identifies variances in the project, describes lessons learned, and notes where and when the project's resources have been redistributed.

True

True or False: The purpose of using interim deliverables is to divide up the work of the project and to assign that work to sub-projects.

True

True or False: The reliability of the linear relationship between x and y values is represented by the value of r.

True

True or False: The shape of a histogram can help assess both variations in data and the frequency of the occurrence of various data values

True

True or False: The smaller the standard deviation, the more robust the process.

True

True or False: The solution prioritization matrix is a more complex matrix where the solutions are ranked according to the team-agreed criteria.

True

True or False: The terms bottleneck and constraint are often used interchangeably. They both show the areas on which to focus.

True

True or False: The timekeeper role is an optional responsibility.

True

True or False: The vertical distance of each data point from the regression line is called the residual.

True

True or False: There is no feedback loop on Company XYZ's map of their milling process. The lack of a feedback loop will make improvement more difficult.

True

True or False: Top-level or core processes represent what the organization wants to accomplish.

True

True or False: Training that is supplemented with visual controls, work instructions, or procedures is called standard work.

True

True or False: Two essential components of a successful balanced scorecard are making the scorecard visible and communicating progress.

True

True or False: Typically, you set your confidence level at 95%. When you set it at 90%, your confidence intervals become tighter.

True

True or False: Under the Lean concept, there are eight wastes that exist in business (products or services).

True

True or False: Unlike detailed process maps or value stream maps, spaghetti diagrams are created for specific work areas and their layouts.

True

True or False: Value-added activities are essential processes that are necessary to deliver the product or service to the customer.

True

True or False: Visual factory is sometimes listed as a form of mistake-proofing.

True

True or False: When calculating reproducibility, you should use inspectors with varying experience.

True

True or False: When creating a current state value stream map, teams can lose focus and map what the process should be instead of the true "as is" process.

True

True or False: When designing a new process for a heavy manufacturing environment, it is possible that death or injury could be an unintended consequence of such a change.

True

True or False: When sampling with subgroups of different sizes, it may be appropriate to use a u chart.

True

True or False: When using a prioritization matrix, the criteria are often weighted to make a better decision.

True

True or False: When using the 5 whys method, it is best to work with a team.

True

True or False: When using the stratified sampling method, it is acceptable to divide data into subgroups and then randomly sample within those groups.

True

True or False: When working on a process improvement, it is best to jointly consider the "voice of the process" and the "voice of the customer."

True

True or False: When you are unable to measure the entire population, you typically take a sample to represent the population.

True

True or False: With a Lean layout, work centers are grouped by product families or groups of products that share common processes.

True

True or False: Within any business system, you should start with a top-level view of the business to define its core processes.

True

True or False: X-bar is a term to describe the mean of a subgroup.

True

True or False: You believe there may be some hidden agendas among team members when deciding on a solution. A good tool to eliminate any hidden agendas when making decisions would be a prioritization matrix.

True

True or False: You have a p-value > 0.5. Therefore, you failed to reject the null and there is no difference.

True

True or False: You have constructed an interrelationship digraph and found a number of issues with a very close number of arrows. Although these issues must be reviewed carefully, in the end it is a judgment call, not science.

True

True or False: You have identified improvement ideas during a benchmarking event; therefore, it is not necessary to pilot the improvement.

True

True or False: You have just completed collecting the voice of the customer in your Green Belt project. You can now translate customer comments into measurable statements called critical to x (CTx) metrics.

True

True or False: You have limited resources on your Green Belt project. The QFD tool can help you prioritize which how's to focus on.

True

True or False: Your area of responsibility has high variation. Standard work will help reduce the variation in a process.

True

True or False: Your team is assigned the development of a new product. The correct methodology for this problem is Design for Six Sigma (DFSS).

True

True or false: An effective use of kanban is with the use of visual control.

True

True or false: The terms bottleneck and constraint are often used interchangeably.

True

True or False: Lean manufacturing tools are often used in the Improve Phase of a Six Sigma project.

True - to reduce waste and improve the flow in the process.

True or False: Knowing only the mean and standard deviation, it is possible to compute the lower control limit on an I chart.

True, UCL/LCL = overall average +/- 3 standevs

True or False: Level loading is the leveling of schedules and production.

True, level loading is adjusting the volume and the product mix to minimize day-to-day variation

True or False: When reviewing data pertaining to customer wait times that fit an exponential distribution, without knowing more information, it would be expected that there are fewer large values and more small values.

