LWTech Psychology 100 Test 3 Review

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True False - People who lack the words for our shapes and colors also seem to perceive these features differently

False

True False - Punishment regardless of form has little effect on long term behavior

False

True False - The babbling of a 3 month old makes it clear whether that child is French, Korean, or Ethiopian

False

True False - The study of inner thoughts, feelings and motives has always occupied a central place in psychology

False

True False - There doesn't appear to be any difference in the average IQs of the various racial groups in the US

False

True False - Using generic pronoun "he" instead of "he or she," has no effect on the thoughts of the adult listener

False

True False - We are limited in the number of permanent memories we can form

False

True False - When presented with evidence that contradicts our beliefs, we quickly revise our beliefs to match the new evidence

False

True False - With sufficient prompting most people can recall experience from the first two years of life

False

Skinner's Definition of Discrimination

Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced

Severe Mental Retardation IQ Limit

20 - 34

Moderate Mental Retardation IQ Limit

35 - 49

Mild Mental Retardation IQ Limit

50 - 70

Superior Autobiographical Memory

A phenomenon in which an individual is able to retrieve any memory they have experienced

WAIS-R

Ages 16 - Adult Most widely used intelligence test, contains verbal and performance sub tests

WPPSI-R

Ages 2 - 4 Years, 11 Months

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

Ages 2 - Sup. Adult American revision of Binet's original intelligence test

WISC-R

Ages 5 - 15 Years, 11 Months

Skinner's Definition of Aquisition

Associate a response with a consequence (positive reinforcement or punishment)

True False - Only a few people have any type of photographic memory

False

Hawthorne Effect

Behavior changes when we are studied. Work harder when watched

Profound Mental Retardation IQ Limit

Below 20

Ivan Pavlov

Classical Conditioning: Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination

Pavlov's Definition of Aquisition

Conditioned Stimulus + Unconditioned Stimulus -> Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus -> Conditioned Response

Standardization

Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested "standardization group"

Operational Definition

Defining something so that someone may learn it

True False - Only humans seem capable of insight (the sudden realization of a problem's solution)

False

True False - A high level of intelligence is all that is necessary for creativity

False

True False - After we have learned material, additional rehearsal or overlearning can actually decrease our ability to recall it later

False

True False - Animals can learn to make virtually any response if consistently rewarded for it

False

True False - Animals only learn when rewards are given

False

True False - Children model/imitate antisocial models more readlily than positive, helpful ones

False

True False - Children typically will repress any memory of having seen their parents being murdered

False

True False - Humans are the only animals that can learn behaviors merely by observing others perform them

False

True False - In general, people underestimate how much they really know

False

True False - Lowly animals, like sea snails, behave by instinct and are incapable of learning

False

True False - Memory aids that use imagery and device for organizations are no more useful than simple rehearsal of information

False

True False - Memory is similar to etching grooves on a tape, which receives and retains messages

False

True False - Memory storage is never automatic, it always takes effort

False

True False - Negative reinforcement is another name for punishment

False

Pavlov's Definition of Spontaneous Recovery

Follows extinction, Conditioned Stimulus -> Conditioned Response

Rosenthal Effect

If a teacher thinks the kids are smart, this somehow conveyed and the kids start to believe it

IQ

Intelligence Quotient - Test is fine but score# does not mean a thing

Retroactive Interference

Learn A, Learn B, Recall A - How did learning B interfere with recalling A

Proactive Interference

Learn A, Learn B, Recall B - How did learning A interfere with recalling B

Error of measurement

Margin of Error

Mnemonics

Memory Aids, techniques using vivid imagery and organizational devices

Echoic Memory

Memory of sounds

Iconic Memory

Memory of visuals or images

Do you anticipate regularly supplying positive reinforcement to those you might manage in the future?

No

B.F. Skinner

Operant Conditioning: Based on E. Thorndike's law of effect, behavior control, and concept of reinforcement

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

Halo Effect

Person being tested may have characteristics that are pre-judged. Creates expectations

Another word or phrase for negative reinforcement

Positive reinforcement or Strengthen the behavior

Variable Ratio (VR)

Reinforce behaviors after a random number of responses

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Reinforce behaviors after a set number of responses

Variable Interval (VI)

Reinforce behaviors after random time periods

Fixed Interval (FI)

Reinforce behaviors after set time periods

Pavlov's Definition of Extinction

Repeated Conditioned Stimulus -> until no Conditioned Response

Skinner's Definition of Extinction

Responding decreases when reinforcement stops

Skinner's Definition of Generalization

Response to similar stimuli are also reinforced

Skinner - A reinforcement increases the probability that a response will occur again

Skinner - A reinforcement increases the probability that a response will occur again

State Dependent Memory

Something learned in a certain state may be more easily recalled when in that state again

Positive Reinforcement

Strengthen a response by presenting a pleasurable stimulus after a response

Punishment

Strengthen a response by presenting a unpleasant stimulus after a response

Negative Reinforcement

Strengthen a response by reducing or removing undesirable or unpleasant stimulus

When you supply negative reinforcement,it usually results in:

Strengthening a response you want strengthened

Mood Congruent Memory

Tendency to recall events that fit our mood

Ziegarnik Effect

Tendency to recall things that are left in error or incomplete better than those left correct

Achievement (Test)

Tests assigned to assess what a person has learned

Aptitude (Test)

Tests designed to predict a person's future performance (Aptitude: capacity to learn)

Reliability

The extent of which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test on alternate forms of the test

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Memory

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval over time

Learning

The process of acquiring, through experience, new + relatively enduring information or behaviors

Encoding

The process of getting information into the memory system

Retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory storage

Storage

The process of retaining encoded information over time

Skinner's Definition of Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response

Pavlov's Definition of Discrimination

Training Conditioned Stimulus + ONLY Training Conditioned Stimulus -> Conditioned Response

Pavlov's Definition of Generalization

Training Conditioned Stimulus + Other/Similar Conditioned Stimulus -> Conditioned Response

True False - A child can more readily be conditioned to fear snakes than to fear flowers

True

True False - Apes are capable of communication through the use of symbols

True

True False - Pigeons can be taught to discriminate between msuic by Bach and music by Stravinsky

True

True False - The hour before sleep is a good time to commit information to memory

True

True False - The intelligence scores of adopted children are more similar to those of their biological parents than those of the adoptive parents

True

True False - When people learn something while intoxicated, they recall it best when they are intoxicated

True

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

When a person's belief about others leads that person to act in ways that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief

Do people usually look forward to receiving negative reinforcement?

Yes

Do you anticipate regularly supplying negative reinforcement to those you might manage in the future?

Yes

Pygmalion Effect

You are treated in the manner in which people define so see you


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