True, this is the definition of exponential distributions

True or False: Jill is given the following key items from a regression analysis. The regression equation (i.e., fitted line) is (Monthly Irrigation P spent per Acre) = 3,000 - .5 * (Monthly Rainfall in Inches). The R^2 in this same analysis is .99. This regression equation have a good fit with the underlying data.

True, very strong R value

This error occur(s) when you incorrectly reject the null hypothesis as a result of the hypothesis test.

Type I

This error occur(s) when you incorrectly fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Type II Error

You have collected customer comments. What tool should you use to translate the customer comments into measurable statements called critical to x (CTx) metrics?

VOC translation matrix

Sequence of activates required to design, produce and provide a specific good or service.

Value Stream

When trying to identify waste in a process and understand why a process is not flowing, the best tool to use is the ___________________.

Value stream map

Suppose you are running a Black Belt project to reduce processing time and you suspect that there are different processing times depending on the customer type. There are four different types of customers and the data are normal. The best type of hypothesis test to run in this situation would be:

Variable data that compares more 3 or more averages: ANOVA

A scatter diagram is used to study and identify the possible relationship between the changes observed in two different sets of __________.

Variables

____________ framed the problem of variation in terms of assignable-cause and chance-cause variation.

Walter Shewhart

Muda is a Japanese word that means ________.

Waste

(1) quality requires both individual and team zealotry (2) quality is a way of managing (3) quality and innovation are mutually dependent

Which of the following are Armand Feigenbaum's crucial benchmarks for total quality success?

a) system design: the process of applying scientific and engineering knowledge to produce a basic functional prototype design b) parameter design: the investigation conducted to identify settings that minimize (or reduce) the performance variation c) tolerance design: the method for determining tolerances that minimize the sum of product manufacturing and lifetime costs

Which of the following processes are the focus areas of Taguchi's design phase?

The role of the Green Belt in Lean Six Sigma is as ______________________________.

a part-time responsibility

a collection of related, structured activities that produce a product or service that meets the customer's needs and requirements

a process

An experimental condition that it is characterized by the factor and levels associated with it is said to be ____________________.

a run

Which of the following is not a correct statement about Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)? a) DFSS becomes the organization's new product development process. b) DFSS is closely related to systems engineering. c) DFSS is closely related to operations research. d) DFSS is closely related to systems architecting.

a) DFSS becomes the organization's new product development process.

A business tracks the cost for every audit they conduct. They wish to put this on a control chart. Which of the following control charts is the most appropriate? a) IMR b) XbarX c) c chart d) h range chart

a) IMR (subgroup size = 1)

What are three limitations of a histogram?

a) Inability to discern exact values of the data b) Time-order cannot be captured in a histogram c) May not be meaningful with super small data sets

Which of the following is true about a type II error? a) It is a conclusion that the population has not changed when in fact it has. b) It is a conclusion that the population has changed when in fact it has not. c) The mean of population A is not equal to the mean of population B. d) Mu = 100.

a) It is a conclusion that the population has not changed when in fact it has. -getting a negative test result back, even tho the patient is positive

Give three reasons to implement a quick change over system.

a) They minimize waste. b) They reduce lead time. c) They reduce batch size.

You are planning a meeting to identify value from the customer's perspective. Which of the following tools are you likely to use? a) VOC tree, CTQ tree, and SIPOC b) Kaizen and Blitz c) Improve and Control d) DOE, MSA, and FMEA

a) VOC tree, CTQ tree and SIPOC

Jerry is running a large factory that produces 100 units per hour. He wants to track the weight of the product by collecting five concurrent samples per hour each day. Which of the following is most appropriate? a) XBarR b) np chart c) IMR d) p chart

a) XBarR

According to Womack and Jones, Lean thinking starts with _______________________. a) a conscious attempt to precisely define value b) a value stream map c) customer requirements d) identification of waste

a) a conscious attempt to precisely define value

Julien is trying to determine his variable type in order to select the proper statistical tests. The data he collected deal with the number of defects on a production line. What type of variable should he use? a) discrete b) compounding c) pounds d) continuous

a) discrete

Which of the following is an objective of the Improve Phase? a) execute full-scale implementation b) confirm scope, goals and objectives of a project c) conduct benchmarking d) find the critical Xs (root causes)

a) execute full-scale implementation

Due to its ability to deliver a product at a low cost, a company is considering launching a new product in an unfamiliar industry with a good amount of competition. As part of a SWOT analysis, its "threats" must be considered. Given the situation, which of the following item(s) may be a threat? a) existing companies in the new industry b) industry knowledge c) low cost to manufacture d) all of the above

a) existing companies in the new industry

Vickie's boss is not sure she should be running a project because he is concerned that the benefits of new business will not outweigh the costs. Which of the following measures may be useful in evaluating this decision? a) expected profit b) expected value c) costs d) none of the above

a) expected profit

Looking at the data in various buckets can help us identify patterns in the data. Stratification of the data helps us _________________.

a) focus the project on the critical few b) speed the search for the root causes c) generate a deeper understanding of the process factors

A process map is a great tool for:

a) identifying where value-added steps are in a process b) showing relationships between process steps c) identifying potential bottlenecks

One of the primary purposes of a Pareto chart is to _____________________________. a) illustrate the frequency of the problems occurring in a process b) show the process distribution c) show a pattern of correlation between two variables d) visually represent a process step by step

a) illustrate the frequency of the problems occurring in a process

A good CTQ is:

a) is critical to the customer's perception of quality b) can be measured c) will be able to be turned into a specification that can be set to tell whether the CTQ characteristic has been achieved d) can be linked directly to customer needs gathered from voice-of-the-customer (VOC) data collection efforts

One of the advantages of the sample t-test is __________________. a) it can be applied to a relatively small number of cases b) Mu < 5 c) The mean of population A is not equal to the mean of population B d) Mu = 0

a) it can be applied to a relatively small number of cases

Which of the following describes the objective of a prioritization matrix? a) narrows down options by systematically selecting and weighting Xs b) creates a detailed action plan c) improves implementation by contingency planning d) helps organize ideas and brainstorming results

a) narrows down options by systematically selecting and weighting Xs

Which of the following is a purpose of multi-voting? a) prioritize a list of items b) develop a project plan c) create a contingency plan d) chart the output of a process over time

a) prioritize a list of items

After the customer requirements are collected and ranked, the next step is to compare the how's to the what's (requirements). What tool would be best for this purpose? a) quality functions deployment (QFD) b) regression c) design of experiment d) both b and c

a) quality functions deployment (QFD)

Give examples of visual factory.

a) schedule boards b) posting of performance metric c) examples of defective product

A DMAIC team is struggling to reach consensus agreement on which improvement is best to deliver the desired project results. A good tool for this situation could be a ______________. a) solution selection matrix b) hypothesis test c) regression analysis d) value stream map

a) solution selection matrix - solutions are ranked by the team according to the agreed criteria

A scatter diagram is used to _______________. a) study and identify the possible relationship between the changes observed in two different sets of variables b) record a measure of an item along a scale or continuum c) travel through the process along with the product d) none of the above

a) study and identify the possible relationship between the changes observed in two different sets of variables

FMEAs are used to _____________________. a) substantially reduce costs by identifying design and process improvements b) specify value by product c) identify waste d) increase shareholder value

a) substantially reduce costs by identifying design and process improvements

Why are solutions typically piloted prior to full implementation? a) to validate improvements and minimize risks and costs b) to develop the project charter c) to finalize the data collection plan d) to perform linear regression on the Xs vs. the Ys

a) to validate improvements and minimize risks and costs

The shape of a histogram can help assess __________.

a) variations in data b) frequency of the occurrence of various data values

Project stakeholders are people who _____________________________. a) might be positively or negatively impacted by a project b) have influence and power to potentially derail the project c) might be strongly supportive or strongly against the project d) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following are examples of activities? a) writing a report b) creating a design c) training employees d) both a and b e) all the above

all of the above

Which of the following graphs are found in a gage R & R study? a) gage run chart and bar chart b) XBar and R (control charts) c) scatter plots d) all of the above

all of the above: gage run chart and bar chart, scatter plots and control charts

Which of the following media formats may a communication plan use? a) newsletters b) signs, banners, and bulletin boards c) online communications d) all of the above

all of them

A process has a Ppl of .5 and a Ppu of 1. What is the Ppk? a) 0 b) 0.5 c) 1 d) none of the above

b) 0.5, Ppk is the smallest value of either Ppu or Ppl

Womack laid out five guiding principles for Lean. Which of the following is one of those five principles? a) Employees are to blame for all defects. b) Identify the value stream for each product. c) Non-value added activities must be eliminated. d) Value must be designed by the producer.

b) Identify the value stream for each product.

What is the key benefit of the XY matrix? a) It is better than the FMEA. b) It looks at the effect of an input variable across several key attributes of the output variable. c) It is very fast. d) It looks at the effect of an input variable on a single output variable.

b) It looks at the effect of an input variable across several key attributes of the output variable.

You are going to lead a team session to identify non-value added activities. Which of the following questions would not help you identify the non- value added steps? a) Was there a physical change in "the thing" going through the process? b) Should the person doing that step be laid off? c) Does the customer care? d) Does this step represent doing something right the first time?

b) Should the person doing that step be laid off?

Which of the following is an input into the Control Phase? a) additional Xs that still need to be tested b) an improved process that is stable and predictable and meets customer requirements c) a Y = f (x) - transfer function that still cannot be explained d) a process that has not been implemented

b) an improved process that is stable and predictable and meets customer requirements

Your progress in the implementation of LSS has stalled. A good way to get new ideas would be to ___________________________. a) conduct a gage R & R b) benchmark against other companies to get new ideas c) conduct a capability analysis d) all the above

b) benchmark against other companies to get new ideas

The project leader wants to ensure her improvements are going to be effective and will deliver the desired results. Which of the following is appropriate for this situation? a) do a capability analysis b) conduct a pilot study c) extract and extend numbers from the analyze phase d) none of the above

b) conduct a pilot study

Bob's boss is excited to see if a new process is under control four months after a Six Sigma project. However, no information seems to be available. It seems that _____________ should have been part of the project's SPC/control plan. a) process capability studies b) control charts c) histograms d) cpk and ppk measures

b) control charts

A Pareto Chart is used to ________________. a) capture readings, measures, or counts b) display the relative importance of problems in a simple, quickly interpreted, visual format c) record a measure of an item along a scale or continuum d) measure central tendency

b) display the relative importance of problems in a simple, quickly

A Pareto chart is used to _________________. a) capture readings, measures, or counts b) display the relative importance of problems in a simple, quickly interpreted, visual format c) record a measure of an item along a scale or continuum d) measure the central tendency

b) display the relative importance of problems in a simple, quickly interpreted, visual format

Bob walks into a meeting on a DOE that is going to be conducted. He overhears the Black Belt say that the DOE will test the temperature and sensitivity setting at high and low levels. In this situation, the temperature and the sensitivity setting likely are ______________. a) experiment variations b) factors c) exponential correlations d) replicates

b) factors

You have collected data on the diameter of your part. Now you want to visualize the overall variation. Which of the following tools should you use? a) cause-effect diagram b) histogram c) Pareto analysis d) process control chart

b) histogram

Which of the following is a tool that may be used as a part of the QFD methodology? a) PFMEA b) house of quality c) gage R & R d) SIPOC

b) house of quality

Due to its ability to deliver a product at a low cost, a company is considering launching a new product in an unfamiliar industry with a good amount of competition. As part of a SWOT analysis, its "weaknesses" must be considered. Given the situation, which of the following item(s) may be a weakness? a) new product b) industry knowledge c) low cost to manufacture d) all of the above

b) industry knowledge

Which of the following is the best action to take if your project sponsor does not provide you with a draft charter? a) wait for one to be developed b) interview the sponsor and draft one for review c) proceed with the project without a charter d) complain about it to friends at work

b) interview the sponsor and draft one for review

A risk priority number (RPN) in an FMEA is established by multiplying which of the following components? a) timing, actions, and response b) occurrence, detection, and severity c) mode, effects, and analysis d) design, process, and failures

b) occurrence, detection, and severity

Tossing a coin 100 times and determining how many times heads will occur is an example of a _________ experiment.

bi-nomial

Of the options below, which Ppk is the most ideal? a) 0.23 b) 1.2 c) 1.45 d) None of the above

c) 1.45

A 60% process yield equates to which of the following? a) 60,000 DPMO b) 600,000 DPMO c) 400,000 DPMO d) 40,000 DPMO

c) 400,000 DPMO 60% = 40% defective, multiply by a million

__________________ is the best tool for collecting x data on the pressure settings of a piece of equipment. a) A Pareto chart b) A control chart c) A data sheet d) none of the above

c) A data sheet

Which of the following is a valid null hypothesis? a) P > 1/8. b) The mean of population A is not equal to the mean of sample A c) Mu = 100 d) none of the above

c) Mu = 100, a null often states that there is no difference between b/w two sets of data

Which of the following is the Lean principle of perfection? a) Eventually we will reach the goal. b) It will take us a long time to reach the goal. c) Ongoing improvement is for life, and the journey is never over. d) Perfection projects should be completed at least once a month.

c) Ongoing improvement is for life, and the journey is never over.

Bob has calculated Ppk, Pp, Cp, and Cpk; however, he has forgotten that his data are non-normal. Which of the following is true? a) Only Ppk, Pp, and Cp are valid calculations. b) Only Cp and Pp are valid calculations. c) Only Ppk and Pp are valid calculations. d) All are not valid.

c) Only Ppk and Pp are valid calculations.

Suppose there are data on the number of dents on various cars after a hail storm. Based on this information, which distribution is likely the best fit for this data? a) normal b) Gaussian c) Poisson d) hypoallergenic

c) Poisson - cracks in a windshield, no upper bound on count

Which of the following high level process maps can help clarify objectives and define the basic suppliers, customers, inputs, process steps, and outputs? a) value stream map b) swim lane map c) SIPOC d) all the above

c) SIPOC (Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, Customers)

Which of the following would be an example of special cause variation of the on-time delivery policy for a food truck? a) non-extreme traffic affecting a delivery b) rain in April that does not cause major impact c) a blizzard strikes in a warmer part of the country that causes major delays d) Normal stops for gas

c) a blizzard strikes in a warmer part of the country that causes major delays

Your team is faced with a very complex issue where cause and effect relationships will be difficult to identify. A good tool to use would be _______________________. a) a control chart b) a Pareto chart c) an interrelationship digraph d) FMEA

c) an interrelationship digraph

What are we measuring when the collected data showing the observed average and compare it to the average of the true standard? a) stability b) repeatability c) bias d) none of the above

c) bias

Susie is trying to determine the root cause of a problem. She starts by running various hypothesis tests using available data. While using hypothesis tests is helpful for determining critical Xs, based on the provided information, what has Susie left out? a) identifying potential Xs b) screening potential causes c) both a and b d) None of the above

c) both a and b

The Analyze Phase of a DMAIC Six Sigma project can include ___________________. a) statistical analysis b) graphical analysis c) both a and b d) neither

c) both a and b

Jody is working with attribute data. Based on this limited information, which of the following is the best control chart type for this situation? a) XbarS b) RangeBar2 c) c chart d) XbarR

c) c chart - only option that is used for attribute data

Marsha, a Black Belt leading a DMAIC project, and her team are certain which improvements they want to make but want to validate that these improvements will deliver the expected results. A great way to validate these expected results is to _____________. a) use a CE matrix b) conduct a FMEA c) conduct a pilot study d) use a control chart

c) conduct a pilot study

Marsha is working on a complicated issue regarding fuel leakage. She is struggling to understand which aspect of this problem she should tackle first. The best tool for this situation is a ______________________. a) process map b) DOE c) decision matrix d) decision and control analysis

c) decision matrix

Brad is trying to determine the proper distribution for the time customers are waiting before an appointment. In the absence of other information, a good bet may be that his data fit a __________ distribution. a) Poisson b) gamma c) exponential d) binomial

c) exponential - used to model the time elapsed between events

Your Black Belt team is faced with a very controversial topic. You have a vested interest in the issue. Who of the following should you contact for help? a) statistician b) operator c) facilitator d) all the above

c) facilitator

If a business is unsure of the success of a new project, it would be wise to complete a _________________ before undertaking the project. a) risk analysis b) FMEA c) feasibility study d) none of the above make sense for this situation

c) feasibility study

Bob is dealing with discrete data and the samples are without replacement. Based on this information, what is the likely probability distribution? a) Weibull b) binomial c) hypergeometric d) normal

c) hypergeometric

The FMEA is used most often in which of the following phases of DMAIC? a) define b) analyze c) improve d) control

c) improve, but can be used in the design phase

As they relate to DOEs, ____________ are the values of a factor that we are interested in testing. a) replicates b) factors c) levels d) noise factors

c) levels

Due to its ability to deliver a product at a low cost, a company is considering launching a new product in an unfamiliar industry with a good amount of competition. As part of a SWOT analysis, its "strengths" must be considered. Given the situation, which of the following item(s) may be a strength? a) new product b) industry knowledge c) low cost to manufacture d) all of the above

c) low cost to manufacture

A team is fiercely debating which improvement ideas should become a reality. As the project leader, a good way to take the emotion out of a charged situation is to ____________________________. a) only make the final choice as the leader b) consult with the two or three most reasonable employees and make a recommendation c) make the decision with a solution selection matrix d) None of the above

c) make the decision with a solution selection matrix

Bob wants to create a control chart for the number of incorrect customer billings sent to customers per day. Which of the following is the best control chart to use? a) IMR b) XbarR c) p chart d) UCL chart

c) p chart

Before Joe selects the proper statistical tools to use in the Analyze Phase, it is best that he determines the right ___________ during the Measure Phase. a) Poisson values b) P-values c) probability distribution d) R^2

c) probability distribution

Histograms are used to ___________________. a) provide process control limits b) improve an implementation plan c) provide a way to evaluate the distribution of data d) break down a broad goal into increasing levels of detail

c) provide a way to evaluate the distribution of data

Your hypothesis is that as the temperature increases the tensile strength increases. Which of the following tools would best determine if there is a relationship between the temperature and tensile strength? a) flow chart b) fishbone c) scatter diagrams d) check sheets

c) scatter diagrams

Brad is reviewing his control chart and discovers that he has 15 points in a row that are above the mean, but under the UCL. This would be an example of _________ that would need to be further explored. a) common cause b) standard deviations c) special cause variation d) triple threat customization

c) special cause variation

An aerospace manufacturer wants to monitor the scratches (defects) on a gear. Employees record the number of scratches on each gear, and each production subgroup has a different number of gears. Which control chart is most appropriate? a) IMR b) Zstd c) u chart d) Rf chart

c) u chart - defects per unit, different subgroup sizes

Marsha has a data set that fits the normal distribution. The mean is 10 and the standard deviation is 1. How much of the data can be expected to fall within two standard deviations of the mean? a) ~24% b) ~68% c) ~95% d) ~99%

c) ~95% (2 standevs away from mean is 95.44%)

The DOE category that is used to determine the contributions from each X and how the Xs interact with each other after the number of Xs are reduced is called ____________________.

characterizing

The reliability of the linear relationship between the x and y values are represented by a value of r. Which of the following statements is true about r values? a) r = 1 indicates an exact linear relationship between x and y. b) An r value close to 1 means there is excellent linear reliability. c) An r value farther away from 1 means that the predictions based on the linear relationship (with these r values) will be less reliable. d) All of the above

d) All of the above

A business tracks the days it takes to deliver every product it sells within a 20-mile radius. They wish to put this on a control chart. Which of the following control charts is the most appropriate? a) u chart b) XbarX c) c chart d) IMR

d) IMR, subgroup size is the same

Marsha needs to determine which of her Xs are critical. Which of the following is the best tool/method for this situation? a) fishbone b) control chart c) CPK d) OFAT

d) OFAT (one factor at a time)

Which of the following is not true concerning the QFD process? a) QFD is an excellent tool to use for DFSS. b) QFD helps us understand customer needs. c) QFD helps decide what features and functions to include in a product. d) QFD cannot be used with DMAIC.

d) QFD cannot be used with DMAIC.

Bob is dealing with a dataset comprised of time to failure data on car engines. Based on this information, which of the following distributions potentially offers the best fit? a) Betronics b) binomial c) hypergeometric d) Weibull

d) Weibull

Jill is managing a large call center that takes 2,000 calls per hour. She wants to track the wait times of callers by collecting three concurrent samples per hour each day. Which of the following is most appropriate? a) p chart b) np chart c) IMR d) XBarR

d) XBarR - variable subgroup size

Depending on the type of control chart used, we can _______________________. a) plot data over time b) see calculated control limit lines visually on either side of the mean c) calculate specification limits from the data d) a and b only

d) a and b only

Your team has brainstormed a large list of customer requirements. A good next step would be to combine like ideas. A technique/tool that would be ideal for this job is _____________. a) control chart b) Pareto chart c) flow chart d) affinity diagram

d) affinity diagram

A correlation coefficient __________________. a) is used to measure the linear relationship between two variables b) assumes a value between -1 and +1 c) assumes the set of data follows a straight line d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Data stratification _______________________. a) searches the data in various buckets to identify patterns b) helps identify patterns by "slicing and dicing" the data c) Uses categories like region, time of day, department, and location d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Process capability analysis ________________. a) is a scientific and systematic procedure that uses control charts b) answers the question: "Is this process capable of meeting the customer's requirements?" c) determines if there has been some type of change in the process d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Six Sigma is a _______________________. a) measure of performance b) leadership development program c) culture and mindset d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The FMEA tool can be used for which of the following purposes? a) identify and mitigate potential safety issues in a process b) identify and mitigate potential failure modes in a product c) identify and mitigate potential missed schedules in project management d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The failure mode and effects tool is used to ___. a) develop countermeasures targeted at specific failures b) identify ways to improve performance, quality, reliability, and safety c) score the potential problems based on their probability of occurrence, severity, and ability to be detected d) all of the above

d) all of the above

You want to look at data in various buckets in order to identify patterns in the data. This is called stratification of the data and helps _____. a) focus the project on the critical few b) speed the search for the root causes c) generate a deeper understanding of the process factors d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The effect of proposed process changes on the wider system must be taken into consideration If not, it is possible there could be __________. a) unintended consequences b) upset stakeholders c) negative results downstream in the process d) all of the above.

d) all of the above.

Which of the following tool(s) are helpful in mitigating the risk of scope creep? a) project charter b) team ground rules c) SIPOC d) all the above e) none of the above

d) all the above

Significance level is also referred to as _______. a) beta risk b) p c) confidence sigma d) alpha risk

d) alpha risk (type I error)

Marsha is working with a discrete data set. Which of the distribution choices below is likely to fit her data? a) normal or exponential b) Weibull or normal c) binomial or Weibull d) binomial or hypergeometric

d) binomial or hypergeometric

An output measure quantifies the overall performance of the process, including ______. a) how well the customer needs and requirements are met (quality and speed) b) how well the business needs and requirements are met (cost and speed) c) how well the process meets the Sigma level targets d) both a and b

d) both a and b

Your team has done a spaghetti diagram and found a considerable amount of waste locating tools necessary to setup the production equipment. A method or tool that could help your team reduce this waste is _____________. a) point of use storage b) control chart c) shadow board d) both a and c

d) both a and c

You are planning your data collection. Which tool would be very helpful in collecting data? a) regression b) fitted line plot c) Pareto chart d) check sheet

d) check sheet

Julien is trying to determine his variable type in order to select the proper statistical tests. He is measuring the weight of a part. What type of variable is this? a) discrete b) compounding c) lbs. d) continuous

d) continuous - quantities such as pressure, height, mass, weight, density, volume, temperature, and distance are examples of continuous variables

What tool is the best one to determine the "voice of the process"? a) Cpk b) Cp c) Venn diagram d) control chart

d) control chart

You have collected output data on a milling machine over the last four months. Which of the following tools would help you point out the special cause variation in the process? a) check sheet b) Pareto chart c) fishbone diagram d) control chart

d) control chart

Which of the following are not items to complete and/or consider when creating your next project plan? a) fully document the entire scope of work needed to complete the project b) create a work breakdown structure (WBS) for planning and communication c) let the project and the team determine the tools that will be used on a specific project d) create a baseline control chart e) start communications when the project launches and communicate often

d) create a baseline control chart

Brad is trying to determine the proper distribution for a set of reliability data. In the absence of other information, a good bet may be that this set of data fits a ______________ distribution. a) Poisson b) gamma c) binomial d) exponential

d) exponential - exponential distribution is widely used in the field of reliability. Reliability deals with the amount of time a product lasts. Other uses include probability of arrival times, distance or space between occurrences of events of interest, and waiting times.

An affinity diagram ___________________. a) narrows down options by systematically selecting and weighting Xs b) is used to create a detailed action plan c) improves implementation by contingency planning d) helps organize ideas and brainstorming results

d) helps organize ideas and brainstorming results

If a business is unsure of the success of a new project, it would be wise to complete a _________________ before undertaking it. a) process map b) FMEA c) SIPOC d) none of the above make sense for this situation

d) none of the above make sense for this situation

Jim wants to put counts of defects over a constant size of data on a control chart. Which of the following choices is the best control chart to use? a) normal X chart b) IMR c) Xsr d) np chart

d) np chart - tracks defective units over a constant area

If a company measured throughput as one of its primary metrics, a good metric to balance throughput would be ___________________. a) cycle time b) product/hour c) number of items completed d) percent defective

d) percent defective

The following are all examples of tools used to mitigate or understand risk except __________________. a) SWOT analysis b) FMEA c) feasibility study d) project charter

d) project charter

Which of the following is an input into the Define Phase? a) SIPOC b) stakeholder analysis c) draft charter d) project plan

d) project plan

The intent of control charts is to identify __________ variation. a) total process b) significant c) common d) special cause

d) special cause

Which of the following are components of the SIPOC tool? a) stratify, improve, and control b) segment, implement, and contain c) improve, produce, and organize d) suppliers, inputs, and customers

d) suppliers, inputs, and customers

You want to develop a picture of the current process to share with management and decide to use a flow chart because it ______________. a) illustrates the frequency of the problems occurring in a process b) shows the process distribution c) shows a pattern of correlation between two variables d) visualizes the current process step by step

d) visualizes the current process step by step

In hypothesis testing, which of the following statements is always true? a) The P-value is greater than the significance level. b) The P-value is computed from the significance level. c) The P-value is the parameter in the null hypothesis. d) The P-value is a test statistic. e) The P-value is a probability.

e) The P-value is a probability.

The purpose of the Six Sigma Improve Phase is to _________________________. a) generate and test possible solutions b) select the best solutions c) design an implementation plan d) a and b e) a, b, and c

e) a, b, and c

Lean is about _______________________. a) providing customer value b) respecting people c) keeping things moving d) taking a long-term view e) all of the above

e) all of the above

The project selection process is meant to __________________________. a) keep the organization from grappling with too many projects b) make sure the organization selects the right strategic focus projects c) make sure the organization selects the right tactical projects d) maximize the dollar benefit of Lean Six Sigma projects for the organization e) all of the above

e) all of the above

Which of the following are included in W. Edwards Deming's 14 points for management. a) create constancy of purpose toward improvement of products and services b) adopt the new philosophy c) cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality d) end the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag; instead, minimize total cost e) all the above

e) all of the above

Which of the following is a type of waste as defined by Ohno? Question 13 options: a) waiting b) defects c) transportation d) overproduction e) all of the above

e) all of the above

You are preparing for a team meeting that will determine the non-value-added activities. Which of the following questions should you ask the team to determine if a step is adding value? a) Does the step transform the item going through it? b) Would the customer be willing to pay for that step to be done? c) Was this step done right the first time? d) both a and c e) all the above

e) all the above

The most critical process in Company XYZ is the milling process. While they have created measures to monitor the process, they continue to struggle to improve. Which of the following is the most likely reason for no improvement: a) No standard was set. b) The measure is correlated with the milling process. c) The metric is reviewed daily. d) The metric is reviewed at the end of the quarter. e) both a and d

e) both a (no standard was set) and d (the metric is reviewed at the end of the quarter)

Which of the following tools are considered part of the seven quality control (7QC) tools. a) gage R & R b) flow charts c) Pareto charts d) control charts e) b, c and d f) all the above

e) flow charts, pareto charts and control charts

Which of the following best represents the mistake-proofing principle of Detection? a) It substitutes a more reliable process. b) It engineers the process or product so it is impossible to make a mistake. c) It seeks to "design out" the problem task or process. d) It seeks to minimize the effects of errors. e) It employs techniques and combines steps to make the work easier. f) It identifies errors quickly before further processing to allow a quick fix.

f) It identifies errors quickly before further processing to allow a quick fix.

Which of the following are included in the matrix to translate the VOC into operational definitions? a) gather feedback b) customers c) inputs d) affinitize

gather feedback and affinitize

The effect of two or more factors in conjunction with one another is an ____________________.

interaction

Accuracy is broken into these three things:

linearity, repeatability, stability

It seeks to "design out" the problem task or process.

mistake-proofing principle: elimination

It is reasonable to guess that the weather in Europe and the average final grades of fifth graders in Indiana have a Pearson correlation coefficient closest to _________.

no correlation, 0

As it relates to a DOE, a __________ is a variable that is too expensive or difficult to control as part of an experiment.

noise factor

Your project team is creating a SIPOC. You should _______________________. a) not include the suppliers who are already doing a good job b) be very detailed about how the process works c) only include the most important customers d) none of the above

none of these

___________ provides the vision for the outcome of the project?

opportunity statement

It is reasonable to guess that the number of hours spent studying and the final grade in a class have a Pearson correlation coefficient closest to _________.

pearson correlation = 1, as one value gets larger so does the other

The main sections of the project charter include:

project scope, problem statement, project resources, scope, results and benefits

In a Six Sigma project, the Y is the project's ______ you are trying to ____________.

project's outputs, trying to improve

Based on customer consumption and replenishment

pull system

Focused on production standards and customer forecasts, then waiting for customer to consume the product inventory

push system

A rapidly and efficiently converting a process from running the current product to running the next product is referred to as:

quick changeover

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven categories of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Criteria? a) results b) statistical quality control c) customer and market focus d) strategic planning

statistical quality control

A p-value that is less than .05, indicates a ____ regression equation.

statistically significant, A low p-value (< 0.05) indicates that you can reject the null hypothesis. In other words, a predictor that has a low p-value is likely to be a meaningful addition to your model because changes in the predictor's value are related to changes in the response variable.

A teacher suspects that the mean test scores of males are different from the mean test scores of females. The best type of hypothesis test in this situation would be ___________________.

two-sample t-test

You have just finished using a check sheet to collect defect data for a machine. A good first step in your analysis would be to ____________.

use a Pareto chart to determine which machine has the most defects

The problem statement addresses these questions:

what, when, where, how many, and how it is known.

Bob is given the following key items from a regression analysis. The regression equation (i.e., fitted line) is (Monthly Irrigation Spent per Acre) = 20 - .5 * (Monthly Rainfall in Inches). The R^2 in this same analysis is .99. Using this equation to predict an outcome, what monthly irrigation spend could Bob expect if it rained 8 inches in a given month?

y = 20 - 0.5*(8) = 16/acre

Marsha has a data set that fits the normal distribution. The mean is 10 and the standard deviation is 1. How much of the data can be expected to fall within one standard deviation of the mean?

~68% (based on empirical rule)